Drug Utilization Review of Potassium Chloride Injections in Kuching
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Drug Utilization Review of Potassium Chloride Injection Formulations Available in a Private Hospital in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:
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Mohammad Hirman MELISSA, Sarriff AZMI
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Drug Utilization Review of Potassium Chloride Injection Formulations Available in a Private Hospital in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
Year: 2013
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This study investigates the clinical characteristics of patients receiving different formulations of potassium chloride injections in a private hospital in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. Concentrated potassium chloride is classified as a high-alert medication due to its potential to cause severe complications, such as hyperkalemia. The increasing concerns about medication errors associated with concentrated potassium chloride have led to recommendations for the use of pre-mixed formulations to enhance patient safety. This study aims to assess the effectiveness and safety of pre-mixed potassium chloride formulations compared to their concentrated counterparts while evaluating their utilization based on patient demographics and clinical conditions.
Safety and Efficacy of Pre-mixed Potassium Chloride Formulations
The study's findings reveal that out of the 296 cases analyzed, 135 (45.6%) were administered concentrated potassium chloride, while 161 (54.4%) received pre-mixed formulations. Notably, patient diagnoses, serum potassium levels, and fluid overload risk significantly influenced the choice of potassium chloride formulation. The results indicated that the infusion-related adverse effects were more prevalent in the pre-mixed group (6.8%) compared to the concentrated group (2.2%), highlighting a potential safety concern despite the pre-mixed formulations being intended to mitigate risks. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in the efficacy of achieving or maintaining normokalaemia between the two groups, suggesting that pre-mixed formulations are as effective as concentrated forms when used correctly.
Conclusion
The study underscores the importance of utilizing pre-mixed potassium chloride formulations as a safer alternative to concentrated forms in clinical practice. While the overall results support current guidelines advocating for pre-mixed use, it also emphasizes the necessity for continuous evaluation and monitoring to minimize the risk of medication errors. As the pre-mixed formulations are not yet registered for use in Malaysia, efforts must be made to ensure their availability, and healthcare stakeholders should encourage the adoption of these safer alternatives to enhance patient care and safety in managing potassium deficiencies.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the purpose of the potassium chloride study?
The study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of patients using different potassium chloride formulations and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of pre-mixed formulations for correcting hypokalaemia at a private hospital in Malaysia.
What types of potassium chloride formulations were analyzed in the study?
The study analyzed concentrated potassium chloride injections and various pre-mixed formulations, including 20 mEq in 0.9% sodium chloride, 40 mEq in 0.9% sodium chloride, and 20 mEq in 5% dextrose.
What were the main findings regarding the effectiveness of formulations?
The study found no significant differences in achieving normokalaemia between concentrated and pre-mixed formulations, suggesting that pre-mixed formulations were as effective as concentrated potassium chloride injections for treating hypokalaemia.
What safety concerns were associated with potassium chloride injections?
The study indicated that concentrated formulations had a slightly higher incidence of hyperkalaemia and infusion-related adverse effects compared to pre-mixed formulations, emphasizing the importance of careful administration in high-risk patients.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Drug Utilization Review of Potassium Chloride Injections in Kuching”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Table:
[see source text or glossary: #Table#]
2) Study (Studying):
A study is a systematic investigation aimed at discovering new information or confirming existing knowledge. In the abstract above, the study focuses on the clinical characteristics of patients receiving different potassium chloride formulations and evaluates their effectiveness and safety.
3) Edema (Oedema):
Edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues, leading to swelling. In the context of the provided text, the risk of fluid overload, particularly related to potassium chloride administration, can lead to edema, a condition that requires careful monitoring.
4) Drug:
A drug is a substance that causes a physiological change in the body. In this study, potassium chloride is examined as a high-alert medication that can take various formulations, highlighting its importance in managing conditions like hypokalaemia.
5) Rules:
[see source text or glossary: #Rules#]
6) Pain:
Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience that can occur in various medical contexts, including infusion procedures. The study notes the occurrence of pain at the infusion site as a potential adverse effect associated with the administration of potassium chloride.
7) Observation:
Observation refers to the act of monitoring and recording events or changes to derive conclusions. This study utilizes a retrospective observational design to analyze the clinical characteristics and safety of potassium chloride formulations in patients.
8) Quality:
Quality in medical contexts often pertains to the standard of care and treatment outcomes. The study aims to assess not only the effectiveness of the potassium chloride formulations but also their safety, contributing to overall treatment quality.
