Mapping Circular Economy in Portuguese SMEs

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Citation: Carreira, R.J.; Ferreira, J.V.; Ramos, A.L. Mapping Circular Economy in Portuguese SMEs Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 https://doi.org/10.3390/su 16167009 Academic Editors: Maria-Eleni K Agoraki and M á rio Jos é Baptista Franco Received: 11 June 2024 Revised: 30 July 2024 Accepted: 9 August 2024 Published: 15 August 2024 Copyright: © 2024 by the authors Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/) sustainability Article Mapping Circular Economy in Portuguese SMEs Rui Jorge Carreira * , Jos é Vasconcelos Ferreira and Ana Lu í sa Ramos Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies (GOVCOPP), Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism (DEGEIT) University of Aveiro, Campo de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; josev@ua.pt (J.V.F.); aramos@ua.pt (A.L.R.) * Correspondence: rui.carreira@ua.pt Abstract: The transition from a linear to a circular economy is an increasingly popular solution to the dual problems of scarcity of virgin resources at the point of extraction and the exponential growth of waste at the point of disposal. The linear economy adheres to a model wherein natural resources are extracted, transformed into products, utilized, and ultimately discarded as waste. In contrast, the circular economy is designed to promote sustainability. This is achieved by reducing the use of raw materials, waste, reuse, recycling, and recovery of materials at the end of the useful life of products. The result is a closed and regenerative cycle that preserves natural resources and minimizes environmental impacts. The manner in which each country and company responds to this reality is markedly disparate. This research endeavors to ascertain the strategies employed by Portuguese SMEs in addressing this challenge. A review of the literature was conducted to ascertain what has been published on this subject. However, the results of this review indicate that the existing literature does not fully address the intended topic. The articles identified in the literature review only partially address this issue, focus on other geographical regions, or in some cases, are dedicated to specific business sectors. In light of the dearth of research on this topic, we turned to the Portuguese context, employing the Grounded Theory methodology to conduct semi-structured interviews with 34 SMEs. Upon analysis of the results, it became evident that the circular economy is not yet a prerequisite for consumer choice. Portuguese legislation does not facilitate the implementation of the circular economy, consumers are not yet engaged with the issue itself, companies face challenges in communicating their practices, and there is a perceived lack of credibility by consumers. Additionally, the cost–benefit ratio is not always favorable for such practices Keywords: SMEs; circular economy; Portugal; semi-structured interview; consumer; consumer behavior 1. Introduction The scarcity and environmental impact of the extraction of virgin resources have been increasing, becoming a prominent topic of discussion in society, both in political discourse and in the broader economic context. Similarly, the issues associated with the waste generated by consumerism and its environmental impact have been increasing exponentially The global model that has gained the widest acceptance is based on the linear economy, which is predicated on the “extract, produce, use, and dispose” paradigm. This model entails the transformation of virgin natural resources into products that ultimately reach the end of their useful life as waste, resulting in their disposal at the conclusion of their lifespan The discourse on the necessity of transitioning from a linear to a circular economic model is gaining increasing traction in both political discourse and academic research [ 1 ]. The transition from the linear economy to the circular economy (CE) is increasingly being proposed as a solution to address the dual challenges of resource scarcity and the exponential growth of waste The CE model is designed to advance sustainability and address the challenges inherent in the linear economy. It aims to reduce the reliance on virgin raw materials, minimize Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009. https://doi.org/10.3390/su 16167009 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 2 of 19 waste generated during manufacturing, and promote the reuse, recycling, and recovery of materials at the end of a product’s useful life. In this manner, a closed and regenerative cycle is established, whereby natural resources are preserved, the concept of waste or residue is negated, and environmental impacts are consequently minimized The manner in which countries and companies operationalize this concept varies It is crucial to comprehend the most expedient, optimal, and efficacious approach to implementing CE, as well as the current status of its implementation. The efficacy of free markets is being called into question, and the conventional wisdom that has accompanied economic development and sustainability for so long is no longer seen as a “there is no alternative” approach [ 2 ]. Eurostat data indicate that Portugal is one of the European Union member states with the lowest rate of achievement with regard to the objectives and targets of the CE. In 2022, the country achieved a rate of only 2.6%, compared to the EU average of 11.5% [ 3 ]. As a preliminary step, publications on this subject were examined, with a particular focus on the Portuguese market and the smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that represent approximately 99% of its business landscape As a preliminary step, an analysis was conducted of publications on this subject, with a particular focus on the Portuguese market and the role of smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which represent approximately 99% of the business landscape [ 4 ]. The SME category is comprised of companies that employ fewer than 250 individuals and whose annual turnover or balance sheet total does not exceed the specified thresholds of EUR 50 million or EUR 43 million, respectively. A search was conducted on the Scopus database, which, according to the authors [ 5 ], is the most widely used online bibliographic database for the period between 1972 and 2023. The search criteria were designed to identify articles on the subject of CE and on SMEs. The terms “Circular Economy,” “SME”, and “Portugal” were used in conjunction with the filters “open access” and “article”. The research yielded two articles: one on the agri-food sector [ 6 ] and the other on entrepreneurship [ 7 ]. As the desired topic could not be located, a free search was conducted on the subject in question, combining the terms “circular economy” and “small and medium-sized enterprises”. The majority of these articles adopt a business-oriented perspective, with only a few instances that bridge the gap to the consumer. In this regard, the authors [ 8 ] merit particular attention. It is noteworthy that the majority of the articles address the issue of SMEs, with a particular focus on Portuguese SMEs. This is evident in the work of authors such as [ 1 , 9 , 10 ], who examine the specific characteristics and challenges faced by Portuguese SMEs within the broader context of the European Union. However, there is a lack of specificity in the market analysis, with the focus being on SMEs in the EU as a whole. The methods employed for the extraction and analysis of information predominantly comprise surveys, followed by case studies, systematic literature reviews, and, in a minority of cases, semi-structured interviews. In the remaining instances, a combination of more than one of the aforementioned methodologies is utilized. It is noteworthy that some authors present a general overview of the barriers and facilitators to implementing the circular economy [ 11 ]. In this research, the systematic literature review methodology is not applicable due to the limited number of articles, and the use of surveys is also excluded due to the lack of information available on the specific market that is intended to be addressed. Furthermore, the case study does not appear to represent a comprehensive representation of the global reality. Consequently, the methodology that seems most appropriate is the use of semi-structured interviews, as employed by the authors [ 12 , 13 ]. Nevertheless, the findings on smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and the circular economy (CE) in these articles provide insight into the orientation of this research As posited by the authors of [ 12 ], who conducted interviews with a sample of 15 SMEs, a larger sample size would facilitate the collection of more data and allow for greater generalization of the evidence. This analysis demonstrates that no research has been conducted to characterize the implementation of the CE in Portuguese SMEs, which justifies the research presented here. The authors of [ 13 ] report that the semi-structured interviews

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 3 of 19 were conducted in person and lasted 40 min on average. To facilitate data collection, they integrated a visit to the facilities where the interviews were conducted. This approach allowed them to gain deeper insights into the subjects’ perspectives. As posited by the authors of [ 14 ], the location and sector of activity exert an influence on the efficacy of CE implementation in SMEs. Additionally, the role that the interviewees occupy within the organizational structure yields intriguing and diverse insights pertaining to the CE. As asserted by the authors of [ 15 ], there is a prevalent aspiration among SMEs to engage in CE activities, particularly as a means of attaining financial efficiency. However, this aspiration is occasionally constrained by the rising costs associated with the CE. As posited by the authors of [ 9 ], the number of employees in environmentally focused roles and the prevalence of companies requiring personnel with environmental expertise play a pivotal role in the adoption of the CE. The same authors also found that older and larger companies with higher annual turnover were more likely to implement CE actions. As posited by the authors of [ 16 ], national scientific knowledge related to the environment serves to reinforce implementation of and investment in the CE by SMEs It is evident that there is a paucity of information regarding the manner in which SMEs in Portugal implement and navigate the transition from the linear economy to the CE. Moreover, the subject has been relatively understudied, making it a worthwhile endeavor to gain insight into the current state of circularity implementation within Portuguese SMEs Accordingly, in order to gain insight into the subject matter, it was necessary to conduct field research. This entailed the use of semi-structured interviews with a representative sample of Portuguese SMEs. The Grounded Theory approach was employed in conjunction with the aforementioned methodology to assist in the construction of the semi-structured interview script. Subsequently, the interview script and the rules for its construction were tested Once the sample of companies had been selected and the data had been collected using the methodology presented, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the data was conducted 2. Research Methodology This research is exploratory in nature and aimed to assess the degree of implementation of the CE in Portuguese SMEs, identifying barriers and facilitators to its development The subject is one that is not yet sufficiently defined and for which there is a lack of validated theories capable of explaining its evolution. Furthermore, the subjectivity of entrepreneurs’ understandings and positions on the matter must be considered. In light of these circumstances, it is particularly worthwhile to opt for a qualitative methodology which is capable of properly exploring emerging phenomena [ 17 ]. Qualitative research is particularly well suited to the study of processes, as opposed to the end-product. It allows researchers to embark on new avenues of enquiry and to focus on the inductive generation of theories grounded in the data [ 18 ]. This research is based, in particular, on the principles of Grounded Theory [ 19 ], which is focused on understanding the perceptions of a target population and developing hypotheses to guide further research. It is employed to investigate situations that are not clearly defined, whereby data is gathered, enabling the researcher to gradually develop the underlying theory. A summary of the Grounded Theory procedures is provided in Figure 1 . A variety of techniques can be employed to ascertain companies’ perceptions of the CE and to elucidate the motivations underlying their adoption of such practices. Qualitative techniques are preferred, such as conducting individual in-depth interviews [ 20 ]. As posited by the author of [ 21 ], the semi-structured interview is distinguished by fundamental inquiries that are reinforced by theoretical and empirical propositions pertinent to the subject matter. This process gives rise to novel theoretical and empirical propositions that emerge from the respondents’ responses. These serve the purposes of Grounded Theory and are supported by the author of [ 22 ].

