Amygdalin's Effect on ER Stress-Induced Liver Steatosis in Mice
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: The Effect of Amygdalin on Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Azam Moslehi, Mohsen Farahabadi, Sayyed Abdollah Chavoshzadeh, Akram Barati, Shima Ababzadeh, Abolfazl Mohammadbeigi
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: The Effect of Amygdalin on Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mice
Year: 2018 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.3
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a critical role in various metabolic disorders, such as hepatic steatosis, which can lead to conditions like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigates the impact of amygdalin, a compound known for its potential health benefits in conditions like diabetes and atherosclerosis, on ER stress-induced hepatic steatosis. The research involves administering amygdalin to mice subjected to tunicamycin, an agent that induces ER stress, to evaluate its effects on liver function, histology, and lipid profiles.
Amygdalin's Effects on Liver Enzymes and Lipid Levels
The findings reveal that while amygdalin treatment did not reduce liver steatosis in the ER stress model, it significantly improved liver enzyme levels and lipid profiles. Specifically, amygdalin administration led to decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, indicating reduced liver inflammation, and effectively lowered triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the mice. Despite these positive outcomes, the challenge of tunicamycin still resulted in severe liver steatosis, suggesting that while amygdalin may have anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating effects, it does not influence the accumulation of fat within the liver cells under ER stress conditions.
Conclusion
In summary, this study suggests that amygdalin has beneficial effects on liver inflammation and lipid metabolism, as evidenced by improved serum enzyme and lipid levels following ER stress induction. However, it is unable to attenuate liver steatosis, raising questions about the mechanisms involved. More research will be necessary to understand the limitations of amygdalin in addressing hepatic steatosis and explore its potential therapeutic implications in liver-related disorders.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the main focus of this study?
This study evaluates the effect of amygdalin on hepatic steatosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mice, particularly focusing on its impact on liver enzyme levels and lipid profiles.
How was ER stress induced in the study?
ER stress was induced in mice through a tunicamycin (TM) injection, which prompts cellular stress responses, impacting insulin action and lipid metabolism.
What were the main findings regarding amygdalin's effects?
Amygdalin reduced serum levels of ALT, AST, triglycerides, and cholesterol but did not alleviate the liver steatosis caused by TM.
What additional benefits of amygdalin were noted in the study?
Despite failing to reduce steatosis, amygdalin showed anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects, indicating its potential in managing liver-related issues.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Amygdalin's Effect on ER Stress-Induced Liver Steatosis in Mice”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Animal:
The term 'Animal' refers to living organisms, often used in research to study physiological processes, disease mechanisms, and therapeutic interventions. In the context of the study, inbred male mice served as models to assess the effects of amygdalin on hepatic steatosis under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
2) Study (Studying):
A 'Study' is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering or revising facts, theories, or applications. Here, the study investigates the impact of amygdalin on liver conditions induced by pharmacological agents, specifically focusing on its biochemical and histological effects on mouse subjects under controlled conditions.
3) Disease:
'Disease' encompasses a broad range of pathological conditions that disrupt normal bodily functions. In this context, the research examines liver diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), exploring the therapeutic potential of amygdalin in alleviating liver stress and damage.
4) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is a biological response to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens or toxins. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory effects of amygdalin by measuring liver enzymes (ALT and AST) as indicators of hepatic inflammation and assessing histological changes in liver tissues affected by endoplasmic reticulum stress.
5) Table:
'Table' refers to structured data representation, often used in research for summarizing outcomes, comparisons, and statistical results. In the context of this study, tables likely summarize the measured levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, and AST before and after treatment with amygdalin, providing clear visual data for analysis.
6) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulation' pertains to the build-up of substances, which can lead to adverse effects. In this research, lipid accumulation in liver cells resulting from endoplasmic reticulum stress is critically evaluated to understand how amygdalin influences lipid metabolism and addresses steatosis induced by pharmacological agents.
7) Cancer:
'Cancer' refers to a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation. Although this study primarily focuses on liver conditions related to steatosis, amygdalin has been previously documented for its anticancer properties in various models, indicating its broader potential in cancer therapeutics.
8) Chang:
'Chang' is associated with various studies and research papers. In the context of this study, Chang possibly refers to an author or researcher involved in studying amygdalin or its effects on biological processes, thereby contributing to the body of knowledge relevant to pharmacological interventions in health.
9) Blood:
'Blood' signifies the essential fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products in the body. In this study, blood analysis was performed to measure biochemical markers like ALT, AST, triglycerides, and cholesterol, providing crucial information on liver function and the systemic effects of amygdalin treatment.
10) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs, their effects, and therapeutic potential. This term is relevant in discussing how pharmacological agents, such as tunicamycin, are employed to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in laboratory settings, enabling researchers to investigate the protective effects of amygdalin on liver health.
11) Line:
'Line' often refers to cell lines or types of cells used in experiments. Although not explicitly mentioned in the study, 'line' could relate to specific animal or cellular models examined for their response to amygdalin treatment, indicating methodologies for assessing biological effects in controlled research environments.
12) Pain:
'Pain' represents a complex physiological and psychological experience. While this study does not primarily focus on pain, the term indicates the multifaceted therapeutic applications of amygdalin explored in other research involving conditions like pain relief, highlighting its role as a potential treatment in various medical scenarios.
13) Activity:
'Activity' pertains to the measurement of biological function or efficacy of a substance. In this study, the activity of amygdalin in modulating blood lipid levels and liver enzyme levels illustrates its potential role in managing liver health, thus emphasizing the importance of evaluating its functionality under stress.
