Antimalarial and Toxicological Activities of Quercus infectoria Extracts

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Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: In Vitro Antimalarial and Toxicological Activities of Quercus infectoria (Olivier) Gall Extracts
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Nik Nor Imam Nik Mat Zin, Mira Nabila Mohamad, Keusar Roslan, Sazeli Abdul Wafi, Nurul I’zaaz Abdul Moin, Azamuddin Alias, Yusmazura Zakaria, Nurhidanatasha Abu-Bakar


The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:

(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)

Full text available for: In Vitro Antimalarial and Toxicological Activities of Quercus infectoria (Olivier) Gall Extracts

Year: 2020 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.4.4

Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The ongoing challenge of malaria, particularly caused by Plasmodium falciparum, has spurred the search for effective antimalarial agents as resistance to conventional drugs, including artemisinin-based therapies, continues to rise. This study investigates the in vitro efficacy and toxicity of various extracts from Quercus infectoria galls, aiming to determine their potential as novel antimalarial treatments. Utilizing a range of extraction methods, the research assesses their bioactive properties in terms of their antimalarial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of P. falciparum as well as their toxicity to brine shrimp and normal human cell lines.

Promising Antimalarial Activity of Q. infectoria Extracts

The results indicate that both acetone and methanol extracts of Q. infectoria demonstrate significant antimalarial activity, with the acetone extract exhibiting the highest inhibition of P. falciparum proliferation, achieving an IC₅₀ value of 5.85 μg/mL. Comparative analyses reveal that the ethanol and aqueous extracts display lower antimalarial efficacy, suggesting that the choice of solvent significantly influences the extraction of active compounds. Furthermore, the toxicity assessments show that all extracts were non-toxic to brine shrimp (LC₅₀ > 1000 ppm) and human erythrocytes, with mild toxicity noted in normal cell lines, affirming the safety profile of the extracts in pharmacological applications.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this research underscores the potential of Quercus infectoria galls as valuable sources of antimalarial agents, particularly the acetone and methanol extracts, which not only exhibit promising antimalarial effects but also maintain a favorable safety profile. The study opens avenues for further exploration of the isolated bioactive compounds from these extracts, which might contribute to the development of safer and effective alternatives to current antimalarial therapies. Continued investigation into the mechanisms of action and expanded toxicity evaluations will be essential for translating these findings into practical therapeutic options.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the focus of the study on Quercus infectoria?

The study investigates the in vitro antimalarial and toxicological activities of acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of Quercus infectoria galls against the chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum strain.

What were the findings on the antimalarial activity of extracts?

The acetone extract exhibited the highest antimalarial activity (IC50 = 5.85 μg/mL) followed by the methanol extract. Ethanol and aqueous extracts showed lower antimalarial activity, indicating marked differences between the extract's effectiveness.

How was the toxicity of the extracts assessed?

Toxicity was evaluated using the brine shrimp lethality test and cytotoxicity assays on normal cell lines. All extracts demonstrated non-toxic effects, indicating potential safety for further therapeutic applications.

What conclusions were made about Quercus infectoria extracts?

The study concludes that acetone and methanol extracts of Quercus infectoria galls hold promise as effective antimalarial agents while exhibiting non-toxic properties, suggesting their potential in developing new treatments.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Antimalarial and Toxicological Activities of Quercus infectoria Extracts”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Activity:
Activity refers to the functioning or performance of biological processes or actions, especially in a scientific or experimental context. In drug studies, it measures how effective a substance is in achieving a certain physiological response, such as inhibiting the growth of pathogens in antimalarial or antibacterial tests.

2) Table:
In scientific literature, a table is a structured arrangement of data, often in rows and columns, used to present information clearly and concisely. Tables allow for quick comparisons, summarizing results from experiments, including extraction yields, IC50 values for drug activity, or cytotoxicity levels in studies.

3) Line:
Line refers to boundaries or separations in various contexts, but in scientific terms, it can denote a line of research or lineage of cells, such as a cell line used in toxicity testing. It may also refer to the graphical representation of data points in studies.

4) Study (Studying):
Study represents the systematic investigation or analysis of a particular subject, often through experimentation or observation. In the context of pharmaceuticals or medicinal plants, it entails researching the efficacy, toxicity, or therapeutic potential of compounds to develop new treatments against diseases.

