Addressing Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs in COVID-19

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Responding to the Essential Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs for Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Mona LARKI, Farangis SHARIFI, Elham MANOUCHEHRI, Robab LATIFNEJAD ROUDSARI


The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:

(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)

Full text available for: Responding to the Essential Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs for Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review

Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.6.2

Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted global health systems, impacting the availability and accessibility of essential services, particularly in sexual and reproductive health (SRH). This narrative review, grounded in the Scale for Assessing Narrative Review Articles (SANRA), aims to illuminate responses to women's vital SRH needs during the pandemic. It highlights six key categories: access to contraception, safe abortion and post-abortion care, sexual health and STD prevention, cervical cancer screening and prevention, maternity services, and addressing violence against women and girls. The authors conducted extensive literature searches across databases and health organization reports from December 2019 to January 2021, aiming to prioritize these essential SRH needs.

The Critical Need for Access to Contraception

Access to contraception emerged as a paramount concern during the pandemic, with estimates suggesting that 47 million women in low- to middle-income countries may be unable to access modern contraception if lockdowns are prolonged. This disruption could lead to an additional 7 million unwanted pregnancies if essential reproductive health services are not prioritized. As health systems adapt to the challenges posed by COVID-19, it becomes crucial to explore alternative methods for family planning, including telehealth solutions and extending access to contraceptive products through pharmacies. Ensuring women can maintain their reproductive autonomy and prevent unintended pregnancies is imperative, especially in the context of heightened barriers to healthcare during the ongoing crisis.

Conclusion

The pandemic has spotlighted the urgent need for dedicated responses to the sexual and reproductive health needs of women, reinforcing that such services must be considered essential. Disruptions in SRH services jeopardize maternal and child health outcomes, increase the risk of unsafe abortions, and expose women to greater violence and coercion. To address these issues effectively, the implementation of innovative healthcare strategies, human rights-focused approaches, and active engagement from both public and private stakeholders is vital. As the pandemic continues, prioritizing comprehensive access to SRH services and safeguarding women's health and rights should remain critical objectives, ensuring that vulnerable populations are not left behind in healthcare delivery efforts.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What are the essential SRH needs for women during COVID-19?

Essential sexual and reproductive health needs during COVID-19 include access to contraception, safe abortion, sexual health services, cervical cancer screening, maternity care, and support for women facing violence.

How has COVID-19 impacted women's access to reproductive healthcare?

The pandemic has disrupted healthcare services, leading to increased unintended pregnancies, unsafe abortions, and unmet sexual and reproductive health needs, which could ultimately result in higher maternal and neonatal mortality rates.

What strategies are recommended to address SRH needs during the pandemic?

Governments should prioritize SRH services, promote telehealth consultations, ensure resource availability, and involve community organizations to provide information and support, especially for vulnerable populations.

Why is it important to consider gender perspectives in COVID-19 responses?

Involving gender analysis in COVID-19 responses ensures that women's unique health needs are met, and helps to address issues like gender-based violence, which have increased during the pandemic.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Addressing Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs in COVID-19”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition affecting an organism, often triggering a response from the immune system. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, it highlights the widespread health crisis and emphasizes the need for accessible healthcare services. Understanding diseases is crucial for implementing effective public health strategies and intervention measures.

2) Cancer:
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. During the COVID-19 pandemic, cancer screenings faced significant disruptions, raising concerns over delayed diagnoses and increased mortality. It's essential to ensure continuity of cancer care amidst health crises to minimize adverse outcomes for affected individuals.

3) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering or interpreting facts, theories, and principles. The referenced article conducts a narrative review study to assess sexual and reproductive health needs in the COVID-19 pandemic, offering valuable insights and recommendations to improve care and policy responses.

4) Table:
In research, a table summarizes data or findings to present information clearly and concisely. The referenced table in the article outlines essential reproductive health services, their potential impacts during the pandemic, and key responses, serving as a quick reference for practitioners and policymakers to understand and address these issues.

5) Death:
Death signifies the cessation of biological functions that sustain life. The pandemic increased concerns over maternal and neonatal deaths due to disruptions in healthcare services. Addressing reproductive health needs is critical to prevent preventable deaths, making it essential for policymakers to prioritize these healthcare services during crises.

