Emerging Roles of Malaysian Pharmacists in Asthma Management

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Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Emerging Roles of Malaysian Pharmacists in Asthma Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Lukman Nul Hakim Md Khairi, Shubashini Gnanasan


The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:

(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)

Full text available for: Emerging Roles of Malaysian Pharmacists in Asthma Management Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review

Year: 2023 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.4.4

Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on various aspects of healthcare, including the management of asthma. Particularly, it has prompted a reevaluation of aerosol-generating procedures like spirometry and nebuliser therapy, which are vital in asthma management. In Malaysia, the pandemic has increased the reliance on telemedicine for asthma control, as social distancing rendered traditional healthcare access challenging. Furthermore, Malaysian pharmacists have adapted by implementing Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics (MTAC) to enhance patient education, compliance, and inhalation techniques amidst these unprecedented times.

The Role of Telemedicine in Asthma Management

One significant adaptation in asthma care during the pandemic has been the adoption of telemedicine, which allows healthcare practitioners to continue providing care while minimizing in-person visits. Telemedicine not only facilitates communication between patients and healthcare providers but also empowers patients to engage in their asthma management actively. Remote monitoring methods, such as home peak flow meter testing, have become essential tools for assessing asthma control without extensive healthcare facility visits. The increased uptake of telepharmacy demonstrates the potential for pharmacists to play a crucial role in delivering education and support through virtual platforms, ultimately enhancing asthma management and improving health outcomes.

Conclusion

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Malaysian pharmacists have shown adaptability and innovation in asthma management, demonstrating their vital role in healthcare. Through initiatives like MTACs and telemedicine, pharmacists have not only maintained continuity of care but have also empowered asthma patients to take charge of their health. As the healthcare landscape evolves, it is essential for pharmacists to continue leveraging these adaptations and advocate for supportive practices, such as the use of written asthma action plans, to further improve patient outcomes in the post-pandemic era.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What impact did COVID-19 have on asthma management in Malaysia?

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted asthma management, leading to increased reliance on telemedicine, challenges in aerosol-generating procedures, and a shift in care protocols due to the need for social distancing and resource reallocation.

How have Malaysian pharmacists adapted their role during the pandemic?

Malaysian pharmacists have introduced Medication Therapy Adherence Clinics to enhance patient education, promote asthma self-management, and support medication compliance, thus reinforcing their importance in the healthcare system during the pandemic.

What are Asthma Action Plans and why are they important?

Asthma Action Plans (AAPs) provide personalized instructions for managing asthma symptoms. They help improve medication adherence, enhance patient satisfaction, and reduce the need for urgent care by empowering patients to control their condition effectively.

What alternatives to nebulisation did pharmacists promote during COVID-19?

Pharmacists promoted using pressurized metered-dose inhalers with spacers and homemade spacers as effective alternatives to nebulisation, minimizing the risk of aerosol transmission while ensuring adequate asthma management for patients.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Emerging Roles of Malaysian Pharmacists in Asthma Management”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Disease:
The term 'disease' refers to a disruption of normal bodily functions that is characterized by specific symptoms and signs. In this context, it highlights asthma as a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide. Understanding its implications is essential in implementing effective management strategies, particularly during public health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.

2) Study (Studying):
A 'study' represents a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new information or validating existing data. Its relevance in research concerning asthma management and pandemic effects emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practices and guidelines. Studies help ascertain effective methods for patient care, ultimately improving health outcomes and resource efficiency in healthcare systems.

3) Education:
'Education' is the process of imparting knowledge or skills through various methods. In the context of asthma management, education plays a crucial role in empowering patients, enhancing their understanding of the disease, and promoting self-management. Effective education strategies can lead to better adherence to treatment plans, reducing hospital visits and enhancing overall patient quality of life.

4) Table:
The term 'table' refers to a structured arrangement of information displayed in rows and columns. In this context, it illustrates data related to asthma management or pharmacist roles, providing clear comparisons and summaries that facilitate understanding. Tables streamline complex information, making it accessible for practitioners and aiding in decision-making processes.

5) Allergy:
'Allergy' encompasses abnormal immune responses to typically harmless substances. In asthma management, understanding allergies is vital as they can exacerbate asthma symptoms. Identifying allergens through proper evaluation can help in determining individualized treatment plans, reducing the need for aggressive interventions and improving patients' quality of life by minimizing triggers.