5) Drug:
A drug is any substance that causes a physiological effect when introduced into the body, often used for treatment, diagnosis, or prevention of disease. In the context of antimalarial or antibacterial research, it refers to compounds tested for their effectiveness against specific pathogens.

6) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to the degree to which a substance can harm animals, humans, or the environment. In pharmacology, understanding toxicity is crucial for evaluating the safety of new drugs or compounds derived from plants, ensuring they do not produce harmful effects during treatment.

7) Medicine:
Medicine encompasses the practices and knowledge used to diagnose, treat, and prevent illness. The development of new pharmaceuticals from natural sources, such as plant extracts, falls within this field, emphasizing the importance of research on their therapeutic properties and potential health benefits.

8) Disease:
Disease is a pathological condition characterized by a specific set of symptoms or abnormal physiological changes, leading to functional impairment. Research often aims to identify effective treatments or preventive measures against diseases, such as malaria, using potential remedies derived from plants or synthetic compounds.

9) Blood:
Blood carries vital biomolecules and oxygen to tissues, playing a crucial role in the body's functioning. In medical studies, blood components are often assessed for their interactions with drugs, as understanding these relationships is essential for developing safe and effective treatments.

10) Tai:
Thai refers to the culture or region of Thailand, often representing the traditional practices and medicinal knowledge associated with the Thai people. Many studies focus on their local medicinal plants to explore and validate their use in treating ailments, including malaria.

11) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria, making them relevant in treating bacterial infections. In studies, the antibacterial activity of plant extracts is often explored to discover new treatments, bolstering existing therapies and addressing antibiotic resistance.

12) Medium:
In biology, medium refers to the nutrient-rich environment used for growing microorganisms or cells in laboratory settings. It is essential for culture studies, providing the necessary components for sustaining cellular growth and enabling researchers to test various treatments under controlled conditions.

13) Rules:
Rules denote guidelines or principles governing specific practices or behaviors in scientific research. They are essential for protocols, ensuring consistency and reliability in the results—particularly in evaluations of drug efficacy, safety, and ethical considerations during experimentation.

14) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants that can exert health benefits, such as antioxidant or anti-inflammatory effects. Research into phytochemicals from plants like Quercus infectoria seeks to establish their potential medicinal applications and understanding of their mechanisms in treating diseases.

15) Science (Scientific):
Scientific pertains to the methodologies and principles of science, emphasizing systematic investigation and objective evaluation. In the context of medicinal plants, scientific approaches validate traditional uses and explore the therapeutic potential of natural products based on empirical evidence.

16) Salina (Shalina):
Salina refers to brine shrimp (Artemia salina), commonly used in laboratory toxicity tests to evaluate the safety of substances. Their sensitivity to toxic compounds allows researchers to assess the potential hazards of new drugs or plant extracts before further studies.

17) Indian:
Indian relates to the culture, people, or flora of India. Many traditional medicinal practices incorporate local plants used as remedies. Research into these plants often aims to reveal their pharmacological properties, seeking alternative treatments for various health conditions.

18) Kumar:
Kumar is often an Indian surname but does not have a specific relevance in every context. In scientific research, it may refer to authors or contributors to studies or papers on medicinal plants or pharmacological effects being discussed.

19) Water:
Water is essential for life and acts as a solvent in many biological processes. In plant extraction, it serves as a polar solvent allowing the dissolution of various compounds. Its effectiveness in extracting bioactive substances is often explored in pharmacognosy.

20) Cina:
China refers to the geographic region known for its extensive history of traditional medicine and use of herbal remedies. Research into these practices often probes the efficacy and safety of native plants against diseases, contributing to global medicinal knowledge.

21) Alam (Alaṁ):
Alam is likely a common name or surname in South Asian contexts. While it does not directly pertain to the subject matter, it may refer to researchers or authors contributing to studies on plant medicines or pharmacological properties of indigenous species.

22) Food:
Food denotes substances consumed for nutritional value and energy. In the context of medicinal research, foods may contain phytochemicals with potential health benefits. Understanding their medicinal properties may lead to innovative dietary recommendations or therapeutic interventions.

