Newcastle Disease Virus: A Novel Anti-Cancer Therapy Approach

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Newcastle Disease Virus: A Novel Anti-Cancer Therapy Approach”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Viru (Vīṟu):
The term 'virus' is vital in virotherapy, as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) exemplifies the use of viruses to selectively target and destroy cancer cells. NDV’s oncolytic properties enable it to infect and lyse tumor cells, offering a novel approach to cancer treatment, marking advancements in cancer therapeutics.

2) Cancer:
Cancer is a significant focus of medical research, being one of the leading causes of death globally. The treatment methods discussed in the paper emphasize the struggle against various cancers in Malaysia. Studies involving NDV underscore innovative approaches to harness viral properties for cancer treatment, expanding existing therapeutic options.

3) Disease:
The term 'disease,' especially in reference to Newcastle disease (ND), highlights the economic impact on the poultry industry while establishing NDV's profile as a candidate for cancer treatment. The juxtaposition of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic potential portrays a unique duality that drives ongoing research in virotherapy.

4) Activity:
In the context of NDV, 'activity' refers to the virus's capability to induce oncolytic effects in cancer cells. This encompasses viral replication, cell lysis, and the induction of apoptosis. Understanding these activities is crucial for developing effective virotherapeutics that are selective for cancerous cells over normal tissues.

5) Study (Studying):
The word 'study' signifies the rigorous research efforts undertaken to understand NDV’s potential as an anticancer agent. It relates to both preclinical and clinical trials aiming to characterize NDV strains, assess oncolytic activity, and explore mechanisms of action, highlighting the need for thorough investigation in cancer virotherapy.

6) Table:
The mention of 'tables' indicates an organized presentation of data summarizing findings from various studies on NDV. These tables encapsulate results, such as the efficacy of different strains, patient responses, and characteristics of tumor cells, providing clarity and insight into the ongoing research in virotherapy.

7) Surface:
The 'surface' often refers to the expression of viral glycoproteins on the exterior of NDV, essential for attachment and entry into host cells. These interactions, particularly involving sialic acid, are significant in determining NDV’s oncolytic efficacy, influencing how it targets and destroys cancer cells.

8) Animal:
The term 'animal' denotes the models used for in vivo testing of NDV’s anticancer potential, particularly through xenograft studies in athymic or nude mice. These animal studies provide critical insights into NDV's oncolytic capabilities and the necessary conditions for effective therapy before human trials.

9) Line:
In the context of the research, 'line' pertains to tumor cell lines used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of NDV. Specificity in using established cancer cell lines, such as MCF-7 and HL60, aids researchers in assessing the oncolytic potential of various NDV strains and understanding their interactions.

10) Mutation:
The term 'mutation' is significant as it relates to genetic changes in tumor cells that may affect their susceptibility to NDV. The presence of mutations, such as ras mutations in neuroblastoma, may enhance viral replication and lysis, illustrating the interplay between viral therapy and cancer genetics.

11) Family:
In virology, 'family' categorizes NDV as part of the Paramyxoviridae family. Understanding the familial relationships of viruses aids in comprehending NDV's characteristics, modes of action, and potential for therapeutic applications in oncology, thereby influencing research strategies in the field of virotherapy.

12) Transmission:
'Transmission' pertains to the spread of NDV among hosts, highlighting concerns in vaccine efficacy and control. Understanding transmission dynamics is crucial in developing safe therapeutic approaches, especially in virotherapy, as it addresses potential risks and establishes safety profiles essential for clinical applications in cancer treatment.

13) Killing (Killed):
'Killing' in the context of NDV refers to the targeted destruction of cancer cells. The oncolytic properties of NDV allow it to selectively lyse tumor cells while sparing normal cells, presenting a promising avenue for cancer therapy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissue during treatment.

14) Death:
'Death' is critical when discussing apoptosis, the programmed cell death induced by NDV in cancer cells. Studying the mechanisms by which NDV elicits cell death helps researchers discern the therapeutic efficacy of viruses, providing essential insights into optimal strategies for cancer treatment through virotherapy.

15) Blood:
'Blood' signifies its role relevant to immunity, as research into NDV includes examining its effects on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and their subsequent activation. Understanding the immunological responses induced by NDV following cell infection is pivotal for evaluating its potential as a cancer treatment.

16) Genu (Geṇu):
'Genus' is a classification that situates NDV within a broader taxonomic category. Understanding the genus is essential for comparative studies among similar viruses, elucidating viral behavior and therapeutic potentials, and is foundational within virotherapy research focused on cancer treatment and control.

17) Drug:
The term 'drug' encompasses therapeutic agents used in conjunction with NDV to enhance treatment outcomes. Exploring synergies between NDV and conventional drugs or novel antiviral compounds can lead to optimized therapeutic regimens, enhancing the viability of virotherapy as a leading treatment option in oncology.

18) Chemotherapy:
'Chemotherapy' relates to conventional cancer treatments which often demonstrate systemic toxicity and limited selectivity. Understanding the limitations of conventional chemotherapy underscores the significance of alternative treatments like NDV-mediated virotherapy, which offers potentially less toxic and more targeted approaches to cancer therapy.