6) Visit:
A 'visit' refers to an instance of seeing a healthcare provider for consultation or treatment. In the context of asthma, regular visits are essential for monitoring the condition, adjusting treatment plans, and ensuring proper medication use. Particularly during the pandemic, the transition to telemedicine visits maintained continuity of care for patients.

7) Transmission:
'Transmission' pertains to the spread of diseases from one individual to another. In the COVID-19 context, understanding the mechanisms of respiratory virus transmission is vital for protecting vulnerable populations like asthma patients. Knowledge of transmission routes informs public health measures, healthcare practices, and patient management strategies to mitigate risk.

8) Post:
'Post' refers to the period following an event, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. It signals a shift in healthcare delivery and patient management approaches, prompting the need for reassessment and adaptation in asthma care. The post-pandemic landscape demands innovative strategies to enhance patient engagement and improve health outcomes.

9) Pur:
The term 'poor' often describes inadequate health conditions or management. In asthma management, poor control refers to insufficient symptom control leading to exacerbations and increased healthcare utilization. Identifying factors contributing to poor asthma control is crucial for implementing targeted interventions that optimize patient care and improve overall effectiveness.

10) Drug:
'Drug' denotes a substance used for diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases. In asthma management, various drugs are utilized, such as inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Understanding the indications, mechanisms of action, and potential side effects of these drugs is crucial for pharmacists and healthcare providers in ensuring optimal patient outcomes.

11) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' encompasses information, understanding, and skills acquired through experience or education. In asthma care, increasing knowledge among healthcare professionals and patients about the disease, its management, and treatment options is essential for effective self-management. Improved knowledge can enhance adherence to treatment plans and reduce complications, thereby improving health outcomes.

12) Quality:
In healthcare, 'quality' refers to the standard of care provided to patients, encompassing safety, effectiveness, accessibility, and compassion. Quality care in asthma management impacts patients' health outcomes, adherence to treatment, and satisfaction with healthcare services. Continuous efforts to improve quality are essential to meet patient needs and achieve better health results.

13) Life:
'Life' signifies the state of being alive, often relating to health and well-being. In asthma management, improving the quality of life for patients involves minimizing symptoms, preventing exacerbations, and promoting self-management strategies. Ultimately, the goal of effective healthcare is to enhance the overall life experience of individuals living with asthma.

14) Death:
'Death' refers to the irreversible cessation of biological functions that sustain life. In the context of asthma, it underscores the serious consequences of uncontrolled or poorly managed asthma. Understanding risk factors associated with asthma mortality is critical for developing preventative measures and improving long-term patient care to minimize adverse outcomes.

15) Bronchial asthma:
'Bronchial asthma' is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, mucus production, and airflow obstruction. It requires tailored management strategies to control symptoms and minimize exacerbations. Recognizing its clinical presentation and triggers is essential for pharmacists and healthcare providers to ensure optimal treatment and improve patient outcomes.

16) Discussion:
'Discussion' involves the exchange of ideas, often to reach a conclusion or mutual understanding. In the healthcare context, discussions among healthcare professionals, patients, and caregivers regarding asthma management strategies are vital. Ongoing dialogue facilitates collaborative approaches, enhances treatment adherence, and ensures that patients are well-informed about their condition.

17) Training:
'Training' refers to the process of enhancing skills and knowledge through instruction or practice. In asthma management, training healthcare professionals—especially pharmacists—in proper diagnostic techniques, medication management, and patient education is essential. Well-trained healthcare providers can significantly impact patient adherence, treatment efficacy, and overall health outcomes.

18) Gupta:
'Gupta' refers to an author or researcher who may have contributed to the body of knowledge regarding asthma management or pharmacotherapy. Research involving individuals with names like Gupta often indicates collaborations within the scientific community. Their work can provide insights into trends, treatment strategies, and healthcare practices that impact patient care.

19) Beta:
'Beta' often relates to beta-agonists, a class of medications used in asthma treatment to relax bronchial muscles. Understanding the pharmacology, dosing, and potential side effects of beta-agonists is essential for effective asthma management. Additionally, recognizing the need for timely intervention can greatly affect patient outcomes and improve symptom control.

20) Mast:
'Mast' refers to mast cells that play crucial roles in allergic reactions and asthma pathophysiology. They release inflammatory mediators such as histamines, leading to airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. Understanding mast cell function is vital for developing targeted therapies in asthma management and achieving better symptom control among patients.