23) Rich (Rch):
Rich often describes something abundant or concentrated. In the context of research, it refers to extracts or compounds with plentiful bioactive substances. For instance, 'rich in tannins' denotes a high concentration of these compounds that may have therapeutic effects.

24) Family:
Family, in botanical terms, refers to a rank in the classification of plants, grouping species with shared characteristics. Understanding the familial relationships among plants aids in predicting potential medicinal properties based on related species within the same taxonomic group.

25) Insect:
Insect refers to a class of arthropods, often involved in interactions with plants, either as pollinators or pests. In the context of galls, insects induce the formation of these plant growths, which can contain valuable phytochemicals with medicinal benefits.

26) Fever:
Fever is a common symptom indicating infection or illness, often associated with diseases like malaria. Understanding traditional remedies that address fever, including those derived from plants, is critical for developing effective treatments and managing patient symptoms.

27) Post:
Post commonly indicates a sequence in time or position. In medical literature, it can denote after a procedure or treatment. For example, 'post-treatment analysis' evaluates outcomes after administering a drug or therapy, assessing effectiveness and side effects.

28) Biodegradable:
Biodegradable refers to the ability of a substance to break down naturally in the environment by biological agents, primarily microorganisms. In pharmacology, it pertains to environmentally safe materials or drug delivery systems designed to minimize waste and ecological impact.

29) Measurement:
Measurement denotes the process of quantifying physical or biological properties. In scientific studies, accurate measurements are crucial for determining concentrations, efficacy, and physical attributes, supporting the reliability and validity of experimental results.

30) Observation:
Observation involves collecting data through visual or instrumental means to gather information. In clinical or preclinical research, observations are vital for assessing the effects of drugs or treatments, helping researchers derive conclusions about efficacy and safety.

31) Toxicology:
Toxicology is the scientific study of the adverse effects of substances on living organisms. Understanding toxicology is essential in drug development to assess the safety of new compounds and ensure that they do not pose significant risks to human health.

32) Species:
Species refers to a group of organisms sharing common characteristics. In research, identifying and characterizing different species of plants is important for exploring their medicinal properties and understanding the biodiversity within ecosystems that may offer therapeutic benefits.

33) Cancer:
Cancer refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Research in pharmacology and medicinal plants often focuses on finding compounds that can inhibit or treat cancerous cells, exploring potential therapies from natural sources.

34) Silver:
Silver can refer to the metal known for antimicrobial properties. In research, silver nanoparticles are studied for their potential in treating infections or as catalysts in various reactions, emphasizing their relevance in modern medicine and materials science.

35) Animal:
Animal relates to organisms within the kingdom Animalia, often used in research as models for studying biological processes, diseases, and drug effects. Understanding animal responses aids in translating research findings to human applications, especially in pharmacology.

36) Powder:
Powder refers to a finely ground solid substance, often used in extraction or formulation processes. In pharmaceutical studies, powdered extracts may be used for creating dosages or in assessing the activity of bioactive compounds against diseases.

37) Adana:
Adana is a city in Turkey. In the scientific context, it may be relevant if discussing local medicinal uses of plants or specific studies conducted in that region, highlighting the cultural importance of medicinal knowledge.

38) Amira:
Amira may refer to a common name or the authorship of studies discussing medicinal plants or pharmacological compounds. Its relevance is dictated by the context in which it appears, potentially linking to traditional or contemporary drug research.

39) Ulcer:
Ulcer indicates a sore or lesion on a tissue, particularly in the stomach lining or skin. Research into plant extracts often seeks to discover their potential healing properties for ulcers, addressing inflammation and promoting tissue repair.

40) Death:
Death signifies the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. In medical research, understanding the causes of death associated with diseases guides the development of treatments and prevention strategies, such as those targeting cancer or infectious diseases.

41) Desha (Desa):
Desa, commonly meaning 'village' in Malay and Indonesian, can refer to local communities involved in the practice of traditional medicine. Cultural contexts inform the understanding of medicinal plants used in these areas, enhancing the relevance of pharmacological studies.