9) Disease:
A disease is a pathological condition of a bodily part or system resulting from various causes. In this study, conditions such as hypokalaemia, renal impairment, and cancer are amongst the diseases analyzed to understand potassium chloride usage.
10) Cancer:
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells. The study mentions patients with cancer receiving potassium chloride formulations, indicating the treatment's importance in managing symptoms associated with this serious disease.
11) Death:
Death refers to the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. In the context of the study, it mentions that concentrated potassium chloride has been associated with medical errors and even fatalities, underscoring the importance of proper medication management.
12) Reason:
A reason provides an explanation or justification for a particular action or condition. In this study, the reasons for selecting specific potassium chloride formulations relate to the patients' clinical characteristics and the associated risks of fluid overload.
13) Thirst:
[see source text or glossary: #Thirst#]
14) Simha:
[see source text or glossary: #Sinha#]
15) Crop:
[see source text or glossary: #Crop#]
16) Pose:
Pose signifies to present or constitute a challenge or problem. In the context of medication administration, the concentrated potassium chloride formulation poses significant risks due to its potential for causing hyperkalaemia and other complications.
17) Horn:
[see source text or glossary: #Horn#]
18) Line:
[see source text or glossary: #Line#]
19) Post:
[see source text or glossary: #Post#]
20) Discussion:
Discussion in research refers to the section where the results are interpreted in the context of existing knowledge. The provided study discusses the implications of its findings, comparing the use of different potassium chloride formulations and addressing their safety and effectiveness.
21) Science (Scientific):
Science is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of physical and natural world through observation and experiment. The study is grounded in scientific principles as it evaluates medical practices related to administering potassium chloride in clinical settings.
22) Nature:
[see source text or glossary: #Nature#]
23) Water:
Water is essential for life and is involved in various bodily functions. In medical treatments, including those using potassium chloride formulations, hydration status is critical to monitor, especially considering risks like fluid overload.
24) Blood:
Blood is a vital fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. The study emphasizes blood potassium levels as a significant measure when evaluating the effectiveness of potassium chloride treatments in maintaining normokalaemia.
25) Male:
Male refers to the gender typically associated with biological differences. In the study's demographic data, gender distribution is analyzed; thus, the male and female breakdown helps understand the characteristics of patients receiving different potassium chloride formulations.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Drug Utilization Review of Potassium Chloride Injections in Kuching’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Chronic disease, Adverse effect, Statistical analysis, Statistically Significant, Observational study, Demographic Data, Age distribution, Renal insufficiency, Serum potassium level, Evidence-based guidelines, Pulmonary edema, Metabolic Acidosis, Statistical difference, Retrospective Observational Study, Invasive Procedure, Private hospital, Renal impairment, Potassium chloride, Ventricular Fibrillation, Prophylactic Purpose, Medical error, Effective administration, Adverse outcome, Medication error, Fluid overload, Extravasation, High-alert medication, Clinical characteristic, Adverse cutaneous reactions, Potassium chloride injection, Pre-mixed formulation, Concentrated potassium chloride, Hypokalaemia, Fluid overload risk, Infusion-related adverse effects, Normokalaemia, Grievous harm, Guidelines for administration, Rehabilitation of patients, Hypokalaemia symptoms, Patient care areas, Potassium retention properties, Administration of concentrated potassium chloride, Intravenous potassium chloride, Elderly patient, Concentrated Form, Hypokalaemia correction, Normokalaemia maintenance, Diagnosis-related utilization, Mild hypokalaemia, Moderate hypokalaemia, Severe hypokalaemia, Effectiveness of different formulations, Frequency of hyperkalaemia, Conditions associated with potassium retention, Fluid overload symptoms, Concentrated formulation, Hypokalaemia treatment, Normokalaemic levels, Uncontrolled observational study, Administering potassium through IV, Institution pharmacists, High-alert drug, Intravenous fluid-associated morbidity, Postoperative patients, Peripheral vein infusion thrombophlebitis, Intravenous therapy team, Peripheral venous catheter-associated complications, Infusion-related phlebitis, Short peripheral venous catheters, Medication administration errors, Hyperkalaemia, Potassium serum blood concentration, Pre-mixed potassium chloride, Hypokalaemia or in, Statistical differences were, Premixed formulations whenever, Hyperkalaemia episodes, Infusion site, Normokalaemic states, Peripheral edema, Febrile response, Infusion-related adverse, Dr Azmi Sariff.