6) Visit:
A visit refers to an appointment or interaction with healthcare professionals. The article emphasizes the need for routine visits for screening and care, which may have been disrupted during the pandemic. Maintaining access to health services ensures continuous care and improves health outcomes, especially for vulnerable populations.

7) Post:
Post typically refers to a time after an event. In this context, it relates to post-abortion care and ongoing medical attention required following reproductive health services. Providing post-care is crucial for addressing complications and ensuring recovery, highlighting the necessity of comprehensive care in women's health.

8) Family:
Family denotes a group of individuals living together, typically related by blood or marriage. The article emphasizes family dynamics during the pandemic, highlighting the increased caregiving responsibilities often falling on women. Understanding family impacts is important for crafting effective policies addressing health and social needs amidst crises.

9) Pregnant:
Pregnant refers to a state of carrying a developing embryo or fetus within the uterus. The pandemic's impact on pregnant women and their healthcare needs is significant. Ensuring access to appropriate maternity care is vital to safeguarding maternal and neonatal health, paramount during any health crisis like COVID-19.

10) Quality:
Quality indicates the standard of something, often regarding its excellence or suitability. In healthcare, quality refers to the effectiveness and safety of services provided. The article stresses the importance of maintaining high-quality reproductive health services during the pandemic to ensure optimal health outcomes for women and infants.

11) Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs. During the pandemic, healthcare services for TB prevention and treatment saw interruptions, putting millions at risk. Ensuring continued access to TB services is crucial, especially as COVID-19 further complicates the health landscape and challenges global health systems.

12) Camari:
Samari may refer to the author or contributor of the reviewed study, indicating research collaboration. It highlights the importance of diverse academic contributions in addressing complex health issues, as a collaborative approach can lead to more comprehensive insights and evidence-based recommendations for improving sexual and reproductive health services.

13) Line:
Line can signify a connection or series; here, it could reference the continuity of care in reproductive health services. Maintaining a line of communication and resource access during health crises is critical to ensure that individuals receive necessary care and support, preventing gaps in healthcare delivery.

14) Language:
Language encompasses the system of communication used by a specific community. The study's search criteria limited articles to English and Persian, which may affect the comprehensiveness of data. Acknowledging language barriers is essential for ensuring equitable access to information and adapting health messaging for diverse populations.

15) Marriage:
Marriage is a legally recognized union between individuals. It has significant implications for sexual and reproductive health rights, especially in the context of the pandemic. Addressing the effects of COVID-19 on marriage and family dynamics is essential to understand the broader implications for reproductive health services and the societal context.

16) Birth:
Birth refers to the process of delivering a baby. Access to safe and dignified childbirth services is crucial, particularly during emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Ensuring safe maternity services reduces maternal and neonatal mortality rates, making it a priority in public health responses during crises.

17) Mental health:
Mental health refers to emotional, psychological, and social well-being. During the pandemic, there was an increased focus on mental health issues due to heightened stress and anxiety. Addressing mental health needs is essential for comprehensive healthcare, particularly for vulnerable groups affected by disease and social isolation.

18) Transmission:
Transmission pertains to the process by which a disease spreads from one individual to another. Understanding the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 is critical in controlling outbreaks. Public health measures aimed at preventing transmission must also consider the implications for essential health services like sexual and reproductive healthcare.

19) Developing:
Developing implies progress or growth in a particular field or system. In the health context, developing effective interventions and strategies is necessary to adapt services amidst the disruptions caused by the pandemic. Addressing SRH needs requires innovative solutions and adaptable healthcare delivery models.

20) Science (Scientific):
Science refers to the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. In health contexts, scientific research drives advancements in understanding diseases and developing treatments. Emphasizing a scientific basis for health policies ensures that practices are effective and rooted in evidence during crises.

21) Education:
Education encompasses the processes through which knowledge and skills are acquired. In health contexts, education is vital for informing communities about health resources and practices, particularly regarding sexual and reproductive health. Effective education strategies can enhance understanding and awareness, ultimately improving health-seeking behaviors.

22) Account:
Account refers to an explanation or report detailing specific events or actions. In public health, accountability ensures that organizations respond to the health needs of populations effectively. Holding stakeholders accountable during the pandemic is critical to ensure that essential services, like reproductive health, remain prioritized and accessible.

23) Hygiene (Hygienic):
Hygiene refers to practices that promote health and prevent disease transmission. Particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining hygiene standards is crucial to prevent infections. Emphasizing hygiene within sexual and reproductive health services is important to protect individuals and communities from both COVID-19 and other communicable diseases.

