Child Sexual Abuse in Senior Secondary Students in Enugu Metropolis
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Prevalence, Pattern and Predictors of Child Sexual Abuse Among Senior Secondary School Students in Enugu Metropolis
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Onyinye Hope Chime, Chinonyelu Jennie Orji, Tonna Jideofor Aneke, Ijeoma Ngozi Nwoke
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Prevalence, Pattern and Predictors of Child Sexual Abuse Among Senior Secondary School Students in Enugu Metropolis
Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.4.13
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a significant public health issue with far-reaching implications for the health, education, and overall wellbeing of affected individuals. This particular study aimed to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of CSA among secondary school students in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. Addressing the alarming rise in CSA cases necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its occurrence in educational settings, particularly as adolescents are particularly vulnerable during their developmental stages.
Prevalence and Patterns of Abuse
The study revealed a CSA prevalence rate of 35.7% among the surveyed adolescents, with 116 out of 325 respondents reporting experiences of abuse. A noteworthy finding was that many victims (40%) were compelled to watch pornography, while the majority of perpetrators were identified as neighbors (29.3%). The abuse frequently occurred at home (33.6%) and typically involved single instances of abuse (68.1%). Additionally, factors such as age, living conditions, and parental education significantly correlated with heightened abuse risk, highlighting the educational attainment of parents as a predictor of vulnerability to CSA.
Conclusion
The findings underscore the critical urgency for implementing preventive education programs aimed at both adolescents and their parents to combat CSA effectively. Comprehensive sexuality education and supportive governmental policies are essential in promoting awareness and encouraging open discussions about abusive situations. Strategies to educate children on recognizing abuse and disclosing it to trusted adults must be prioritized. By fostering a stable and communicative environment at home and in schools, communities can work towards eradicating CSA and ensuring the safety and wellbeing of children.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main objective of the CSA study?
The study aimed to determine the prevalence, patterns, and predictors of child sexual abuse (CSA) among secondary school students in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria, addressing its growing public health concerns.
How was the study on CSA conducted?
This cross-sectional study involved 325 adolescents from four secondary schools in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was utilized for data collection, with analyses performed at a significance level set at P ≤ 0.05.
What were the major findings regarding CSA prevalence?
The study found that 35.7% of respondents experienced CSA. Many victims were forced to watch pornography, and neighbors were identified as the most common perpetrators, illustrating the accessibility of such abuse in familiar environments.
What actions are suggested to combat CSA based on the findings?
The study recommends implementing comprehensive sexuality education and legislative policies to educate adolescents about CSA prevention, promote awareness among parents and communities, and deter potential perpetrators.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Child Sexual Abuse in Senior Secondary Students in Enugu Metropolis”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Study (Studying):
The term 'study' signifies systematic investigation aimed at developing or contributing to knowledge in a particular field. In this context, it stresses the importance of understanding child sexual abuse prevalence, patterns, and predictors among adolescents in Nigeria. Studies like these provide valuable data for public health initiatives and policy formations, helping to mitigate the issue effectively.
2) Table:
The term 'table' refers to a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns. In academic papers, tables are crucial for summarizing and presenting quantitative findings clearly and concisely. For instance, they can display the prevalence of child sexual abuse or sociodemographic characteristics, enhancing comprehension and facilitating comparisons in research.
3) Education:
Education involves the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and beliefs. It plays a vital role in the prevention of issues such as child sexual abuse. Comprehensive sexuality education can empower adolescents with knowledge about their rights, recognition of abuse, and appropriate reporting mechanisms, thus reducing susceptibility and promoting wellbeing.
4) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses the information, understanding, and skills acquired through experience or education. In the context of child sexual abuse, knowledge is pivotal as it helps individuals recognize abuse signs and seek help. Studies that foster knowledge on this issue also contribute to societal awareness, thereby encouraging protective measures for vulnerable populations.
5) Family:
The concept of 'family' refers to a group of individuals related by blood, marriage, or other significant ties. Families play a crucial role in shaping children's understanding of boundaries and safe behavior. They can be either the source of support or, unfortunately, a context where abuse occurs, making their role in prevention and education paramount.
6) Male:
The term 'male' refers to individuals who are biologically male, typically associated with significantly different societal expectations and roles compared to females. In the context of child sexual abuse, understanding the dynamics of male perpetrators versus female victims is crucial for addressing societal factors that predispose to such abuses and creating effective intervention strategies.
