Inflammatory Biomarkers in Predicting Survival in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Their Value in Predicting Survival and Outcome among Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Senthil Kumar Rajapathy, Zamzuri Idris, Regunath Kandasamy, Albert Wong Sii Hieng, Jafri Malin Abdullah
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Inflammatory Biomarkers and Their Value in Predicting Survival and Outcome among Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Year: 2017 | Doi: 10.21315/mjms2017.24.3.7
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) has become a critical healthcare issue, representing one of the most severe forms of stroke with a significantly high mortality rate. The condition is associated with a 30-day mortality rate of about 45% and is linked to a series of neuroinflammatory responses that impact patient outcomes. Despite the recognition of inflammatory markers' roles in predicting survival and functional recovery among SICH patients, the specific relationships between these biomarkers and patient outcomes remain poorly understood. This study assesses the correlation between peripheral white blood cell count (WBC count) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels at the time of admission and 72 hours later, relative to the survival and functional status of patients at six months post-stroke.
Inflammation and Its Role in SICH Outcomes
The research highlights the significant connection between elevated inflammatory markers, particularly WBC count and CRP levels, and adverse outcomes in SICH patients. Higher WBC counts were correlated with increased haematoma volume and worse Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at six months, indicating that a robust inflammatory response may exacerbate brain injury. This response is believed to be driven by the local and systemic effects of inflammation following intracerebral hemorrhage, leading to further tissue damage. The data presented suggests that both WBC count and CRP levels serve as potential biomarkers for early identification of SICH severity and predictors of functional outcomes and mortality, underscoring the importance of monitoring these markers in clinical settings.
Conclusion
The findings of this study affirm that inflammatory responses, as indicated by WBC count and CRP levels, significantly relate to the survival and functional outcomes of patients with SICH. Assessing these biomarkers can enhance the understanding of a patient’s prognosis post-ictus, offering critical insights for timely management strategies. This research emphasizes the necessity for further investigations into inflammatory pathways and their contributions to SICH outcomes, paving the way for innovative treatment approaches aimed at mitigating inflammation in the wake of hemorrhagic strokes. The study concludes that incorporating these measures into routine evaluation could better inform clinical decisions and patient care in SICH cases.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) and its implications?
SICH is a severe stroke subtype with a high 30-day mortality rate of about 45%. It triggers complex immune responses that may lead to poor neurological outcomes.
What clinical indicators are key for predicting SICH outcomes?
Key indicators include Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, clot volume, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, all of which correlate with survival and functional outcomes.
How does WBC count impact SICH prognosis?
Elevated WBC counts on admission and at 72 hours are significantly associated with worse functional outcomes and increased mortality in SICH patients, indicating a potential biomarker for severity.
What role does C-reactive protein (CRP) play in SICH?
Elevated CRP levels indicate an inflammatory response and are associated with increased mortality risk. CRP, like WBC count, can be used to predict outcomes in SICH patients.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Inflammatory Biomarkers in Predicting Survival in Intracerebral Hemorrhage”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Table:
In research papers, tables are crucial for presenting data in an organized manner, allowing for quick comparisons and easier interpretation of findings. They often summarize complex information concisely, supporting the study's results and discussions by visually representing relationships and key metrics that inform conclusions drawn by the researchers.
2) Study (Studying):
A study refers to an investigation conducted to gain insights into a specific research question or hypothesis. In medical and scientific contexts, studies are designed to explore phenomena, test theories, and gather evidence in order to support or refute claims. They are essential for advancing knowledge and informing clinical practices.
3) Post:
In research, the term 'post' typically refers to observations or measurements taken after a particular event, such as a medical intervention, treatment, or ailment onset. Post-event data is key to evaluating the effectiveness and consequences of actions taken during the study, thereby contributing to understanding outcomes and effectiveness.
4) Blood:
Blood is a vital bodily fluid responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body, as well as removing waste. In clinical settings, blood tests play a crucial role in diagnosing diseases, assessing health conditions, and monitoring responses to treatments. The examination of blood components like leukocytes offers insights into immune responses.
5) Disease:
Disease refers to any condition that impairs normal physiological functioning, often characterized by specific signs and symptoms. Understanding diseases is critical in medical research as it provides insights into causes, risk factors, and potential treatments, thereby guiding clinical practices and public health strategies aimed at prevention and management.
6) Rules:
In the context of scientific research, rules dictate the methodology, ethical considerations, and analytical approaches used during investigations. Adhering to established scientific rules ensures data integrity, objectivity, and reproducibility, which are essential for the validation of research findings and their acceptance within the scientific community.
7) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, injuries, or irritants. It plays an essential role in the body's defense mechanisms but can also contribute to various chronic diseases if uncontrolled. Understanding inflammation is crucial in fields like immunology and pathology, especially in stroke-related conditions like spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
8) Death:
Death is the permanent cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. In medical studies, mortality data is critically analyzed to assess the effectiveness of treatments and interventions. Understanding risk factors associated with death is paramount for improving patient care and outcomes in various diseases, including strokes.
9) Pur:
The term 'poor' often describes the unfavorable outcomes or conditions experienced in healthcare settings, such as poor functional recovery post-stroke. Identifying factors that contribute to poor outcomes enables healthcare professionals to modify treatment strategies, provide targeted rehabilitation, and implement preventive measures to enhance patient prognoses.
10) Papa:
In the context of this study, 'Papa' likely refers to a co-author or a referenced researcher whose contributions to the field are recognized. Acknowledging researchers is essential in academic writing as it credits individuals for their work and insights, fostering collaboration and continuity in scientific inquiry.
11) Measurement:
Measurement in research involves the systematic quantification of variables or outcomes to assess hypotheses accurately. It is fundamental for empirical studies as it provides the means to analyze data statistically. Proper measurement techniques ensure reliability and validity of findings, thus reinforcing the integrity of scientific research.
12) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses the information, understanding, and skills acquired through experience or education. In scientific research, gaining knowledge is a primary goal that drives inquiry and discovery. The continuous accumulation of knowledge helps refine theories, improve methodologies, and enables healthcare professionals to apply evidence-based practices.
13) Training:
Training refers to the structured process of developing skills and knowledge necessary for specific professional roles, particularly in healthcare. Adequate training ensures that clinicians are well-prepared to diagnose and treat patients effectively. In neurosurgery, for example, rigorous training is essential for handling complex conditions like spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
14) Relative:
In the context of research, 'relative' often refers to comparisons between different variables, conditions, or outcomes. Relative measures facilitate the examination of how one factor may affect another, thus providing a clearer understanding of relationships in data. This analysis is crucial for establishing correlations and drawing meaningful conclusions.
15) Family:
In health research, family considerations are critical, especially when discussing patient health, prognosis, and patient support systems. Family members often play a significant role in patient care and decision-making. Understanding family dynamics can provide insights into patient outcomes and preferences in treatment options, particularly in serious conditions.
16) Observation:
Observation is a fundamental aspect of scientific research, involving the systematic recording of data from experiments or studies. Observational data helps researchers identify patterns, trends, and relationships among variables. In medical research, careful observations are critical for determining the efficacy of interventions and the progression of diseases.
17) Writing:
Writing is a key component of effectively communicating research findings and hypotheses. Clear, coherent writing allows researchers to articulate their methodologies, results, and conclusions. In academic and scientific contexts, writing contributes to the dissemination of knowledge and supports the advancement of various fields by sharing discoveries and insights.
18) Peacock:
In research contexts, 'Peacock' may refer to a co-author, researcher, or contributor referenced within the study. Mentioning individuals involved in the study highlights the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry and emphasizes the diverse expertise that contributes to advancing knowledge and understanding in a particular field.
19) Science (Scientific):
Science is the systematic study of the natural world based on observation and experimentation. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including biology, chemistry, and medicine. In medical research, scientific approaches are essential for validating hypotheses, understanding disease mechanisms, and developing evidence-based treatment protocols to improve patient care.
20) Medium:
In research, 'medium' typically refers to the environment or means through which a process occurs or an experiment is conducted. This can include biological media for cell cultures or analytical mediums in laboratory tests. The proper selection of medium is crucial for obtaining accurate and reliable results.
21) Animal:
Animal studies are a fundamental aspect of biomedical research, providing insights into human physiology and disease mechanisms through controlled experimentation. Research involving animals helps in understanding biological processes, assessing therapeutic interventions, and informing clinical practices. Ethical considerations are also paramount when conducting animal research.
22) Fever:
Fever is a common physiological response to infection or inflammation. In clinical studies, monitoring fever can be crucial for assessing disease progression and treatment responses. Understanding the role of fever helps in the evaluation of patient outcomes and treatment effectiveness, particularly in acute conditions like strokes and infections.
23) Suri (Shuri):
In academic research, 'Suri' may refer to a co-author or researcher noted for contributions to a study. Acknowledging all contributors reinforces the collaborative nature of research while providing credit to those who add valuable insights, expertise, and effort to advance understanding within the scope of a particular investigation.
