Risk Factors for Outcomes in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Risk Factors Associated with Outcome of Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Hospital Kuala Lumpur Experience
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Rajendra Rao Ramalu, Regunath Kandasamy, Azman Raffiq, Zamzuri Idris, Johari Siregar Adnan


The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:

(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)

Full text available for: Risk Factors Associated with Outcome of Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage: Hospital Kuala Lumpur Experience

Year: 2022 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.1.8

Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is a significant health issue, contributing to high mortality and disability rates globally. In Malaysia, it stands as the third leading cause of death, with a particularly concerning mortality rate among younger patients. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors associated with mortality in patients presenting with spontaneous ICH at Hospital Kuala Lumpur, expanding on limited prior research conducted in the Malaysian context.

The Impact of Comorbid Conditions

One of the critical findings of the study was the significant impact of comorbid conditions on mortality outcomes for ICH patients. Importantly, the presence of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) emerged as a strong predictor, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.007 and a p-value of 0.003, indicating that patients with IHD had a markedly higher risk of mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes also played crucial roles in worsening outcomes, with a significant association found between these comorbidities and increased mortality risk. Notably, hypertension was prevalent in 99.0% of cases, further underlining the necessity for targeted hypertension management and awareness to mitigate the risk of ICH in vulnerable populations.

Conclusion

The study concluded that the mortality rate for ICH in Malaysia is critical, standing at 29.1%, with significant predictors including IHD, CKD, and advanced age. The information derived from this research emphasizes the importance of early identification and management of risk factors, particularly in younger individuals who are increasingly presenting with ICH. These findings highlight the pressing need for improved healthcare strategies to address hypertension and associated comorbid conditions, ultimately aiming to reduce the burden of ICH and enhance patient outcomes in Malaysia.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the aim of the study conducted in Malaysia?

The study aims to evaluate mortality risk factors associated with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in patients admitted to Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

What was the average age of ICH patients in the study?

The mean age of patients with spontaneous ICH was 48.9 years, indicating that many affected individuals are relatively younger compared to previous studies showing older demographics.

What were the key predictors of mortality identified in the study?

The significant predictors of mortality included the presence of ischaemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, brainstem bleed, and the use of certain anticoagulant medications.

What was the observed mortality rate at 30 days post-ICH?

The study reported a mortality rate of 29.1% at 30 days, which aligns with findings from the Malaysian Acute Stroke Registry, indicating a serious health concern.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Risk Factors for Outcomes in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
A table is a structured arrangement of data, typically displayed in rows and columns. In the context of research studies, tables present crucial statistical information, such as patient demographics, test results, or study outcomes. They enable researchers and readers to easily compare various data points, facilitating a clearer understanding of findings and helping in decision-making processes based on empirical evidence.

2) Study (Studying):
A study refers to a systematic investigation aimed at understanding a particular phenomenon or addressing research questions. In medical contexts, studies might involve evaluating treatments, outcomes, or disease prevalence. Well-designed studies are essential for generating reliable data that can influence clinical practices, guide public health policies, and advance scientific knowledge.

3) Pur:
The term 'poor' in a medical context often describes an unsatisfactory outcome, health status, or quality of life. For example, patients who present with poor outcomes after a medical event, such as an intracerebral hemorrhage, may experience significant disability or a decline in overall health. Understanding the factors contributing to poor outcomes is crucial for improving healthcare interventions.

4) Disease:
Disease denotes a pathological condition characterized by specific signs and symptoms. In medical research, understanding the underlying mechanisms, risk factors, and impacts of diseases is vital for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies. The study of diseases contributes to advancing health outcomes and informing public health initiatives.

5) Rules:
Rules in the context of medical research often refer to established guidelines or criteria that dictate study design, data collection, or diagnostic processes. These rules ensure the integrity of research, uphold ethical standards, and facilitate reproducibility. Clear rules help researchers navigate complexities and contribute to valid, reliable findings.

6) Male:
The term 'male' indicates biological sex and is significant in medical research as gender-based differences can affect health outcomes, disease prevalence, and treatment responses. Studies often stratify results by sex to understand these variances better, ensuring interventions are appropriately tailored and effective for different populations.

7) Death:
Death in medical contexts signifies the cessation of biological functions that sustain life. Understanding mortality, particularly following conditions like intracerebral hemorrhage, is essential for public health and clinical research. Researchers analyze mortality rates to identify risk factors influencing death and to develop strategies aimed at prolonging life and enhancing healthcare interventions.

8) Indian:
In medical research, the term 'Indian' can highlight ethnicity when discussing health disparities, prevalence of diseases, or treatment outcomes among different populations. Understanding these differences improves healthcare strategies by considering cultural, genetic, and environmental factors, which can significantly influence health and disease management effectiveness.

9) Edema (Oedema):
Oedema refers to the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues, often leading to swelling. It can be a critical condition focal in studies relating to brain health, such as after an intracerebral hemorrhage. Understanding its presence helps healthcare professionals assess the severity of conditions and choose appropriate interventions.

10) Blood:
Blood is vital for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and for removing waste products. In medical research, blood parameters are critical indicators of health, disease severity, and treatment efficacy. Analyzing blood results plays an essential role in diagnosing conditions and monitoring patient health.

11) Observation:
Observation encompasses actively monitoring and noting phenomena in medical settings, particularly during studies or clinical evaluations. It's crucial for clinical trials, where precise and systematic observation of patient responses, side effects, and outcomes forms the basis of data analysis, leading to informed conclusions about medical interventions.