7) Relative:
A relative is a person connected by blood or marriage. In discussions about child sexual abuse, relatives can be both potential protectors and abusers. Their role is complex: they may facilitate safe environments or create vulnerabilities, highlighting the necessity for educating relatives on recognizing abuse signs and supporting affected children.
8) Perception:
Perception refers to the process of organizing, interpreting, and understanding sensory information. In studies on child sexual abuse, perception can significantly influence how victims and society respond to abuse. Understanding societal perceptions helps tailor prevention efforts, dismantle stigmas, and encourage supportive dialogues that enable victims to come forward.
9) Rules:
Rules are explicit instructions or regulations that guide behavior. In the context of education and child protection, rules are essential for establishing boundaries and promoting safety in environments where children learn and develop. Implementing strict anti-abuse rules in schools helps create a protective atmosphere that discourages abuse and supports victims.
10) Science (Scientific):
Science involves the systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through testable explanations and predictions about the universe. Scientific research into child sexual abuse provides critical insights into factors contributing to abuse rates, enabling stakeholders to develop evidence-based interventions and policies that protect vulnerable populations and improve societal awareness.
11) Teaching:
Teaching is the act of imparting knowledge or skills. It plays an essential role in addressing issues like child sexual abuse by equipping adolescents with information about their rights, appropriate boundaries, and reporting mechanisms. Effective teaching practices can help cultivate an informed and empowering environment that promotes a safer society for children.
12) Labour (Labor):
Labour pertains to work, especially in terms of physical or mental effort. In the context of child sexual abuse, discussions around child labour often reveal its intertwined relationship with abuse. Children involved in labour are more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse, underscoring the necessity for protective laws and initiatives in labor sectors.
13) Egypt:
Egypt is a country in North Africa, which represents a diverse socio-cultural context. Understanding the dynamics of child sexual abuse in Egypt provides essential insights into regional issues, prevention strategies, and the differences in societal values that can either protect or endanger children. Comparative studies across countries enhance the understanding of sexual abuse phenomena.
14) Life:
Life is characterized by growth, reproduction, and ongoing adaptation. In discussions about child sexual abuse, focusing on the quality of life for survivors is crucial. Abuse can significantly impact mental and physical health, social relationships, and future opportunities, making the promotion of healing and restoration vital for affected individuals.
15) Transmission:
Transmission generally refers to the act of transferring something from one place to another. In the context of sexual abuse, this term can relate to the transmission of trauma, stigma, or even sexually transmitted infections. It reinforces the importance of discussing prevention strategies and educational interventions in mitigating the consequences of abuse.
16) Attending:
Attending refers to the act of being present or participating in an event. In the context of the study, it highlights the importance of being present in educational settings and the awareness of potential risks children face. Attending school should be a safe environment, thus necessitating protective measures against abuse.
17) Activity:
Activity signifies any form of action or engagement. In discussions of child sexual abuse, it can encompass various harmful acts towards children, including exploitation or manipulation. Understanding the types of activities related to abuse helps in formulating targeted educational programs that warn children of dangerous situations and teach them about personal safety.
18) Street:
The term 'street' often evokes ideas of public spaces where various social interactions occur. For children, streets can represent both freedom and vulnerability. Those who find themselves exposed on the streets, such as street hawkers or runaways, are more at risk for sexual exploitation and abuse, stressing the need for appropriate protective measures.
19) India:
India is a vast country with diverse cultural and social dynamics. Understanding the rates and patterns of child sexual abuse in India provides insights into its prevalence and unique challenges faced by children. Cross-cultural studies can enhance the comprehension of how various factors influence rates of abuse and prevention strategies across the globe.
20) Ghana:
Ghana is a West African nation with its own cultural fabric. The study of child sexual abuse in Ghana helps to uncover unique societal mechanisms and protection strategies. Comparative analyses between Ghana and other countries contribute to a broader understanding of the influences on child abuse rates and effective response strategies.
21) Janapriya (Jana-priya):
Janapriya refers specifically to a journal or context tied to discussions on awareness of sexual abuse among adolescents in regions like Nepal. The term highlights the importance of local perspectives on child protection, contributing to a larger dialogue about combating societal issues prevalent in various cultural settings.
