BCG Adenitis—Need for Increased Awareness
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: BCG Adenitis—Need for Increased Awareness
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Original source:
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Krishna Kumar Govindarajan, Feng Yih Chai
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: BCG Adenitis—Need for Increased Awareness
Year: 2011
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccination has been utilized for decades to provide protection against tuberculosis (TB), and while the vaccine is considered safe, it can result in complications such as BCG adenitis. This condition is characterized by isolated axillary or supraclavicular lymph node enlargement following vaccination, which is typically administered shortly after birth in Malaysia. The incidence of BCG-related suppurative lymphadenitis ranges from 100 to 1000 per million doses given, warranting attention for effective identification and management strategies.
Understanding BCG Adenitis
BCG adenitis manifests through lymph node enlargement and can be classified into mild and severe complications. Mild forms usually resolve spontaneously without treatment, while suppurative lymphadenitis, as seen in the reported case series involving six children, may require aspiration or conservative management. The study noted that all children referred for BCG adenitis exhibited favorable outcomes, with three undergoing needle aspiration, while others had complete or partial resolution without further interventions. This highlights the effectiveness of conservative management for mild to moderate cases of BCG lymphadenitis, emphasizing the importance of recognizing the condition to prevent unnecessary procedures.
Conclusion
Overall, managing BCG adenitis conservatively is effective, particularly for simple lymphadenitis, where reassurance and monitoring are crucial. In cases of suppuration, needle aspiration can facilitate recovery and alleviate complications. The importance of proper training among healthcare professionals in recognizing BCG-related complications is paramount, as is the need for parental education to ensure prompt action is taken when symptoms arise. Ultimately, enhanced awareness can lead to better identification and management of BCG adenitis, thereby improving patient care outcomes.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is BCG adenitis and its main symptoms?
BCG adenitis is a complication following BCG vaccination, characterized by isolated enlargement of axillary or supraclavicular lymph nodes. Symptoms include a firm or fluctuant mass in the affected area, often accompanied by the presence of a BCG scar on the ipsilateral arm.
How common is BCG adenitis after vaccination?
The incidence of BCG adenitis varies, reported at 100–1000 cases per million doses administered. Despite the occurrence, the majority of children experience mild complications that resolve spontaneously without the need for aggressive treatment.
What are the treatment options for BCG adenitis in children?
Treatment for BCG adenitis may include conservative management for mild cases and needle aspiration for symptomatic suppurative forms. In most cases, children show complete resolution within months without needing surgical intervention or anti-TB therapy.
What are the complications associated with BCG vaccination?
Complications can be classified as mild or severe. Mild complications include localized lymphadenitis, while severe complications involve suppurative lymphadenitis and disseminated infections, primarily affecting immunocompromised individuals. Early recognition and management are essential for positive outcomes.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “BCG Adenitis—Need for Increased Awareness”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Wall:
The term 'Wall' refers to the chest wall in the context of the study, emphasizing that complications from BCG vaccination, such as abscess formation, can occur in this area. Awareness of such complications is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and treatment in clinical settings.
2) Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other areas of the body. The BCG vaccine is specifically designed to prevent severe forms of TB, particularly in children, highlighting the importance of vaccination in controlling this disease.
3) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' refers to the research conducted on children presenting with BCG adenitis to understand the complications associated with BCG vaccination. This study contributes valuable data on incidence rates, clinical presentation, and management options for healthcare professionals involved in pediatric care.
4) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses the field related to health care and treatments. The article discusses BCG vaccination within this context, addressing its complications and treatments, underscoring the significance of preventative measures and effective management strategies in the practice of modern medicine.
5) Arrow:
In the article, 'Arrow' is used to denote visual aids in reporting findings, such as in Figure 1, which illustrates the site of BCG adenitis. Visual aids are important in medical literature to enhance understanding of clinical presentations and anomalies in patients.
6) Table:
'Table' refers to a summary of the case series presented in the article. It facilitates quick reference, allowing readers to easily compare case details like symptoms, management, and outcomes. This structured data presentation helps in effectively communicating research findings.
7) Drug:
'Drug' relates to the medications that may be prescribed for managing complications from BCG vaccination. While the article emphasizes conservative management, it also acknowledges that severe cases may eventually necessitate pharmacological interventions, including anti-TB therapy in documented cases.
8) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is a crucial component in the diagnosis of conditions like BCG adenitis. The absence of inflammation in the cases studied helped differentiate simple lymphadenitis from suppurative forms, guiding appropriate management and therapeutic decisions based on clinical presentation.