21) Ter:
'Ther' is likely a shorthand for 'therapy' and denotes treatment approaches for managing conditions like asthma. Effective therapy encompasses medications, lifestyle modifications, and patient education aimed at controlling symptoms and preventing exacerbations. Understanding different therapeutic options is essential for healthcare providers to personalize asthma management for patients.

22) Chan:
'Chan' likely refers to an author or researcher contributing to asthma literature or management practices. Research by individuals named Chan may provide valuable insights into local or regional health practices, treatment responses, and the roles of healthcare professionals. Such contributions enhance understanding of asthma management strategies within specific populations.

23) Pharmacotherapy:
'Pharmacotherapy' refers to the use of medications to treat diseases, including asthma. Effective pharmacotherapy involves selecting appropriate medications based on individual patient needs, monitoring for adverse effects, and ensuring optimal adherence to treatment regimens. Pharmacotherapists play a critical role in managing asthma and enhancing patients' overall health outcomes.

24) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the process of creating or enhancing something, such as healthcare interventions or treatment modalities. In asthma management, developing strategies for improved patient care and education is essential, especially in the context of evolving healthcare challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovation and adaptability can lead to better patient outcomes.

25) Evolution:
'Evolution' suggests a gradual process of development or change. In asthma management, the evolution of treatment approaches over time reflects advancements in medical research, technology, and patient understanding. This evolution is crucial for healthcare professionals to adapt practices that align with the needs of contemporary asthma patients.

26) Sanchi:
'Sanchi' may refer to a contributor to asthma research or pharmacotherapy. Names typically represent research authorship in healthcare literature that shapes understanding and guides practice. Contributions from researchers named Sanchi can provide insights into best practices and innovations in asthma care to improve patient management strategies.

27) Nature:
In the context of healthcare, 'nature' refers to the inherent qualities and characteristics of a disease, condition, or treatment. Understanding the nature of asthma—including its pathophysiology, triggers, and management—is vital for healthcare providers to develop and implement comprehensive management plans aimed at improving patient outcomes.

28) Patel:
'Patel' denotes an author or researcher whose work may contribute to understanding asthma management and treatment. Recognizing the contributions of individuals like Patel in research and literature highlights the collaborative nature of the medical field, fostering advancements in knowledge that can improve patient care and healthcare strategies.

29) Performance:
'Performance' relates to the effectiveness and outcomes of patients in managing their asthma. Key indicators of performance include symptom control, adherence to treatment plans, and improvement in quality of life. Enhancing performance through education and regular follow-ups leads to better healthcare outcomes for asthma patients.

30) Perception:
'Perception' refers to how individuals interpret or understand healthcare practices, medications, or conditions like asthma. In patient care, understanding patients' perceptions of their disease is critical for developing effective communication strategies, improving adherence, and fostering better relationships between healthcare providers and patients, ultimately enhancing care quality.

31) Relative:
In a healthcare context, 'relative' refers to the comparison between factors such as treatment efficacy, morbidity, and overall health outcomes for different populations or individuals. Recognizing relative effectiveness is crucial for tailoring asthma management strategies based on specific needs, demographics, and environmental influences affecting patients.

32) Thomas:
'Thomas' may denote an author or researcher whose work enhances understanding within the field of asthma management. Contributions from individuals named Thomas highlight the collaborative nature of scientific research, leading to improved practices and guidelines that can positively impact patient care and health outcomes for asthma patients.

33) Egypt:
'Egypt' denotes a geographical location that may highlight regional health concerns related to asthma and its management. Findings from different countries, including Egypt, contribute valuable data that informs global asthma management strategies, addressing local challenges and solutions that enhance healthcare delivery across diverse populations.

34) Simha:
'Sinha' likely refers to an author or researcher contributing to asthma-related knowledge. Contributions from individuals named Sinha can provide insights into specific challenges faced in asthma management and the development of regionally appropriate interventions. This knowledge fosters a deeper understanding of effective healthcare practices for asthma patients.

35) Rules:
'Rules' refer to established principles guiding clinical practice, including diagnosis and treatment. In asthma management, adherence to evidence-based rules ensures that healthcare professionals provide optimal patient care. Development and regular updates of such rules support effective management strategies, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.

36) Cina:
'China' is relevant as it serves as a significant context for study due to its large population and high asthma prevalence. Research outcomes from China can influence global asthma management practices, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions based on cultural and environmental factors affecting treatment efficacy.

