Malaysian Blood Donor Satisfaction Questionnaire Development and Validation

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Development and Validation of a Malaysian Blood Donor’s Satisfaction Questionnaire
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Pei Pei Tan, Chee Tao Chang, Jernih Abdul Rahman, Sabariah Mohd Noor


The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:

(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)

Full text available for: Development and Validation of a Malaysian Blood Donor’s Satisfaction Questionnaire

Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.3.8

Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0


Download the PDF file of the original publication


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Blood donation is a critical healthcare service, especially in Malaysia, where blood procurement chiefly relies on voluntary non-remunerated donors. To enhance donor retention and satisfaction, it is vital to evaluate their experiences and needs. Recognizing the lack of a localized tool to assess blood donors' satisfaction, this study aimed to develop and validate the Malaysian Blood Donor Satisfaction (M-BDS) questionnaire, specifically designed for the local context. This tool was built on a thorough analysis of existing literature, expert input, and feedback from actual donors, ensuring that it was both relevant and effective in measuring multiple dimensions of donor satisfaction.

Importance of Psychometric Validation

One of the pivotal aspects of this study was establishing the reliability and validity of the M-BDS questionnaire through psychometric testing. The field-testing phase included a comprehensive approach, employing exploratory factor analysis to confirm the construct validity, which revealed five key domains: technical, interpersonal, physical experience, accessibility/convenience, and overall satisfaction. The results indicated that the questionnaire is a reliable instrument, with Cronbach alpha values ranging from 0.814 to 0.955, reflecting high internal consistency across the various domains. Moreover, the test-retest method demonstrated stability, as evidenced by intraclass correlation coefficients, affirming that the questionnaire provides consistent measurements over time.

Conclusion

The M-BDS questionnaire serves as a much-needed tool for assessing blood donor satisfaction in Malaysia, uniquely tailored to address specific sociocultural factors influencing donor experiences. Its validation through rigorous psychometric testing substantiates its effectiveness, making it an essential asset for healthcare providers aiming to improve blood donation services. By implementing this instrument, blood donation centers can gain valuable insights to enhance service quality and, ultimately, foster donor retention in an increasingly challenging environment. Further studies are encouraged to expand its application across different regions and contexts, solidifying its role in the continuous quest for improved healthcare outcomes.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the aim of the Malaysian blood donor satisfaction questionnaire?

The aim is to develop and validate a questionnaire that assesses blood donors' satisfaction, thereby increasing donor retention and improving blood bank services in Malaysia.

How was the questionnaire developed and validated?

The questionnaire was developed through literature review, expert consultations, cognitive debriefing, and field testing among blood donors to ensure reliability and validity for local contexts.

What factors were considered in donor satisfaction assessment?

The assessment focused on five domains: technical aspects, interpersonal skills, physical experience, accessibility/convenience, and overall satisfaction to cover all areas affecting donor experience.

How was the reliability of the questionnaire measured?

Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach alpha for internal consistency and an intraclass correlation coefficient via a test-retest method over two weeks among the respondents.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Malaysian Blood Donor Satisfaction Questionnaire Development and Validation”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Blood:
Blood is a vital body fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products, playing a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions. It is fundamental in medical practices, especially in transfusion medicine, emphasizing the importance of voluntary blood donation systems which rely on donor satisfaction to ensure supply stability.

2) Table:
In research, a table serves as a structured format to present data clearly and concisely, allowing readers to quickly grasp results and comparisons. Tables facilitate effective communication of statistical information, such as demographic characteristics, response rates, and the reliability of tools, thus enhancing the overall understanding of the study's findings.

3) Study (Studying):
A study refers to a systematic investigation conducted to enhance knowledge, often involving qualitative or quantitative analysis. In this context, the study's objective is developing a questionnaire to measure blood donors’ satisfaction, highlighting the necessity of evidence-based practices in healthcare to improve service delivery and donor retention strategies.

4) Reliability:
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of a measurement tool, ensuring that it produces the same results upon repeated trials. In the research context, establishing the reliability of the blood donor satisfaction questionnaire validates its use for assessing donor experiences, ultimately enhancing confidence in the tool's effectiveness and findings.

5) Language:
Language is a critical medium of communication that facilitates understanding and interaction among individuals. In this study, the questionnaire was developed in Malay, the national language of Malaysia, ensuring accessibility for donors. This linguistic choice enhances participation and comprehension, reflecting cultural sensitivity in health-related surveys.