24) Line:
The term 'line' may refer to various aspects in research, such as lineage in genetics, a line of reasoning or argumentation, or a division in experimental designs. Clearly defining the parameters or lines of inquiry in research helps maintain focus and clarity, facilitating better understanding and interpretation of results.
25) Coma:
Coma is a state of prolonged unconsciousness, often resulting from severe brain injury or illness. Understanding coma's implications is essential in medical research, especially in assessing prognosis for stroke patients. Evaluating recovery from coma involves studying neurological function and outcomes, thereby guiding treatment options and rehabilitation strategies.
26) Male:
In medical studies, gender can influence health outcomes, disease incidence, and treatment responses. Male participants are often included in research to evaluate sex-related differences in disease manifestation or response to therapy. Understanding gender dynamics is crucial for tailoring treatments and recognizing potential biases in clinical research.
27) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of joints. Studying its mechanisms, symptoms, and therapies is essential in the field of rheumatology. Understanding this disease aids in developing effective treatment protocols and improving quality of life for patients suffering from chronic pain and disability.
28) Calculation:
Calculation involves quantifying data to extract meaningful insights from research findings. In clinical studies, statistical calculations are crucial for analyzing results, determining correlations, and assessing the significance of observed changes in parameters. Proper calculations enhance the reliability of research conclusions and inform healthcare practices by providing evidence-based insights.
29) Discussion:
Discussion sections in research papers are critical for interpreting results, placing findings in context, and exploring their implications for theory and practice. This section synthesizes evidence, addresses limitations, and suggests areas for further study, contributing to advancing knowledge and understanding in the respective field.
30) Developing:
Developing refers to the process of innovation or progression in research, particularly in creating new treatment methods, therapies, or technologies. In healthcare, developing new approaches is essential for addressing complex diseases and improving patient outcomes. This ongoing evolution drives advancements in medical practices, enhancing care quality and effectiveness.
31) Bleeding:
Bleeding, particularly in a medical context, refers to blood loss that can be internal or external. Understanding the causes and consequences of bleeding is crucial in various healthcare scenarios, especially in conditions like intracerebral hemorrhage. Management and treatment of bleeding can significantly impact patient outcomes and recovery processes.
32) Quality:
Quality in research refers to the integrity, accuracy, and reliability of study findings. High-quality research is essential for ensuring that results are valid and applicable to real-world clinical scenarios. Assessing quality involves examining methodologies, statistical analyses, and peer review processes to maintain standards in scientific inquiry.
33) Account:
In research, 'account' can refer to a description or report of findings and events n a study. Providing an accurate account of methodologies, results, and interpretations contributes to transparency and knowledge sharing within the scientific community. Proper documentation is vital for reproducibility and critical evaluation of research.
34) Cancer:
Cancer encompasses a wide range of diseases characterized by uncontrollable cell growth and division. Understanding the biological mechanisms behind cancer is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventative measures. Research in oncology focuses on identifying risk factors, improving diagnostic methods, and finding targeted therapies to enhance patient outcomes.
35) Nature:
Nature, in a scientific context, often refers to the inherent qualities or characteristics of biological organisms and their interactions within ecosystems. Understanding the nature of diseases and biological processes is fundamental to research, as it informs treatment approaches, prevention strategies, and our overall comprehension of health and illness.
36) Malin:
In research papers, 'Malin' may refer to a contributor, like a co-author who has played a significant role in the study. Recognizing individuals' contributions helps foster collaboration and encourages progressive developments within scientific research and inquiry while solidifying the importance of teamwork in advancing knowledge.
37) Field:
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38) Sign:
The term sign often refers to an indicator or symptom observed during medical evaluations. Signs are critical for diagnosing conditions, formulating treatment plans, and monitoring progress. In research, understanding signs helps determine outcomes and influence decision-making processes, thereby directly impacting patient care and clinical practices.
39) Pose:
Pose means to present a question, argument, or challenge in research. Posing relevant questions is essential for guiding inquiries and framing studies. Good research begins with well-defined questions that delineate the scope and purpose, providing a basis for effective investigation and thoughtful interpretation of results.
40) Hand:
In research contexts, 'hand' may represent human touch or manipulation in experiments, relating to how researchers interact with subjects or tools. The hand-eye coordination and manual precision in measurements and procedures are crucial in conducting experiments accurately, ensuring reliable and reproducible results enhance the quality of findings.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Inflammatory Biomarkers in Predicting Survival in Intracerebral Hemorrhage’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
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