Typhoid Fever: Rare Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis Case Report
Journal name: The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences
Original article title: Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis: A Rare Manifestation of Typhoid Fever - A Case Report
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal published online at least six times a year. It covers all aspects of medical sciences and prioritizes high-quality research.
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Wahinuddin Sulaiman, M Gunavathy, Muhaini Othman
The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences:
(A peer-reviewed, open-access journal)
Full text available for: Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis: A Rare Manifestation of Typhoid Fever - A Case Report
Year: 2007
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Typhoid fever is a significant public health concern, particularly in less developed regions, with an estimated 16 million cases globally each year. It is predominantly caused by Salmonella typhi and is characterized by systemic febrile illness that frequently leads to complications affecting major organs. Despite its treatability, typhoid can culminate in severe health consequences, including acute renal failure and hepatitis, which are rarely reported concurrently. The following case highlights a patient presenting with both complications in Malaysia, providing insights into the disease's impact.
Co-Occurrence of Complications
A notable case involved a 26-year-old man from Sarawak, who exhibited typical symptoms of typhoid fever along with acute renal failure and hepatitis. After two weeks of fever, he presented with jaundice, elevated serum creatinine, and significantly elevated liver transaminases, indicating hepatic impairment. Diagnostic tests confirmed a Salmonella typhi infection and ruled out viral hepatitis and other infections. Despite his severe condition, the patient's renal function and liver enzymes improved significantly following antibiotic treatment with Ceftriaxone, illustrating the reversibility of these complications if managed appropriately.
Conclusion
The reported case underscores the critical need for heightened awareness among healthcare providers regarding the potential for serious complications, such as renal failure and hepatitis, in patients with typhoid fever. While these complications may not be as prevalent as others, their occurrence can lead to severe health challenges. Continued education and vigilance are essential for effectively managing typhoid fever in regions where it remains endemic. Early recognition and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for patients suffering from this preventable illness.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is typhoid fever and its global incidence?
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and affects around 16 million people worldwide annually, particularly in Asia. Poor sanitation and crowded living conditions contribute to its high incidence in less developed countries.
What complications can arise from typhoid fever?
Typhoid fever can lead to complications affecting major organs, including the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. Common complications include hepatitis, renal failure, pneumonitis, and cardio-respiratory issues, highlighting the disease's potential severity.
How was the patient with typhoid treated in the case report?
The patient received intravenous Ceftriaxone 2 gm daily, leading to improved renal function and normalized transaminases. After a 10-day antibiotic course, the patient's condition stabilized, and he was discharged well.
What are the signs and symptoms of typhoid fever?
Typical symptoms include high-grade fever, headache, abdominal pain, and jaundice. In the reported case, the patient also experienced diarrhea and had abnormal liver and kidney function test results.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Typhoid Fever: Rare Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis Case Report”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Fever:
Fever is a common clinical sign in typhoid fever, which often presents as a prolonged systemic illness. In the reported case, the patient had a high-grade fever lasting for two weeks, which indicates the systemic nature of the infection caused by Salmonella typhi and helps in diagnosing and monitoring the severity of the disease.
2) Blood:
Blood plays a critical role in diagnosing typhoid fever and its complications. In the case report, blood tests revealed elevated liver enzymes, low platelet counts, and high serum creatinine levels, which are essential for assessing organ function and guiding clinical management of the patient presenting with typhoid fever complications.
3) Disease:
The term disease refers to typhoid fever, a significant public health issue, especially in underdeveloped regions. It causes severe systemic infections that can lead to various complications in major organs like the liver and kidneys, emphasizing the need for awareness and timely treatment to prevent severe morbidity.
4) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotics are crucial in treating bacterial infections, including typhoid fever, which is caused by Salmonella typhi. The patient in the case report was effectively treated with intravenous Ceftriaxone, highlighting the importance of antibiotics in resolving complications like acute renal failure and hepatitis that can arise from untreated infections.
5) Srivastava (Sri-vastava, Shrivastava, Shri-vastava):
The name Srivastava references one of the cited authors in the literature related to typhoid fever, emphasizing contributions to understanding hepatic manifestations of the disease. This highlights the collaborative nature of medical research in advancing knowledge about typhoid and its potential complications in clinical practice.
6) Bleeding:
Bleeding can be a potential complication of typhoid fever due to systemic effects such as coagulopathy or other acute syndromes. The case discussed emphasizes the significant complications typhoid can invoke, although this specific patient did not exhibit bleeding, it remains an important consideration in managing serious infections.
7) Relative:
Relative bradycardia was noted in the patient, which is an unusual but noteworthy sign in typhoid fever. This finding helps differentiate typhoid from other febrile illnesses and underscores the importance of careful clinical assessment in diagnosing and managing typhoid fever effectively.
8) Indian:
The reference to Indian literature indicates that knowledge regarding typhoid's complications has been compiled from multiple geographical perspectives, reflecting diverse clinical experiences. It also emphasizes the endemic nature of typhoid in Asia, where populations face significant health challenges related to sanitation and infection.
9) Death:
Death, although not common in treated typhoid fever, remains a crucial concern if complications like acute renal failure or hepatitis are not managed adequately. This highlights the importance of recognition and treatment of complications to improve survival rates and reduce mortality associated with typhoid fever.
10) Pain (Paiṇ):
Pain, particularly abdominal pain, is a common symptom in patients with typhoid fever. In the case report, the patient's abdominal pain aligned with other systemic symptoms, illustrating the need for comprehensive symptom management in treating typhoid fever while monitoring for potential organ involvement and complications.
11) Pur (Pūr):
The term poor illustrates the socio-economic factors contributing to the prevalence of typhoid fever in underdeveloped regions. Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and inadequate healthcare resources exacerbate the risk for infection, making education and improved infrastructure critical in reducing the disease's impact in these areas.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Typhoid Fever: Rare Acute Renal Failure and Hepatitis Case Report’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Typhoid, Abdominal pain, Gastrointestinal Tract, Underdeveloped countries, Antibiotic treatment, Case report, Public Health Problem, Serum Creatinine, Acute Renal Failure, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Urine analysis, Blood urea, Renal function, Hepatitis, Renal failure, Platelet count, Hepatic injury, Typhoid fever, Widal test, Salmonella Typhi, History of Fever, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, High grade fever, Renal impairment, White blood cell, Potential complications, Major public health problem, Health authorities, Poor sanitation, S. typhi, Transaminases, Febrile illness, Generalized Body Ache, Normal limit.