22) Medicine:
Medicine is the science or practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease. Within the context of child sexual abuse, medicine plays a crucial role in both the treatment of physical and psychological effects on survivors and in educating healthcare professionals about recognizing and responding to signs of abuse effectively.
23) Learning:
Learning denotes acquiring knowledge or skills through education or experience. In the context of child sexual abuse, understanding the learning process of children helps in developing effective educational programs that equip them with the knowledge to recognize inappropriate behaviors and the confidence to report them.
24) Jasmine:
Jasmine can refer to an individual engaged in research or advocacy for sexual abuse awareness, possibly within educational contexts. Highlighting personal stories or research efforts underlines the human aspect of academic discussions on abuse, providing relatable narratives that can foster understanding and mobilize community action.
25) Ambala:
Ambala is a city in India that may be contextually related to discussions on child sexual abuse. Understanding regional variations like those in Ambala can inform tailored prevention strategies and awareness campaigns, acknowledging the specific cultural, economic, and social factors that influence the prevalence of abuse.
26) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma can refer to an individual involved in academic research or advocacy related to child sexual abuse. This highlights the contributions of researchers who shed light on the prevalence, patterns, and recommendations for addressing the complexities surrounding abuse situations in the context of local communities.
27) Nature:
Nature encompasses the inherent characteristics or qualities of something. In discussions about child sexual abuse, understanding the nature of the abuse, including different forms and frequencies, is essential for developing effective preventative strategies and interventions tailored to the specific needs of victims and at-risk children.
28) Reason:
Reason refers to a basis or rationale for actions or beliefs. Understanding the reasons behind child sexual abuse, such as sociocultural factors, lack of education, or insufficient law enforcement, enables stakeholders to address the root causes effectively and implement strategies that protect children from exploitation.
29) Kumar:
Kumar can refer to a researcher or author contributing valuable insights into the subject of child sexual abuse. Highlighting individual researchers acknowledges their efforts in expanding the body of knowledge related to abuse prevalence, patterns, and prevention, ultimately fostering a deeper understanding of the issue.
30) Annal:
Annal implies a record or account of events. In the context of child sexual abuse research, maintaining annals of reported cases helps track trends, inform policy decisions, and advocate for necessary changes in laws or education that protect vulnerable children and raise awareness of the effects of abuse.
31) Musha (Musa, Musá):
Musa may refer to an individual contributing to research or activism surrounding child sexual abuse. Recognizing the contributions of various advocates and researchers highlights the collaborative effort needed in combating abuse and enhancing community awareness around the issue, ultimately promoting prevention initiatives that protect children.
32) Ushta (Usta):
Usta might refer to a researcher or advocate involved in studying child sexual abuse in specific cultural contexts. Understanding and documenting their work provide insights into unique challenges and patterns of abuse, which are essential for creating culturally sensitive educational and protective strategies to combat child sexual abuse.
33) Hand:
The term 'hand' symbolizes the act of helping or providing support. In the context of addressing child sexual abuse, it represents collaborative efforts among various stakeholders, including parents, teachers, and community leaders, to create safer environments that empower children and allow them to speak out against abuse.
34) Performance:
Performance refers to the execution of a task or activity. In the context of education and child protection, examining the performance of prevention programs helps gauge effectiveness in educating children about their rights and equipping them with tools to recognize and report abuse, ultimately enhancing community safety.
35) Discussion:
Discussion denotes the engagement in dialogue or discourse regarding a particular topic. In academic research, discussion helps synthesize findings, address implications, and suggest areas for future research. For child sexual abuse studies, thorough discussions can guide effective policy recommendations and community initiatives aimed at prevention and education.
36) Depression:
Depression refers to a mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness and loss of interest. It is often a consequence for survivors of child sexual abuse, highlighting the importance of mental health support systems in educational and healthcare settings. Recognizing this connection can improve care for affected individuals.
37) Substance:
Substance typically refers to a specific type of matter with a particular chemical composition, but in the context of abuse, it often relates to substances like drugs or alcohol. The relationship between substance abuse and child sexual abuse is significant, as both can be linked to increased vulnerability and exploitation.
38) Realising (Realizing):
Realising pertains to the act of becoming aware of or understanding something. In discussions on child sexual abuse, a collective realization about the prevalence and consequences of abuse can lead to increased advocacy efforts, improved education programs, and stronger protective policies to safeguard children.