37) Line:
'Line' refers to the continuum of care or treatment pathways within healthcare. In asthma management, maintaining a clear line of communication between patients and healthcare providers is crucial for implementing effective management strategies. A successful line of care fosters collaboration, ultimately leading to improved outcomes for asthma patients.

38) Human life:
'Human life' signifies the essence of well-being and health status, particularly regarding asthma management. Prioritizing human life in healthcare underscores the need for effective asthma management strategies that minimize morbidity and mortality risks. As such, healthcare providers strive to enhance patients' quality of life through prompt interventions and education.

39) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is a key pathological feature of asthma, marked by airway hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Understanding the role of inflammation in asthma is crucial for devising targeted treatment approaches aimed at mitigating symptoms and preventing exacerbations. Effective management of inflammation is central to improving overall asthma care.

40) Measurement:
'Measurement' refers to the systematic assessment of clinical parameters related to asthma, such as lung function and symptoms. Accurate measurement is vital for diagnosing asthma severity, monitoring treatment efficacy, and making informed healthcare decisions. Regular assessments can lead to tailored interventions that optimize patient outcomes and quality of life.

41) Practising (Practicing):
'Practising' refers to the application of knowledge and skills in a clinical setting. For healthcare professionals managing asthma, practising effective techniques for diagnosis, treatment, and patient education is essential. Such proficient practice is linked to improved adherence, better health outcomes, and enhancement of overall patient quality of life.

42) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transform' denotes a significant change or shift in approaches, particularly in managing chronic diseases like asthma. The evolving landscape of asthma care necessitates transforming traditional practices to adapt to emerging challenges and innovations. Transforming asthma management strategies can lead to enhanced patient engagement and better quality of care.

43) Medicine:
Medicine represents the broader field concerning the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness. In asthma care, understanding various medical aspects, including pharmacotherapy and patient-centered approaches, is crucial. Ongoing advancements in medicine affect treatment protocols, ultimately improving patient outcomes and guiding practice in asthma management.

44) Learning:
'Learning' signifies the acquisition of knowledge, crucial for both patients and healthcare providers. In asthma management, continuous learning enables healthcare professionals to stay updated on guidelines, treatment strategies, and emerging research. Patients, too, learn self-management techniques that empower them to control their condition effectively, promoting better health outcomes.

45) Mineral:
'Mineral' typically relates to inorganic substances that may be explored in alternative approaches to healthcare or traditional medicine. In the context of asthma, knowledge about minerals might pertain to environmental exposures or dietary influences on respiratory health. Understanding these factors can aid in optimizing asthma management strategies.

46) Family:
'Family' refers to the social unit significantly influencing health behaviors and outcomes. In asthma management, familial support can enhance a patient's adherence to treatment plans and facilitate effective communication with healthcare providers. Encouraging family involvement fosters a supportive environment, improving patient outcomes and overall health management.

47) Powder:
'Powder' in a medical context often relates to dry powder inhalers (DPIs) used for delivering asthma medications. Understanding powder formulations and their delivery mechanisms is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure proper use among patients. Effective administration of powder medications can significantly improve asthma control and patient quality of life.

48) Water:
'Water' signifies an essential element in healthcare discussions, especially concerning the nebulization of medications for asthma treatment. Understanding the role of water in aerosol therapy can influence treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes. Knowledge of proper hydration can also impact respiratory function in asthma management.

49) Mara:
'Mara' may refer to an institution or initiative related to health education or pharmacy practice in Malaysia. Understanding the role of organizations like Mara in shaping pharmacists' training and practice is crucial for optimizing asthma management strategies in specific regional contexts, ultimately improving patient care.

50) Rand:
'Rand' typically signifies a contributor to research, particularly in the context of studies evaluating healthcare practices. Recognizing authorship from individuals like Rand emphasizes the collaborative nature of research efforts in finding effective asthma management strategies. Contributions from diverse authors inform comprehensive approaches to patient care.

51) Mud:
'Mood' signifies an emotional state that can impact health behaviors and perceptions. For asthma patients, mood disorders could influence treatment adherence and overall disease management. Understanding the relationship between mood and health can help healthcare providers develop holistic care strategies that address both physical and emotional well-being.

52) Viru:
'Viru' seems to refer to viruses, emphasizing their significance in relation to respiratory illnesses like asthma. Understanding viral infections, especially regarding respiratory viruses, is crucial for effectively managing asthma. Knowledge of interactions between viruses and asthma exacerbations informs preventative measures and treatment strategies in patient care.

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