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 4 of 19 Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18 Figure 1. Grounded Theory fl owchart A variety of techniques can be employed to ascertain companies perceptions of the CE and to elucidate the motivations underlying their adoption of such practices. Qualitative techniques are preferred, such as conducting individual in-depth interviews [20]. As posited by the author of [21], the semi-structured interview is distinguished by fundamental inquiries that are reinforced by theoretical and empirical propositions pertinent to the subject ma tt er. This process gives rise to novel theoretical and empirical propositions that emerge from the respondents responses. These serve the purposes of Grounded Theory and are supported by the author of [22] The semi-structured interviews are conducted in accordance with a series of de fi ned stages, as illustrated in Figure 2 Figure 2. Semi-structured interview fl owchart: stages and decisions prior to collecting information. Semi-structured interviews are a fi eld of discovery, and it is therefore important to prepare an auxiliary script that helps to conduct the interview in an acceptable manner and to avoid serious forgetfulness. It is fundamental for the interviewees to feel comfortable so that they have the freedom to speak and for the interviewer to question them. A topic-based script may assist the interviewer in mapping out the desired outcomes of the interaction process. However, an itemized script may be more suitable for experienced interviewers and researchers [23]. It is also strongly recommended that an initial script be tested in order to allow for adjustments to be made prior to the commencement of fi eldwork [24]. Consequently, based on the insights gained from each interview, the script can be adapted at this stage and subsequently during the semistructured interviews, as it is crucial to develop theories on the subject ma tt er It is recommended that interviews be conducted with senior managers who are not necessarily partners in the companies being interviewed. To avoid any discomfort on the part of the interviewee, which could result in a reduction in the information transmi tt ed, it is preferable that the interview be conducted in the interviewee s company. As posited by the author of [25], the human brain is capable of maintaining focus on a singular object for approximately 50 to 60 min. Following this period, a tt ention inevitably wanes. Therefore, interviews should be conducted for a maximum of 50 min to ensure optimal data collection. To prevent the loss of information, it is recommended that interviews be recorded and that the transcript be accessible only to the interviewer, thus avoiding inadvertent disclosure to the interviewee Figure 1. Grounded Theory flowchart The semi-structured interviews are conducted in accordance with a series of defined stages, as illustrated in Figure 2 . Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18 Figure 1. Grounded Theory fl owchart A variety of techniques can be employed to ascertain companies perceptions of the CE and to elucidate the motivations underlying their adoption of such practices. Qualitative techniques are preferred, such as conducting individual in-depth interviews [20]. As posited by the author of [21], the semi-structured interview is distinguished by fundamental inquiries that are reinforced by theoretical and empirical propositions pertinent to the subject ma tt er. This process gives rise to novel theoretical and empirical propositions that emerge from the respondents responses. These serve the purposes of Grounded Theory and are supported by the author of [22] The semi-structured interviews are conducted in accordance with a series of de fi ned stages, as illustrated in Figure 2 Figure 2. Semi-structured interview fl owchart: stages and decisions prior to collecting information. Semi-structured interviews are a fi eld of discovery, and it is therefore important to prepare an auxiliary script that helps to conduct the interview in an acceptable manner and to avoid serious forgetfulness. It is fundamental for the interviewees to feel comfortable so that they have the freedom to speak and for the interviewer to question them. A topic-based script may assist the interviewer in mapping out the desired outcomes of the interaction process. However, an itemized script may be more suitable for experienced interviewers and researchers [23]. It is also strongly recommended that an initial script be tested in order to allow for adjustments to be made prior to the commencement of fi eldwork [24]. Consequently, based on the insights gained from each interview, the script can be adapted at this stage and subsequently during the semistructured interviews, as it is crucial to develop theories on the subject ma tt er It is recommended that interviews be conducted with senior managers who are not necessarily partners in the companies being interviewed. To avoid any discomfort on the part of the interviewee, which could result in a reduction in the information transmi tt ed, it is preferable that the interview be conducted in the interviewee s company. As posited by the author of [25], the human brain is capable of maintaining focus on a singular object for approximately 50 to 60 min. Following this period, a tt ention inevitably wanes. Therefore, interviews should be conducted for a maximum of 50 min to ensure optimal data collection. To prevent the loss of information, it is recommended that interviews be recorded and that the transcript be accessible only to the interviewer, thus avoiding inadvertent disclosure to the interviewee Figure 2. Semi-structured interview flowchart: stages and decisions prior to collecting information Semi-structured interviews are a field of discovery, and it is therefore important to prepare an auxiliary script that helps to conduct the interview in an acceptable manner and to avoid serious forgetfulness. It is fundamental for the interviewees to feel comfortable so that they have the freedom to speak and for the interviewer to question them. A topic-based script may assist the interviewer in mapping out the desired outcomes of the