24) Roman (Roma):
The term Roman could refer to the Roman view on various health issues or kinship. In the context of healthcare, it may illustrate historical approaches to health systems and societal beliefs about health practices, demonstrating the importance of understanding cultural perspectives when addressing health needs.

25) Field:
Field signifies an area of study or profession. In this context, it pertains to sexual and reproductive health within public health fields. Understanding the complexities within these fields is essential for developing comprehensive approaches to address the multifaceted needs of individuals, particularly during health emergencies.

26) House:
House refers to a physical structure for living. In the pandemic context, it symbolizes the increased focus on domestic environments, where many individuals face heightened risks of violence and mental health issues. Addressing safety within houses is critical for women and vulnerable populations during emergencies.

27) Mesha (Mesa):
Mesa may refer to another contributor or organization related to the studies referenced in the text. Recognizing diverse voices and initiatives enhances understanding of challenges and solutions for sexual and reproductive health needs. Collaboration across different entities strengthens the overall response to health emergencies and public health crises.

28) Shari (Sari):
Sari might refer to the wardrobe choices of women, which could bear social or cultural significance. In healthcare contexts, acknowledging the cultural aspects of clothing may impact how women engaging with health services perceive their safety, dignity, and autonomy, especially in traditional or conservative societies.

29) Bell:
The term bell might indicate a metaphorical alert or notification in health contexts. It could underline the importance of being vigilant regarding health alerts and the need for timely access to healthcare services to ensure better health outcomes, particularly during global health crises.

30) Hand:
Hand signifies both a physical body part and a metaphor for support. In healthcare, using hands can symbolize providing care and support, especially during challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Emphasizing hand hygiene is crucial for preventing disease transmission and protecting vulnerable populations.

31) Drug:
Drug refers to substances used to treat or prevent illnesses. The pandemic highlighted the importance of access to essential medications, particularly for chronic conditions and reproductive health. Ensuring drug availability remains critical for comprehensive health services, especially for vulnerable groups affected by COVID-19.

32) Pir:
Peer refers to individuals of similar status or age. In healthcare, peer support systems can provide emotional backing and shared experiences, proving beneficial during health crises. Building peer networks can enhance access to information and valuable resources for individuals facing reproductive health challenges.

33) Performance:
Performance pertains to the execution and effectiveness of actions or services. In the context of health services, evaluating the performance of reproductive health programs during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to understanding the efficacy of interventions and for strategic improvements in future health emergencies.

34) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the process of quantifying variables to evaluate outcomes. In health studies, measurement is crucial for assessing various indicators, including service availability and access to reproductive health needs during the pandemic, helping to formulate effective responses based on collected data.

35) Perception:
Perception refers to how individuals interpret and understand information or experiences. In health contexts, perceptions can greatly influence health behaviors and decision-making. Understanding community perceptions, especially regarding reproductive health services during COVID-19, informs targeted interventions and effective health communication strategies.

36) Discussion:
Discussion involves examining and analyzing various viewpoints on a subject. In research articles, discussions provide a platform to interpret findings and explore implications for practice. This section enables researchers to present insights, share concerns, and propose recommendations in response to identified health challenges.

37) Resolving:
Resolving pertains to finding solutions to problems. In healthcare, resolving health issues requires collaborative efforts, innovative strategies, and responsive systems to address challenges, especially during global health emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. Effective resolution ensures improved access to sexual and reproductive health services.

38) Epidemic:
An epidemic refers to the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease within a community. The COVID-19 epidemic has significantly impacted global health systems, resulting in disruptions to essential health services such as sexual and reproductive health. Understanding epidemics is crucial for effective public health interventions and strategies.

39) Activity:
Activity signifies engagement or action taken within a context. In health, it can refer to physical activities or health-focused initiatives. Promoting health activities, especially during the pandemic, is vital to enhancing wellbeing and managing chronic conditions, emphasizing the need for adaptable health solutions during crises.

40) Anxiety:
Anxiety involves feelings of worry or apprehension typically concerning uncertain outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic heightened anxiety levels among individuals, impacting mental and physical health. Addressing anxiety through targeted mental health support and resources is critical to ensure overall wellbeing, especially for vulnerable populations.