9) Developing:
'Developing' refers to countries or regions where TB is endemic and where BCG vaccination is typically part of national immunization programs. The relevance of vaccination in such areas is highlighted, addressing the need for effective public health measures to control TB.
10) Education:
'Education' emphasizes the importance of informing both parents and healthcare professionals about the potential complications associated with BCG vaccination, such as adenitis. Enhanced awareness leads to quicker identification and better management of adverse events in pediatric patients.
11) Attending:
'Attending' refers to the interaction between children with BCG adenitis and healthcare providers. It implies the process of clinical evaluation and follow-up of these children, which is crucial in assessing the outcome and effectiveness of the management strategies implemented.
12) Swelling:
'Swelling' is a clinical sign observed in patients with BCG adenitis, indicating lymph node enlargement or other complications following vaccination. Recognizing swelling helps in diagnosing lymphadenitis, guiding management towards conservative treatments or aspirations for suppurations.
13) Incision:
'Incision' is mentioned in relation to surgical techniques for managing severe complications from BCG vaccination. It underscores the recommended approach when needle aspiration fails, distinguishing it from other surgical interventions while emphasizing conservative management where applicable.
14) Disease:
'Disease' broadly refers to health issues arising from conditions like TB and its complications. Understanding how vaccines like BCG can prevent diseases is essential for pediatric health, directing efforts towards minimizing disease incidence through effective vaccination programs.
15) Account:
'Account' relates to the accounting of adverse events associated with BCG vaccination, contributing to the understanding of incidence rates. This helps guide clinical practice, providing insights into the related risks and management strategies for healthcare providers in immunization programs.
16) Edema (Oedema):
'Oedema' refers to the swelling caused by fluid accumulation, which could accompany complications from BCG vaccination. Recognizing this sign is important in the clinical assessment of lymphadenitis, enabling appropriate management decisions for affected children.
17) Animal:
'Animal' is included in reference to studies conducted on animal immunogenicity to evaluate the effectiveness of various BCG strains. Understanding how animal studies correlate to human responses aids in improving vaccination strategies and safety measures.
18) Birth:
'Birth' signifies the timing of BCG vaccination, which is typically administered shortly after delivery. This highlights the vaccination’s role in protecting newborns from severe forms of tuberculosis from a very early stage, emphasizing the importance of timely immunization.
19) Fight:
'Fight' refers to the larger public health efforts against tuberculosis, where BCG vaccination plays an integral role. The reference underscores the need for immunization as part of strategies aimed at controlling the spread of this infectious disease.
20) Sign:
'Sign' pertains to clinical manifestations observed in children with BCG adenitis. Recognizing these signs is essential for accurate diagnosis and guiding management, enhancing the overall understanding of complications arising from vaccination.
21) Post:
'Post' generally relates to the context after BCG vaccination, including the monitoring of adverse effects like adenitis. Observing post-vaccination symptoms is crucial for timely intervention and management of any resulting complications.
22) Viru:
'Viru' appears to be a truncated reference to 'Virus' or perhaps 'Viru'; it is significant in the context of diseases such as tuberculosis, indicating the infectious nature of the concern and its relation to vaccination efforts aimed at prevention.
Other Health Sciences Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘BCG Adenitis—Need for Increased Awareness’. Further sources in the context of Health Sciences might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Child, Adverse effect, Vaccination, Surgical excision, General practitioner, Complete resolution, BCG Vaccination, World Health Organization, Immunosuppressive therapy, Polymerase chain reaction, Clinical presentation, Case series, Lymphadenitis, Study period, Vaccine, Lymph Node, Immunization technique, Immune deficiency, Emergency Department, BCG vaccine, Paediatric clinic, Genetic Analysis, Anti-TB drugs, Severe complication, Polymerase chain reaction assay, Anti-TB-therapy, Mycobacterium bovis, Acid-fast bacilli, Parental education, Prompt recognition, Latent TB, Intradermal injection, HIV Negative, Acid fast staining, Erythema and oedema, Needle aspiration, Primary TB infection, Lymph node enlargement, Axilla, Bacille Calmette-Guerin, Immunodeficiency disorder, Surgical clinic, Endemic area, Adverse events following immunization, Paramedical personnel, TB, Axillary lymph node, Chest wall, District clinic, TB meningitis, Disseminated TB, International Reference Strain, Oral erythromycin.