19) Radiotherapy:
'Radiotherapy' is another conventional cancer treatment modality, often used in combination with chemotherapy. The mention of radiotherapy highlights the exploration of integrating NDV as an adjunct treatment, capitalizing on its oncolytic properties while complementing existing therapies to improve patient outcomes.

20) Performance:
'Performance' refers to the effectiveness of NDV in clinical settings, gauging responses of cancer patients to virotherapy. Monitoring performance through clinical trials helps determine the therapeutic index and informs best practices, framing future research directions aimed at optimizing virotherapy protocols.

21) Measurement:
'Measurement' reflects the importance of quantifying therapeutic outcomes, including virotherapy efficacy against tumor cells. Assessing tumor responses through quantitative analysis ensures data-driven decisions guide the development of NDV as a viable anti-cancer agent, influencing further research initiatives.

22) Developing:
The term 'developing' underscores the ongoing efforts to innovate and optimize NDV's application in cancer treatment. This encompasses genetic engineering, strain identification, and clinical protocol enhancements, reflecting a dynamic field extensively working towards improving outcomes for cancer patients.

23) Science (Scientific):
'Science' represents the underlying discipline driving the investigation of NDV as a therapeutic agent. The scientific approach involves hypothesis formulation, experimental validation, and critical analysis, showcasing the systematic efforts to unveil NDV's mechanisms of action and its potential role in modern cancer treatment.

24) Vomiting:
'Vomiting' is a noted side effect associated with cancer treatments, including NDV therapy. Acknowledging potential adverse effects like vomiting is crucial for patient management and for establishing the safety profile of new therapeutic agents, ensuring informed patient care and treatment planning.

25) Quality:
'Quality' pertains to the standard of research conducted on NDV, including the experimental design and data integrity. High-quality research is essential for achieving valid results that can be translated into clinical outcomes, influencing future therapeutic strategies and standardizing treatment protocols for cancer patients.

26) Natan (Nāṭaṉ, Nāṭan, Naṭaṉ, Nāṭāṉ, Nātaṉ, Nātāṉ):
'Nathan' may refer to a researcher or contributor in the field related to NDV or cancer studies. The identification of individual researchers emphasizes collaboration and the contributions made by various scientists toward advancing understanding and treatment methodologies within the virotherapy landscape.

27) Putra:
'Putra' represents Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), a key institution involved in the NDV virotherapy research. UPM’s role in pioneering studies showcases the importance of academic collaboration and underscores its contributions to developing innovative cancer treatments using local NDV strains.

28) Field:
'Field' denotes the domain of research pertaining to virotherapy and cancer treatment. The study of NDV occupies a significant niche within the broader context of oncology, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches to tackling cancer through novel strategies and therapeutic agents, highlighting the field’s ongoing evolution.

29) Fever:
'Fever' is recognized as a minor adverse effect associated with NDV treatment. Understanding side effects like fever is critical to patient management in clinical settings, as they may influence patient comfort and adherence to treatment regimens during oncolytic virotherapy.

30) Cina (Cīna, Cīnā, Ciṉa, Ciṉā, Cīṉā, Cinā):
'China' signifies geographical relevance in collaborative studies or trials that may parallel those conducted in Malaysia. Mentioning different countries underscores the global nature of cancer research, inviting cross-border partnerships and shared insights in developing effective virotherapeutic strategies.

31) Male (Mālē):
'Male' refers to the demographic specifics of cancer epidemiology, addressing prevalent cancers among men versus women. Highlighting sex-specific cancer types and response rates informs targeted approaches in therapy, enabling adaptability of treatments, including NDV-based modalities, to cater to varied patient backgrounds.

32) Diet:
'Diet' connects to lifestyle factors influencing cancer risk and progression. Understanding nutritional contributions allows for holistic approaches in patient care, integrating dietary management with therapies like NDV treatment to potentially enhance recovery outcomes and overall well-being for individuals battling cancer.

33) Meat:
'Meat' signifies dietary components that may relate to cancer epidemiology, emphasizing the role of certain food groups in cancer prevalence. The relationship between diet, including meat consumption, and cancer risks can inform broader preventive strategies alongside treatment innovations such as virotherapy.

34) Sign:
'Sign' relates to indicators within cancer research, particularly emphasizing disease markers observed during studies of NDV. Recognizing clinical signs helps in the assessment of patient responses to treatment, guiding further research into developing reliable biomarkers for future therapeutic applications.

35) Hand:
'Hand' denotes the importance of supportive therapies and interventions in clinical practice. In virotherapy against cancer, a multidisciplinary approach by medical professionals, signifying unity among healthcare providers, is essential, especially in ensuring patient support and comprehensive treatment plans.

36) Qian:
'Qian' may refer to a researcher or contributor in virology or oncology, highlighting individual contributions to the field. Recognizing specific figures within the research reinforces the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry, fostering awareness of pivotal roles that experts play in advancing cancer treatment methodologies.