39) Language:
Language consists of the systems of communication used by people. In the context of child sexual abuse, employing appropriate and sensitive language is crucial for effective education and outreach. Communities must ensure that discussions surrounding abuse are understood at all levels, making victims more comfortable to share their experiences.
40) Marriage:
Marriage denotes a legally recognized union between individuals. In discussions about child sexual abuse, cultural practices related to marriage, including early marriage, can directly impact the vulnerability of children. Understanding these societal norms is crucial in addressing abuse and implementing effective preventative measures.
41) Enjoying:
Enjoying refers to taking pleasure in an activity. In the context of education and discussion about child sexual abuse, fostering an environment where children can enjoy learning and exploring their rights is essential. Creating safe spaces promotes open conversations and encourages children to report inappropriate or abusive situations.
42) Servant:
A servant refers to a person employed to perform services, often in domestic settings. In discussions about child sexual abuse, children who work as domestic servants are particularly vulnerable to abuse. Addressing the circumstances leading to child servitude is crucial for enhancing protections against exploitation.
43) Police:
The police are responsible for enforcing the law and ensuring public safety. In discussions about child sexual abuse, their role is vital as they are often the first point of contact for victims seeking help. Effective training for police on handling abuse cases sensitively is essential for ensuring proper investigations and support.
44) Medium:
Medium generally refers to the means by which something is expressed or communicated. In the context of education, the medium refers to the language and tools used for imparting knowledge. Selecting appropriate mediums for teaching about child sexual abuse can significantly enhance understanding and engagement among adolescents.
45) Campu:
The term 'campus' refers to the grounds and buildings of a university or college. Within discussions on child sexual abuse, campuses must provide safe educational environments, where students feel secure to report abuse. Universities should implement policies that ensure the safety and support for all enrolled students.
46) House:
House denotes a physical structure where individuals live. In discussions on child sexual abuse, homes can be both safe havens and potential sites of abuse. Creating awareness about recognizing and addressing abuse occurring within homes is essential for effective prevention strategies that protect children.
47) Shame (Same):
Shame is a complex emotional response often associated with feelings of guilt or embarrassment. In contexts of child sexual abuse, feelings of shame can prevent victims from reporting incidents, thus perpetuating cycles of silence and abuse. Awareness and education should aim to diminish shame, encouraging open discussions about securing help.
48) Fear:
Fear is a powerful emotion that can deter individuals from acting. In the context of child sexual abuse, fear may prevent victims from disclosing their experiences or seeking help. Building trustful relationships and supportive environments is essential to empower children to overcome fear and speak out about abuse.
49) Prey:
Prey denotes an animal that is hunted or seized for food. In discussions about child sexual abuse, the term can metaphorically refer to children who are targeted by predators. Understanding the dynamics of predator-prey relationships can inform protective measures and preventive education to empower and safeguard children.
50) Post:
Post refers to something that has been placed or positioned. In the context of child sexual abuse, it can pertain to the dissemination of information, awareness campaigns, or community initiatives aimed at protecting children. Proactive postings of information can help raise awareness and support for preventive measures regarding abuse.
51) Drug:
Drug refers to substances that, when taken, can alter bodily functions. In discussions of child sexual abuse, drugs can play a significant role in cases of abuse, as they may incapacitate victims or be used by perpetrators to manipulate victims. Awareness of these dynamics is essential to protect children effectively.
52) Pir:
Peer denotes individuals who are of similar age or social status. In the context of child sexual abuse, peers can significantly influence behaviors and discussions about abuse. Positive peer support networks can encourage victims to seek help, while negative influences may perpetuate cycles of silence and underreporting.
53) Viru:
Viru may refer to an individual contributing to research or awareness efforts related to child sexual abuse. Highlighting different contributors to the discourse underlines the collective action needed to construct effective initiatives and ultimately cultivate safer environments for children at risk of sexual exploitation.
54) Pur:
Poor generally refers to a deficiency in resources, wealth, or quality of life. In discussions surrounding child sexual abuse, poverty can significantly increase vulnerability, as economically disadvantaged children may be more likely to face exploitation. Addressing the cycles of poverty intertwined with abuse is essential for effective preventative interventions.