interaction process. However, an itemized script may be more suitable for experienced interviewers and researchers [ 23 ]. It is also strongly recommended that an initial script be tested in order to allow for adjustments to be made prior to the commencement of fieldwork [ 24 ]. Consequently, based on the insights gained from each interview, the script can be adapted at this stage and subsequently during the semi-structured interviews, as it is crucial to develop theories on the subject matter It is recommended that interviews be conducted with senior managers who are not necessarily partners in the companies being interviewed. To avoid any discomfort on the part of the interviewee, which could result in a reduction in the information transmitted, it is preferable that the interview be conducted in the interviewee’s company. As posited by the author of [ 25 ], the human brain is capable of maintaining focus on a singular object for approximately 50 to 60 min. Following this period, attention inevitably wanes. Therefore, interviews should be conducted for a maximum of 50 min to ensure optimal data collection To prevent the loss of information, it is recommended that interviews be recorded and that the transcript be accessible only to the interviewer, thus avoiding inadvertent disclosure to the interviewee Once the semi-structured interview script has been drafted, it is essential to select a representative sample of companies that accurately reflects the business reality of Portuguese SMEs. To ensure the reliability of subsequent statistical analyses, the sample size should exceed 30 companies. To assess the representativeness of the sample, three dimensions were employed that are commonly utilized to characterize business universes: location of headquarters, size, and sector of activity. In regard to the location of the head office, the company’s tax head office should be taken into account for each company, irrespective of whether the company has multiple business units. In terms of size, it is recommended that the classification system used to divide economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors be adopted [ 26 ]. With regard to the sector of activity, it is recommended that the 2003/361/EC Recommendation of the European Commission, dated 6 May 2003,

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 5 of 19 be adopted. This recommendation considers the parameters of annual work units, annual turnover, and annual balance sheet total, and it classifies companies into two categories: Large Companies and SMEs. SMEs are further classified into micro-enterprises, small enterprises, and medium-sized enterprises [ 27 ]. Following an analysis of the Portuguese business fabric based on 2022 figures [ 28 ], it can be concluded that the sample should be composed primarily of companies based in urban areas, operating within the tertiary sector and falling within the micro-enterprise size category, as illustrated in Figure 3 . Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 18 Once the semi-structured interview script has been drafted, it is essential to select a representative sample of companies that accurately re fl ects the business reality of Portuguese SMEs. To ensure the reliability of subsequent statistical analyses, the sample size should exceed 30 companies. To assess the representativeness of the sample, three dimensions were employed that are commonly utilized to characterize business universes: location of headquarters, size, and sector of activity. In regard to the location of the head o ffi ce, the company s tax head o ffi ce should be taken into account for each company, irrespective of whether the company has multiple business units. In terms of size, it is recommended that the classi fi cation system used to divide economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors be adopted [26]. With regard to the sector of activity, it is recommended that the 2003/361/EC Recommendation of the European Commission, dated 6 May 2003, be adopted. This recommendation considers the parameters of annual work units, annual turnover, and annual balance sheet total, and it classi fi es companies into two categories: Large Companies and SMEs. SMEs are further classi fi ed into micro-enterprises, small enterprises, and medium-sized enterprises [27]. Following an analysis of the Portuguese business fabric based on 2022 fi gures [28], it can be concluded that the sample should be composed primarily of companies based in urban areas, operating within the tertiary sector and falling within the micro-enterprise size category, as illustrated in Figure 3 Figure 3. Distribution of Portuguese companies by the di ff erent variables analyzed. Following the completion of the interviews, an initial quantitative analysis was conducted on the resulting data, with each company being characterized using descriptive statistics in the SPSS software. Subsequently, the fi lmed interviews were transcribed using NVivo Transcription software, and a thematic analysis was conducted in a precise, consistent, exhaustive, and systematic manner using NVivo software [29]. The objective of the thematic analysis was to identify the most frequently discussed themes and to ascertain whether there are any interconnections between them 3. Preparing the Interviews 3.1. Re fi ning the Process The initial script was constructed based on the researchers understanding and sensitivity to the issue in question, as well as on guidelines taken from the other authors of the articles included in the analysis described in Section 1. These guidelines supported the construction of the initial script. To ensure consistency in the interview process, the pilot interviews were conducted in the four selected companies (E 1, E 2, E 3, and E 4) over a short period of time. This approach prevented the interviewer s behavior from di ff ering between the initial and fi nal interviews. The interviews were conducted on the premises of each company and were recorded with the prior consent of the interviewees. In accordance with ethical considerations, interviews were limited to a maximum duration of 50 min Following the interviews, a site visit was conducted to assess the CE