6) Medicine:
Medicine is a science and practice concerned with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Within this study's scope, transfusion medicine plays a significant role in ensuring blood safety and efficacy, necessitating reliable measures to enhance donor satisfaction and ultimately improve healthcare outcomes for patients requiring blood transfusions.

7) Field:
The term field signifies a particular area of study or specialization. In this context, it relates to the field of transfusion medicine and donor satisfaction surveys, highlighting the importance of targeted research practices and applicable findings that cultivate better blood donation experiences, thereby improving service delivery across healthcare settings.

8) Developing:
Developing refers to the process of creating or elaborating on something. In this study, developing emphasizes the construction of a reliable tool for measuring blood donors' satisfaction, illustrating the systematic approach taken to enhance donor experiences and collect useful feedback that can inform improvements within blood donation services.

9) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses the awareness and understanding gained through experiences or education. The study's emphasis on developing a satisfaction questionnaire reflects the significance of eliciting blood donors' insights, thereby contributing to collective knowledge about donor engagement, improving retention strategies, and ultimately fostering better blood supply management in healthcare.

10) Science (Scientific):
Science involves systematic methods of inquiry that seek to understand the natural world by gathering empirical evidence. In this context, the research embodies scientific approaches to assess blood donor satisfaction, contributing to advancements in transfusion science and practices that rely on empirical data for improving health service quality.

11) Raja:
Raja, meaning 'king' in Malay, signifies authority and leadership within a cultural context. In this study, Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun serves as the setting for research, reflecting the institution's commitment to enhancing healthcare services, particularly in blood donation management, underlining the significance of accessible and quality healthcare provision.

12) Perception:
Perception involves the process through which individuals interpret sensory information, shaping their understanding and experiences. In the study, understanding blood donors' perceptions of satisfaction is crucial for identifying areas for improvement, enhancing donor experiences, and fostering a positive donation environment that encourages repeat donations.

13) Food:
Food refers to the substances consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. In the context of blood donation, food is provided after donations to replenish energy and ensure the well-being of donors. The quality and satisfaction with provided refreshments are integral components of donor experience and satisfaction assessments.

14) Sang:
Sang is derived from the term 'Transfusion Sang,' relating to blood transfusion processes. Understanding factors influencing blood donor satisfaction is paramount within the realm of transfusion medicine, aiding in the establishment of efficient practices that maintain a steady blood supply, particularly in regions reliant on voluntary donors.

15) Rules:
Rules are explicit regulations or principles governing behavior or actions. In healthcare and research, established protocols guide practices such as ethical considerations in obtaining consent and ensuring participant confidentiality. Following these rules ensures the integrity of the study and the protection of the rights of blood donors involved.

16) Cina:
China represents a significant context within global health discussions, particularly concerning blood donation rates and practices. Understanding the differences in blood donation behaviors, as highlighted in the study, emphasizes the necessity for tailored strategies that address local socio-cultural aspects to enhance blood donation and donor retention.

17) Hand:
Hand signifies the physical aspect of donating blood and engagement in healthcare practices. In this study, it indirectly relates to the practical experiences of donors during blood collection, impacting their overall satisfaction. The sensory experiences associated with donating blood through venepuncture are vital for understanding donor perceptions.

18) Measurement:
Measurement involves the process of quantifying variables to obtain valid and reliable data. In the context of this study, the measurement relates to the development of a satisfaction questionnaire that quantitatively assesses various aspects of donor experience, thereby facilitating evidence-based improvements in blood donation services and practices.

19) Discussion:
Discussion provides a platform for analyzing and interpreting the study's findings. In this context, it allows researchers to explore the implications of donor satisfaction, highlight areas for improvement, and share insights that can guide future research and policy decisions related to blood donation services and donor management.

20) Meeting:
Meeting signifies a gathering for discussion and collaboration. In the study, expert meetings were instrumental in developing a comprehensive framework for the satisfaction questionnaire, showcasing the collaborative effort in addressing blood donors' needs and refining strategies to enhance blood donation experiences through multidisciplinary input and expert guidance.

21) Wisdom:
Wisdom involves the application of knowledge and experience to make sound judgments. In this study, gaining insights into blood donor satisfaction reflects a collective wisdom aimed at improving healthcare practices, emphasizing the importance of provider attitudes and service quality in fostering long-term donor relationships and enhancing blood donation rates.