12) Drug:
A drug is any substance that causes a physiological change in the body. In medical research, understanding the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of drugs is vital for developing effective treatments. Researchers study drug interactions, side effects, and outcomes related to disease management to optimize therapeutic approaches.

13) Life:
Life denotes the condition of being alive, encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being. In healthcare and research, preserving and enhancing quality of life is a primary goal. Studies often assess how medical interventions improve life quality and longevity, contributing to better health outcomes and patient satisfaction.

14) Developing:
Developing usually references the process of growth or advancement, particularly within medical research regarding understanding diseases or interventions. In a global health context, developing may also refer to under-resourced regions needing focused research to address health disparities and improve health systems' efficacy for better outcomes.

15) Learning:
Learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or instruction. In the context of healthcare, continual learning among practitioners is essential for keeping up with advancements in medical science, thereby improving patient care and outcomes through evidence-based practice and informed decision-making.

16) Quality:
Quality in healthcare pertains to the standard of care delivered to patients. High quality is associated with better outcomes, patient satisfaction, and safety. Research often evaluates factors affecting quality, aiming to enhance health service delivery through effective strategies, ultimately improving the overall healthcare experience.

17) Reason:
Reason refers to the basis or justification for decisions, actions, or beliefs. In medical contexts, having sound evidence-based reasons for treatment choices is essential for ensuring patient safety and optimizing health results. Clinicians rely on established guidelines and current research findings to reason their clinical decisions.

18) Silver:
Silver may refer to a term in medicine denoting the trace element essential for certain bodily functions or may be connected to medical nomenclature involving silvery substances used in surgical procedures like silver sulfadiazine for burn treatments. Understanding its role informs clinical practices and enhances patient care.

19) Sahni:
Sahni typically refers to a surname or may denote a researcher or a pivotal contributor in the field of medical studies. Recognizing prominent figures like Sahni in the literature assists in tracing the evolution of research ideas and methodologies, enhancing the understanding of developments within healthcare disciplines.

20) Pearl:
Pearl can symbolize value or insight in medical contexts, often referring to key lessons learned through research or clinical observations known as 'pearls of wisdom.' These insights guide practitioners' clinical decision-making and enrich the collective knowledge base within medical communities, promoting best practices and improved patient care.

21) Shila (Sila):
Sila may refer to an individual or concept in medical research or literature. Acknowledging contributors like Sila helps trace the evolution of ideas, methodologies, and findings in healthcare, enriching the ongoing discourse and fostering collaboration among professionals aiming to enhance patient outcomes.

22) Sign:
Sign refers to an observable measure or indicator of a condition. In clinical medicine, recognizing specific signs of illness assists health professionals in diagnosing diseases accurately. Understanding these signs leads to more effective treatment strategies and patient management plans to improve health outcomes.

23) Post:
Post denotes a stage or condition that comes after an event, especially in medical contexts referring to post-operative care or follow-up stages after acute events like strokes. Understanding post-event conditions helps healthcare providers tailor recovery plans, monitor complications, and ensure effective rehabilitation for better recovery.

24) Calculation:
Calculation in medical studies often pertains to quantifying data for analyses, such as determining risk factors, treatment effects, or patient outcomes. Accurate calculations are fundamental for ensuring valid conclusions, guiding clinical decision-making, and developing evidence-based practices that enhance patient care and health service delivery.

25) Discussion:
Discussion in research findings involves interpreting and analyzing data results to draw meaningful conclusions. It enables researchers to contextualize their findings within existing literature, speculate on implications, and suggest future studies, fostering a comprehensive understanding of health issues, treatment efficacy, and care strategies.

26) Vomiting:
Vomiting is a common medical symptom that can indicate various underlying conditions. Within research, identifying correlations between vomiting and health outcomes aids in understanding disease presentations. It may also signal complications requiring medical intervention or adjustments in treatment plans to ensure patient safety and better management.

27) Activity:
Activity generally refers to bodily movements involving exercise or daily functioning. In medical studies, assessing patient activity levels is crucial for understanding overall health. Research often examines the impact of physical activity on rehabilitation, recovery outcomes, and chronic disease management, emphasizing its role in promoting well-being.

28) Relative:
Relative typically refers to a family member or could refer to comparative measurements in studies. In healthcare, understanding a patient's relatives’ health backgrounds aids in assessing risk factors for conditions. This consideration informs preventive measures and screening strategies tailored to individual and familial health profiles.

29) Surface:
Surface may indicate the external layer of an anatomical structure or an area of interaction. In medical contexts, understanding surface characteristics is essential for procedures, assessments, and diagnostics. Research may focus on surface modifications and how these impact healing, infection rates, and overall treatment outcomes.

30) Family:
Family in healthcare contexts usually pertains to a unit that influences an individual’s health behaviors, support systems, and genetic predispositions. Understanding familial relationships and histories is critical in assessing health risks, promoting preventive care, and enhancing treatment adherence, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

31) Roman (Roma):
Roman may refer to a historical or cultural context that influences current medical practices or theories. In certain studies or literature, mentioning 'Roman' could denote contributions from historical figures or signify a particular methodology rooted in ancient practices, emphasizing the broader context of medical advancement.

32) Coma:
Coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness where a person cannot be awakened or respond to stimuli. In medical research, understanding the causes, prognostic factors, and recovery outcomes post-coma is vital for managing critical care patients. Insights into coma deepen knowledge about brain function and injury.

Other Health Sciences Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Risk Factors for Outcomes in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Further sources in the context of Health Sciences might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

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