practices observed, in alignment with the recommendations set forth by the authors [13]. This allowed for the identi fi cation of any inconsistencies between the observed practices and the interview results. The interviews conducted on the premises of the four companies revealed a general lack of knowledge about the CE among the business owners. A total of Figure 3. Distribution of Portuguese companies by the different variables analyzed Following the completion of the interviews, an initial quantitative analysis was conducted on the resulting data, with each company being characterized using descriptive statistics in the SPSS software. Subsequently, the filmed interviews were transcribed using NVivo Transcription software, and a thematic analysis was conducted in a precise, consistent, exhaustive, and systematic manner using NVivo software [ 29 ]. The objective of the thematic analysis was to identify the most frequently discussed themes and to ascertain whether there are any interconnections between them 3. Preparing the Interviews 3.1. Refining the Process The initial script was constructed based on the researchers’ understanding and sensitivity to the issue in question, as well as on guidelines taken from the other authors of the articles included in the analysis described in Section 1 . These guidelines supported the construction of the initial script. To ensure consistency in the interview process, the pilot interviews were conducted in the four selected companies (E 1, E 2, E 3, and E 4) over a short period of time. This approach prevented the interviewer’s behavior from differing between the initial and final interviews. The interviews were conducted on the premises of each company and were recorded with the prior consent of the interviewees. In accordance with ethical considerations, interviews were limited to a maximum duration of 50 min Following the interviews, a site visit was conducted to assess the CE practices observed, in alignment with the recommendations set forth by the authors [ 13 ]. This allowed for the identification of any inconsistencies between the observed practices and the interview results. The interviews conducted on the premises of the four companies revealed a general lack of knowledge about the CE among the business owners. A total of 18 CE practices were presented by the interviewees. A subsequent visit to the premises of each company revealed that 31 practices had in fact been implemented, as shown in Table 1 . In conclusion, the observed practices that were not identified by the entrepreneurs can be classified into nine distinct typologies. As posited by the authors of [ 7 ], reduction in and optimization of raw material usage represents a favorable scenario wherein current resources can be re-evaluated, thereby facilitating the development of new projects and improving the current environmental impact and waste reduction. This is regarded as an exemplary CE practice. Additionally, the concept of industrial symbiosis was identified as a group of practices that were observed but not identified by the entrepreneurs. As posited by the authors of [ 30 ], industrial symbiosis is regarded as an efficacious practice conducive to the CE and sustainable development, as it can enhance the technical efficiency of production processes. Another group of practices implemented and not mentioned by the entrepreneurs was the use of reusable packaging. According to the authors of [ 31 ], this should be promoted through the eco-design of packaging to reduce the materials used

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 6 of 19 in packaging and the use of materials with high reusability and recyclability rates. The utilization of life extension, which, according to the authors of [ 32 ], enhances the useful life of products, represents one of the most efficacious environmental strategies. Consequently, repair constitutes a fundamental aspect of the CE approach, which strives to maintain products and materials in use for an extended period. The supply chain, which the authors of [ 33 ] assert plays a significant role in certain sectors, is responsible for a considerable portion of greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the transformation of goods into product–service systems was not identified by the entrepreneurs. The authors posit that transitioning from product-oriented to business models based on product-as-a-service systems can facilitate the implementation of circularity while enhancing organizational competitiveness [ 34 ]. Table 1. CE practices detected in the test companies Data C 1 C 2 C 3 C 4 Utilisation of waste such as MP—macdame, crusher Extend service life—better build quality, used repair Repairing items Shared mobility with other companies Industrial integration (manufacturing) Utilising waste as PM—stuffing cushions Reduced energy consumption— led lighting Reducing paper use Reduced energy consumption— led lighting Reduced energy consumption— led lighting Reducing energy consumption— Shop window lighting Digitisation for remote assistance CE practices mentioned by interviewees Sorting rubbish for recycling Sorting rubbish for recycling Sorting rubbish for recycling Sorting rubbish for recycling Reduced energy consumption— AC rules Marketing Waste reduction— diamond wire cutting Industrial integration (production)— exchange of waste with other companies Laundry— collection point Extended product life with guarantees and maintenance Current inverters— reducing consumption Sustainable products and packaging— recover delivery packaging Sale of batches of discontinued products Shared product— through (REC) Renewable Energy Community Reducing emissions— quarry rights plans Product remanufacturing— sofa restoration Product as a service— Renting uniforms Reduced consumption— panels increase from 350 W to 550 W CE practices detected during the visit to the test companies Product as a service— equipment hire Figure 4 depicts the survey of CE practices referenced by the entrepreneurs in the interviews and the subsequent survey conducted by the entrepreneurs after their visits to the companies’ premises. This survey enabled the observation of all CE practices implemented by the companies.