42) Salt (Salty):
Salt compounds are essential for various physiological processes in the body, including fluid balance and nerve function. In medical studies, salt levels are monitored, as imbalances can lead to health issues, influencing the effects of certain drugs or treatments.

43) Viru:
Viru may not have specific contextual meaning in this text; it might denote a geographical location or cultural aspect pertaining to medicinal practices in certain regions. Its relevance would depend on associated research or study findings.

44) Chan:
Chan may refer to an individual name or surname, potentially linked to authors involved in research studies. Understanding contributions from various researchers enhances comprehensive perspectives in medicinal studies and discussions regarding plant efficacy.

45) Curcuma longa:
Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, is a plant recognized for its medicinal properties and active component, curcumin. Research often focuses on its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties, highlighting its significance in traditional and modern medicine.

46) Piper longum:
Piper longum, also known as long pepper, has a long history of use in traditional medicine, often recognized for its potential anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Studies explore its bioactive compounds for various therapeutic applications, adding to the understanding of herbal remedies.

47) Inflammation:
Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain. Understanding the processes and mediators of inflammation is crucial in medicinal research, particularly in developing anti-inflammatory therapies derived from natural resources.

48) Discussion:
Discussion refers to the exposition and interpretation of research findings. In scientific literature, it contextualizes results within the broader field, addressing implications, limitations, and future directions of research studies, often relating to the efficacy of treatments or discoveries.

49) Knowledge:
Knowledge represents the information, understanding, and awareness gained through education or experience. In medicinal research, knowledge about plant properties, effects, and safety informs drug design and efficacy assessments, contributing to advancements in healthcare practices.

50) Education:
Education denotes the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, and competencies. In the scientific community, education fosters research capabilities and comprehension of complex biological processes, facilitating the development and understanding of new treatments and health interventions.

51) Pregnant:
Pregnant refers to the condition of carrying a developing embryo or fetus. In pharmacology, assessing the safety of medications for pregnant individuals is critical due to potential effects on both the mother and the developing child, guiding treatment decisions.

52) Writing:
Writing serves as a means of conveying knowledge, research findings, and experimental results. In scientific contexts, it is crucial for documenting and disseminating research, enabling peer review and collaboration within the broader scientific community.

53) Repair:
Repair refers to the biological processes involved in healing and restoring tissues after injury. Understanding the mechanisms of tissue repair is important for developing treatments, particularly with medicinal plants that may enhance healing processes or mitigate damage.

54) Nature:
Nature encompasses the physical world, including plants, animals, and ecosystems. In medicinal research, studying natural products allows for the discovery of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential, emphasizing the importance of biodiversity in drug development.

55) Filling (Filled):
Filled refers to the state of being full or occupied. In the context of experimental procedures or interaction with biological systems, it can describe cells or organisms that have taken up substances during treatments or assays.

56) Killing (Killed):
Killed refers to the act of causing death or eliminating pathogens. In research, understanding the mechanisms by which compounds kill bacteria or parasites informs therapeutic development, aiming to enhance efficacy while minimizing harm to host cells.

57) Bharu:
Bharu may refer to specific regional or cultural contexts, particularly relating to local medicinal knowledge in areas like Malaysia. Its relevance lies in the connection to indigenous practices and the exploration of plant use in traditional medicine.

58) Varga:
Varga refers to a surname or term that may not have direct relevance without additional context. It may denote contributors to research or cultural references in discussions surrounding medicinal plants or traditional therapies.

59) Glass:
Glass refers to a transparent material often used in laboratory equipment. In medicinal research, glass containers or instruments provide sterile environments essential for handling samples, conducting experiments, and ensuring accurate results in drug tests or biological assays.

60) Kota:
Kota, meaning 'city' in Malay and Indonesian, signifies urban areas. It may be relevant in research discussing the geographic and cultural contexts of medicinal practices, especially regarding plant resources utilized in local medical systems.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Antimalarial and Toxicological Activities of Quercus infectoria Extracts’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

In vitro, Aqueous extract, Acetone extract, Tannic acid, IC50 value, Ethanol extract, Methanol extract, Cytotoxicity assay, Antimalarial activity, Plasmodium Falciparum, Selectivity Index, Phenolic compound, Quercus infectoria galls, LC50 value, Brine shrimp lethality test.

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