14) Science (Scientific):
'Science' is the systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge through experimentation and observation. This study contributes to the field of biomedical science by investigating the mechanisms of ER stress and the biological effects of amygdalin, enhancing understanding of liver-related diseases and potential therapeutic interventions.
15) Kumari:
'Kumari' possibly refers to a researcher or author mentioned in the context of existing literature. Its presence in this study highlights collaborative efforts and the contributions of various scientists in advancing the understanding of amygdalin's effects on health, particularly in relation to liver inflammation and metabolism.
16) Indian:
'Indian' may refer to the origin of certain researchers or the context of medicinal plants and compounds traditionally used in Indian medicine. This context enriches the understanding of amygdalin's ethnic and historical uses, connecting modern research with traditional practices and enhancing its significance in pharmacology.
17) Hela (Helá):
'Hela' usually refers to the HeLa cell line, a widely used human cell line in scientific research. Although this study focuses on animal models, the mention of HeLa signifies the broader applicability of amygdalin research in various cell biology fields, particularly concerning cancer and therapeutic applications.
18) Puri:
'Puri' could denote a researcher involved in studies associated with liver function, metabolism, or the effects of specific substances like amygdalin. References to Puri highlight the collaborative nature of scientific research in understanding complex biological processes and inform further investigations into liver health and disease.
19) Post:
'Post' indicates the period following a specific event or treatment. In this study's context, post refers to observations or measurements taken after amygdalin administration or after inducing ER stress, emphasizing the importance of tracking changes over time in assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
20) Life:
'Life' pertains to living organisms, their functions, and biological processes. This study's connection to life illustrates its focus on understanding health-related issues, particularly in liver function, and the potential benefits of natural substances like amygdalin in promoting overall well-being and managing disease conditions.
21) Measurement:
'Measurement' refers to the quantitative assessment of biological and biochemical markers, critical for evaluating the effects of treatments. In the context of this study, precise measurements of liver enzymes and lipid levels underpin the scientific validity of findings, leading to more robust conclusions about amygdalin’s effects.
22) Discussion:
'Discussion' represents the section of a research paper where findings are interpreted, contextualized, and compared with existing literature. In this study, the discussion elaborates on the implications of results, exploring the significance of amygdalin in modulating liver stress and the relevance of findings to future research.
23) Substance:
'Substance' refers to any material with distinct properties. In this study, amygdalin is the key substance examined for its pharmacological effects. Understanding the properties of amygdalin helps elucidate its mechanisms of action, potential therapeutic uses, and broader implications in medical and health contexts.
24) Education:
'Education' pertains to the dissemination of knowledge and learning. Within this study, education reinforces the importance of advancing knowledge about medicinal substances like amygdalin, ultimately aiding future healthcare practices, medical education, and increasing awareness among both healthcare professionals and the general public.
25) Incision:
'Incision' refers to the surgical cut made in tissues during medical procedures. In this study, an incision was made to excise the liver, emphasizing the importance of surgical techniques in gathering specimens to assess the effects of treatments accurately, thus contributing to the study's scientific rigor.
26) Harada:
'Harada' may refer to a researcher or scientist acknowledged in this study or relevant literature. The mention of Harada highlights collaborations within scientific fields and the import of multiple perspectives in enriching the understanding of amygdalin's role in addressing liver health issues.
27) Water:
'Water' signifies a crucial biological solvent and nutrient medium. In this study, it sets the context for the living environment of research subjects, ensuring proper hydration and functioning of physiological systems, enhancing the relevance of findings related to treatments and broader biological understanding.
28) Diet:
'Diet' refers to the sum of food consumed by organisms which can significantly impact health. Although not the primary focus, this study acknowledges dietary factors that may interact with pharmacological interventions, hinting at the importance of nutrition when considering overall liver health and disease management.
29) Sign:
'Sign' indicates a manifestation of a condition or effect, such as indicator measures in research. In this study, various biochemical and histological signs inform assessment and interpretation of liver health and the effects of amygdalin, establishing relationships between interventions and observed outcomes.
30) Male:
'Male' specifies the sex of the laboratory animals used in this research. Male inbred mice are chosen to reduce biological variability in experiments, improving the reliability of results. Understanding the sex-specific responses can also be crucial in studying pharmacological effects and optimizing therapeutic applications.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Amygdalin's Effect on ER Stress-Induced Liver Steatosis in Mice’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Diabetes, Statistical analysis, Control group, Rat model, Atherosclerosis, Anti-inflammatory effect, Cholesterol level, Inhibitory effect, Alloxan-induced diabetes, Protective effect, Insulin action, TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, Hematoxylin and eosin, Histological evaluation, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Inflammatory response, Hepatic injury, T cell, Fatty liver disease, Lipid accumulation, Serum analysis, Hepatic steatosis, Alanine Aminotransferase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, Regulatory T cells, Naltrexone, Bladder cancer, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, Apolipoprotein E, In vitro model, Liver enzyme, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Proinflammatory cytokine, Serum lipids level, Histological Findings, Serum level, Celiac disease, Sigma Aldrich, Blood sample analysis, Triglyceride level, Animal care guidelines, Liver weight, Endoplasmic reticulum, Toll-like receptor, Histological changes, Oil Red O staining, Triglyceride and cholesterol levels, Hepatic disorder, ALT and AST levels, Lipopolysaccharide, Cyanogenic glycoside, Plasma level, Angiogenesis inhibition, CDK2, Atherosclerotic plaque, Hepatocytes ballooning, Liver Inflammation, Alt level, Ast level, Hepatic cell.