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 7 of 19 Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 18 strategies. Consequently, repair constitutes a fundamental aspect of the CE approach, which strives to maintain products and materials in use for an extended period. The supply chain, which the authors of [33] assert plays a signi fi cant role in certain sectors, is responsible for a considerable portion of greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the transformation of goods into product–service systems was not identi fi ed by the entrepreneurs. The authors posit that transitioning from product-oriented to business models based on product-as-a-service systems can facilitate the implementation of circularity while enhancing organizational competitiveness [34] Figure 4 depicts the survey of CE practices referenced by the entrepreneurs in the interviews and the subsequent survey conducted by the entrepreneurs after their visits to the companies premises. This survey enabled the observation of all CE practices implemented by the companies Figure 4. Survey of CE practices by interviewing the entrepreneur and visiting the company s premises to observe the CE practices adopted. It is noteworthy that the number of CE practices initially identi fi ed by the entrepreneurs in the four test companies totaled 18. However, subsequent on-site observations revealed a total of 31 CE practices, including those initially mentioned by the entrepreneurs With regard to the tested script, areas for improvement were identi fi ed, some of which pertained to the necessity of acquiring further information about the companies in question in advance, with the view of facilitating subsequent comparisons. Furthermore, it was evident that in certain instances, the companies were engaged in CE practices that the interviewees did not identify as such, indicating a potential lack of familiarity with the subject ma tt er. Accordingly, we resolved to not only modify the preliminary script but also compile preliminary information that would elucidate the CE, providing exemplars of practices that companies could potentially be developing. Furthermore, it was resolved that the companies would be requested to visit the premises in advance to document any CE practices they might observe, given that a considerable number of the companies engage in CE practices but do not classify them as such or are unaware that they constitute CE practices. At this juncture, it became evident that there is still a considerable de fi cit of knowledge regarding the CE among Portuguese businesses. As posited by the authors of [9], both the company s turnover and its age are factors that in fl uence the level of circularity that it exhibits. Consequently, speci fi c information on these topics was incorporated into the study. Figure 5 illustrates the initial version of the script, with subsequent changes highlighted in red. These modi fi cations resulted in the fi nal construction of the script, which was utilized to conduct the semi-structured interviews. Prior to this, a site visit was conducted. The fi nal version of the semi-structured interview script is available in Appendix C Figure 4. Survey of CE practices by interviewing the entrepreneur and visiting the company’s premises to observe the CE practices adopted It is noteworthy that the number of CE practices initially identified by the entrepreneurs in the four test companies totaled 18. However, subsequent on-site observations revealed a total of 31 CE practices, including those initially mentioned by the entrepreneurs With regard to the tested script, areas for improvement were identified, some of which pertained to the necessity of acquiring further information about the companies in question in advance, with the view of facilitating subsequent comparisons. Furthermore, it was evident that in certain instances, the companies were engaged in CE practices that the interviewees did not identify as such, indicating a potential lack of familiarity with the subject matter. Accordingly, we resolved to not only modify the preliminary script but also compile preliminary information that would elucidate the CE, providing exemplars of practices that companies could potentially be developing. Furthermore, it was resolved that the companies would be requested to visit the premises in advance to document any CE practices they might observe, given that a considerable number of the companies engage in CE practices but do not classify them as such or are unaware that they constitute CE practices. At this juncture, it became evident that there is still a considerable deficit of knowledge regarding the CE among Portuguese businesses. As posited by the authors of [ 9 ], both the company’s turnover and its age are factors that influence the level of circularity that it exhibits. Consequently, specific information on these topics was incorporated into the study. Figure 5 illustrates the initial version of the script, with subsequent changes highlighted in red. These modifications resulted in the final construction of the script, which was utilized to conduct the semi-structured interviews. Prior to this, a site visit was conducted. The final version of the semi-structured interview script is available in Appendix C . Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18 Figure 5. Script used in the semi-structured interviews with all the companies, showing the changes between the initial script and the fi nal amended one in red. It should be noted that with regard to the rules governing the conduct of the interviews, we decided not to fi lm them, as it was felt that this would result in the interviewee being less relaxed and would in fl uence the quality of the interview. It became evident during the four pilot interviews that fi lming the interview presents a signi fi cant constraint, leading the entrepreneur to refrain from expressing themselves freely on the subject ma tt er. Given the decision to employ a subjective convenience sampling process, largely in fl uenced by the ease of contact, it is essential that the sample composition ensures an acceptable level of representativeness of the target population (Portuguese SMEs) and a su ffi cient sample size to enable statistical analysis, thereby enhancing the reliability of the conclusions drawn. 