41) Police:
Police denote law enforcement personnel responsible for maintaining public order. During the pandemic, police presence is crucial in enforcing health regulations and ensuring safety. However, it's vital to balance enforcement with community support, especially for vulnerable populations requiring access to essential health services.

42) Desire:
Desire reflects a strong feeling of wanting something. In health contexts, understanding desires, particularly in sexual and reproductive health, is essential for addressing needs effectively. Acknowledging and respecting individuals' desires in health provision can enhance services and encourage positive health outcomes.

43) Rules:
Rules denote established guidelines governing behavior or operations. In health contexts, rules outline protocols to ensure patient safety and effective service delivery. Adhering to rules during health emergencies is vital for maintaining order and delivering services efficiently, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

44) Doubt:
Doubt refers to uncertainty or lack of confidence. In health contexts, doubt can hinder individuals from seeking necessary healthcare services. Addressing doubts through clear communication and providing reliable information is essential to encourage individuals to access sexual and reproductive health services, especially during crises.

45) Fight:
Fight signifies a struggle against something adversarial, such as diseases. In public health, fighting against epidemics requires coordinated efforts from health organizations and communities. The fight against COVID-19 involves implementing interventions to combat its spread, ensuring that essential health services remain accessible and effective.

46) Blood:
Blood is essential for life, conveying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. In health contexts, blood-related concerns are vital, particularly during pregnancy and childbirth. Ensuring safe blood transfusions and monitoring blood-related conditions is critical in maintaining maternal and child health during the pandemic.

47) Cina:
China is a significant context in the global pandemic narrative, being the first country affected by COVID-19. Understanding China's response offers insights into public health strategies and management of health services during crises, providing lessons for other nations in ensuring continuity of sexual and reproductive health.

48) Fear:
Fear is an emotional response to perceived danger or risk. During the pandemic, fear regarding COVID-19 exposure has affected individuals’ willingness to seek healthcare, including sexual and reproductive services. Addressing fear through education and assuring safety can promote healthcare access and improve health outcomes.

49) Viru:
Viru is likely a misspelling of 'virus', relating to infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of host organisms. In the context of COVID-19, understanding the virus and its transmission dynamic is crucial for public health strategies, effective vaccine distribution, and safeguarding health services.

50) Pur:
Poor refers to individuals or communities lacking sufficient resources. The pandemic has exacerbated existing inequalities, particularly for poor populations in accessing healthcare services. Addressing health disparities is essential for ensuring equitable access to reproductive health resources and interventions, promoting better overall health outcomes.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Addressing Women's Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs in COVID-19’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Hiv, Art, Abortion, Pregnant women, Elderly people, Sexual health, Chronic condition, Postnatal care, Long-term treatment, Active participation, Mental wellbeing, Quality assessment, Prenatal care, Family planning, Common concern, Infant mortality, Ethical value, Domestic violence, Birth control, Child abuse, Inclusion criteria, Exclusion criteria, Antenatal Care, World Health Organization, Reproductive health, Health Promotion, Literature-Search, Cochrane Library, Data extraction, COVID 19, Digital technologies, COVID-19 Pandemic, Telemedicine, Healthcare delivery, Sexually transmitted disease, HIV infection, PubMed, Maternal health, Vulnerable Population, Low- and middle-income countries, Precancerous lesion, Health service, Maternal Death, Cervical cancer, Neonatal care, Health System, Covid 19 outbreak, Diagnostic test, Menstrual hygiene, Public health concern, Antiretroviral therapy, Health insurance, Gender analysis, Cervical cancer screening, Clinical measurement, Healthcare provider, Economic Barriers, Mother to child transmission, Counseling services, Contraceptive method, Violence against women, Intimate partner violence, Ethical issue, Misoprostol, Public health intervention, Gender-based violence, Health Care Service, Long-acting reversible contraceptive, Household income, Home visit, Kangaroo Mother Care, Medical subject headings, Medical abortion, Newborn deaths, Lockdown, Unsafe abortion, Health centre, Essential services, Emergency Contraception, Common complaints, Family member, Unwanted pregnancies, Breastfeeding mother, Contact information, Tele consultation, SCOPUS, School closure, Healthcare service, Maternal and infant mortality, Local resource, Human right, Affected Groups, Innovative approaches, Psychosocial resources, Contraception.

Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.

Shelter, Non-abandonment, Poor results, Child marriage.

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