22) Fear:
Fear refers to an emotional response to perceived threats or discomfort. In the context of blood donation, fear of needles or the donation process can deter individuals from participating. Understanding these fears is vital for developing strategies that mitigate anxiety and promote positive donor experiences, thereby enhancing recruitment and retention.

23) Pain:
Pain encompasses physical discomfort experienced during or after the blood donation process. Sensitivity to pain can significantly impact donor satisfaction and willingness to repeat donations. Understanding and addressing pain perceptions through skilled phlebotomy techniques and supportive environments is crucial for enhancing overall donor experiences and satisfaction.

24) Ter:
Ther, referring to the short form of therapy or therapeutic practices, indicates the supportive care provided to blood donors. In this study's context, it can relate to how the experiences and procedures surrounding blood donation are structured to alleviate discomfort and foster donor well-being, ensuring a positive donation experience.

25) Male:
Male pertains to one gender in demographic analyses. In this study, understanding the gender distribution of blood donors can provide valuable insights into patterns of engagement, preferences, and potential barriers faced by male donors, thus informing targeted recruitment and retention strategies tailored to specific demographic characteristics.

26) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disorder affecting joints. Although not directly related to the study's focus, understanding various health conditions and their implications on blood donation is essential for ensuring donor eligibility and managing the safety and health of both donors and recipients in transfusion settings.

27) Education:
Education signifies the process of imparting knowledge and skills. In the context of blood donation, educational initiatives play a key role in informing potential donors about the process, its significance, and addressing misconceptions, which are vital for fostering a positive perception of blood donation and enhancing overall donor engagement.

28) Attending:
Attending refers to the act of being present at a specific event or location, such as blood donation drives. Understanding factors that influence individuals' decisions to attend donation events is crucial for planning effective outreach and engagement strategies that encourage more people to participate in blood donation initiatives.

29) Quality:
Quality reflects the standard of services provided in blood donation settings. Evaluating the quality of donor experiences is integral to ensuring satisfaction, enhancing retention rates, and ultimately maintaining a steady supply of blood products. This study emphasizes the need for continuous quality improvements in blood donation services.

30) Account:
Account refers to a record or explanation of events or experiences. In this study, accounts of blood donors' experiences contribute valuable insights into their satisfaction levels, offering essential feedback that can guide improvements in donation procedures, service delivery, and strategies aimed at fostering donor loyalty.

31) Indian:
Indian pertains to one of the major ethnic groups in Malaysia, emphasizing the necessity for culturally sensitive approaches in health services. Understanding the diverse backgrounds of blood donors, including Indians, is crucial for developing inclusive strategies that address specific cultural perceptions and enhance overall donor experiences in blood donation contexts.

32) Rajan:
Rajan is a common name in Malaysia, often associated with individuals involved in various professional fields. In this study, referencing individuals like Dr. Philip Rajan signifies the collaborative effort required in health research, showcasing the importance of multidisciplinary involvement in improving blood donation processes and outcomes.

33) Siti (Shiti):
Siti is a common Malay female name, representing the local context of this study conducted in Malaysia. Highlighting individuals such as Siti Az-Syazni Amirah showcases the collaborative nature of health research efforts, emphasizing the diverse contributions from team members in developing and conducting the blood donor satisfaction study.

34) Road:
Road relates to accessibility and transportation, critical factors affecting a donor's ability to reach blood donation centers. Understanding the implications of road infrastructure and availability on donor attendance can inform logistical planning and outreach efforts, enhancing access to blood donation services for the general populace.

35) Post:
Post signifies the period or event after a particular occurrence. In this study, it can refer to the post-donation experience, which includes the follow-up and care provided to donors after they donate blood. Understanding these experiences is crucial for improving overall donor satisfaction and encouraging future donations.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Malaysian Blood Donor Satisfaction Questionnaire Development and Validation’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Satisfaction, Waiting time, Development, Blood donation, World Health Organization, Validation study, Health care facilities, Psychometric properties, Content validity, Construct validity, Developing country, Cognitive debriefing, Factor analysis, Questionnaire Validation, Face Validity, Internal Consistency, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Development and Validation, Cronbach alpha, Knowledge and attitude, Major Component, Questionnaire, Blood donation process, Voluntary blood donation, Blood donor, Psychometric testing, Ministry of Health, Intraclass correlation coefficient, Test-retest method, Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, Focus group discussion, Accessibility and convenience, Overall satisfaction, General satisfaction, Larger sample size, Demographic characteristic.

Concepts being referred in other categories, contexts and sources.

National language, Technical aspect.

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