3.2. Sample Constitution and Characterization The 34 companies selected were guaranteed to be accessible and available for the interview process. This group is larger than is usually recommended, exceeding the threshold of 30. With regard to their representativeness in relation to the population, the selected companies appear to be reasonably representative (see Figure 6). They can therefore be considered representative of Portuguese SMEs in terms of the dimensions typically covered. No notable discrepancies exist between the population and the sample with respect to the location of the company s headquarters. With regard to the sector of activity, the sample exhibits a greater prevalence of primary and secondary sectors than the population it aims to represent. However, this was not deemed a cause for concern, given that CE practices have more signi fi cant implications in these sectors. Finally, with regard to company size, there is a notable discrepancy between the sample and the population. However, this is not a cause for concern, given that micro-enterprises encompass small business owners with a practically non-existent company structure. The sample is comprised of companies that are, on average, slightly larger than the average Portuguese business. However, in the Portuguese business context, the majority of businesses are micro-enterprises Figure 6. Representativeness of the sample in relation to the Portuguese reality. Figure 5. Script used in the semi-structured interviews with all the companies, showing the changes between the initial script and the final amended one in red It should be noted that with regard to the rules governing the conduct of the interviews, we decided not to film them, as it was felt that this would result in the interviewee being less relaxed and would influence the quality of the interview. It became evident during the four pilot interviews that filming the interview presents a significant constraint, leading the entrepreneur to refrain from expressing themselves freely on the subject matter. Given

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Modest, Trigger, Act, Ceo, Block, Six, Year, Council, Take]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 8 of 19 the decision to employ a subjective convenience sampling process, largely influenced by the ease of contact, it is essential that the sample composition ensures an acceptable level of representativeness of the target population (Portuguese SMEs) and a sufficient sample size to enable statistical analysis, thereby enhancing the reliability of the conclusions drawn 3.2. Sample Constitution and Characterization The 34 companies selected were guaranteed to be accessible and available for the interview process. This group is larger than is usually recommended, exceeding the threshold of 30. With regard to their representativeness in relation to the population, the selected companies appear to be reasonably representative (see Figure 6 ). They can therefore be considered representative of Portuguese SMEs in terms of the dimensions typically covered. No notable discrepancies exist between the population and the sample with respect to the location of the company’s headquarters. With regard to the sector of activity, the sample exhibits a greater prevalence of primary and secondary sectors than the population it aims to represent. However, this was not deemed a cause for concern, given that CE practices have more significant implications in these sectors. Finally, with regard to company size, there is a notable discrepancy between the sample and the population. However, this is not a cause for concern, given that micro-enterprises encompass small business owners with a practically non-existent company structure. The sample is comprised of companies that are, on average, slightly larger than the average Portuguese business. However, in the Portuguese business context, the majority of businesses are micro-enterprises Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 18 Figure 5. Script used in the semi-structured interviews with all the companies, showing the changes between the initial script and the fi nal amended one in red. It should be noted that with regard to the rules governing the conduct of the interviews, we decided not to fi lm them, as it was felt that this would result in the interviewee being less relaxed and would in fl uence the quality of the interview. It became evident during the four pilot interviews that fi lming the interview presents a signi fi cant constraint, leading the entrepreneur to refrain from expressing themselves freely on the subject ma tt er. Given the decision to employ a subjective convenience sampling process, largely in fl uenced by the ease of contact, it is essential that the sample composition ensures an acceptable level of representativeness of the target population (Portuguese SMEs) and a su ffi cient sample size to enable statistical analysis, thereby enhancing the reliability of the conclusions drawn. 3.2. Sample Constitution and Characterization The 34 companies selected were guaranteed to be accessible and available for the interview process. This group is larger than is usually recommended, exceeding the threshold of 30. With regard to their representativeness in relation to the population, the selected companies appear to be reasonably representative (see Figure 6). They can therefore be considered representative of Portuguese SMEs in terms of the dimensions typically covered. No notable discrepancies exist between the population and the sample with respect to the location of the company s headquarters. With regard to the sector of activity, the sample exhibits a greater prevalence of primary and secondary sectors than the population it aims to represent. However, this was not deemed a cause for concern, given that CE practices have more signi fi cant implications in these sectors. Finally, with regard to company size, there is a notable discrepancy between the sample and the population. However, this is not a cause for concern, given that micro-enterprises encompass small business owners with a practically non-existent company structure. The sample is comprised of companies that are, on average, slightly larger than the average Portuguese business. However, in the Portuguese business context, the majority of businesses are micro-enterprises Figure 6. Representativeness of the sample in relation to the Portuguese reality. Figure 6. Representativeness of the sample in relation to the Portuguese reality Some authors have posited that gender, age group, and level of education exert an influence on the prominence accorded to issues pertaining to CE [ 35 , 36 ]. Accordingly, it was deemed pertinent to take into account the identity of the interview interlocutor in each of the companies that were interviewed. However, this characteristic did not inform the formation of the sample. It was thus resolved to gather data regarding the gender, age cohort, and level of qualification of each interviewee. In terms of qualifications, the European Qualifications Framework classification, as set forth in the Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017, was utilized. The interviewees exhibited considerable variation in terms of their qualifications and age, as illustrated in Figure 7 . Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18 Some authors have posited that gender, age group, and level of education exert an in fl uence on the prominence accorded to issues pertaining to CE [35,36]. Accordingly, it was deemed pertinent to take into account the identity of the interview interlocutor in each of the companies that were interviewed. However, this characteristic did not inform the formation of the sample. It was thus resolved to gather data regarding the gender, age cohort, and level of quali fi cation of each interviewee. In terms of quali fi cations, the European Quali fi cations Framework classi fi cation, as set forth in the Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017, was utilized. The interviewees exhibited considerable variation in terms of their quali fi cations and age, as illustrated in Figure 7 Figure 7. Level of education, age, and gender of interviewees. Information was gathered regarding the presence of a research and development department and the number of personnel employed in these departments. A survey was conducted to ascertain whether the company had obtained certi fi cation in any fi eld, including quality, and to determine the number of existing certi fi cations. Figure 8 illustrates that the majority of companies in this sample lacked certi fi cation, yet a considerable proportion of them did possess an R&D department, albeit a modest one Figure 8. Companies with certi fi cations and size of R&D department. The semi-structured interviews and observations conducted at the companies premises were always carried out by a manager or, in a few cases, by the company s CEO. The complete data resulting from the semi-structured interviews with the 34 companies can be found in Appendix A 4. Interview Results 4.1. Quantitative Analysis The results obtained from the interviews were employed to ascertain whether the extant CE practices in the companies were in any way a tt ributable to the characteristics of the interviewees or the companies under analysis. It is similarly important to ascertain whether there is any correlation between the CE practices that have been implemented in the companies in question in order to determine whether the implementation of one speci fi c practice can act as a trigger for the implementation of another related practice The data obtained from the sample of 34 companies were divided into three blocks of variables: information on the interviewed manager (Block M; three variables: gender of the interviewed, age of the interviewed, and interviewee quali fi cation level), information on the company (Block C; six variables: economic activity, headquarters location, year of company foundation, company size, size of the technical department, and existing certi fi cations), and information on commitment to CE (Block E; three variables: implemented CE practices, disclosure of implemented CE practices, and valuation of CE Figure 7. Level of education, age, and gender of interviewees Information was gathered regarding the presence of a research and development department and the number of personnel employed in these departments. A survey was conducted to ascertain whether the company had obtained certification in any field, including quality, and to determine the number of existing certifications. Figure 8 illustrates that the majority of companies in this sample lacked certification, yet a considerable proportion of them did possess an R&D department, albeit a modest one.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Seem, Sense, Coe, Null, Spearman, Rst, Strange, Orange, Ones]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 9 of 19 Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 18 Some authors have posited that gender, age group, and level of education exert an in fl uence on the prominence accorded to issues pertaining to CE [35,36]. Accordingly, it was deemed pertinent to take into account the identity of the interview interlocutor in each of the companies that were interviewed. However, this characteristic did not inform the formation of the sample. It was thus resolved to gather data regarding the gender, age cohort, and level of quali fi cation of each interviewee. In terms of quali fi cations, the European Quali fi cations Framework classi fi cation, as set forth in the Council Recommendation of 22 May 2017, was utilized. The interviewees exhibited considerable variation in terms of their quali fi cations and age, as illustrated in Figure 7 Figure 7. Level of education, age, and gender of interviewees. Information was gathered regarding the presence of a research and development department and the number of personnel employed in these departments. A survey was conducted to ascertain whether the company had obtained certi fi cation in any fi eld, including quality, and to determine the number of existing certi fi cations. Figure 8 illustrates that the majority of companies in this sample lacked certi fi cation, yet a considerable proportion of them did possess an R&D department, albeit a modest one Figure 8. Companies with certi fi cations and size of R&D department. The semi-structured interviews and observations conducted at the companies premises were always carried out by a manager or, in a few cases, by the company s CEO. The complete data resulting from the semi-structured interviews with the 34 companies can be found in Appendix A 4. Interview Results 4.1. Quantitative Analysis The results obtained from the interviews were employed to ascertain whether the extant CE practices in the companies were in any way a tt ributable to the characteristics of the interviewees or the companies under analysis. It is similarly important to ascertain whether there is any correlation between the CE practices that have been implemented in the companies in question in order to determine whether the implementation of one speci fi c practice can act as a trigger for the implementation of another related practice The data obtained from the sample of 34 companies were divided into three blocks of variables: information on the interviewed manager (Block M; three variables: gender of the interviewed, age of the interviewed, and interviewee quali fi cation level), information on the company (Block C; six variables: economic activity, headquarters location, year of company foundation, company size, size of the technical department, and existing certi fi cations), and information on commitment to CE (Block E; three variables: implemented CE practices, disclosure of implemented CE practices, and valuation of CE Figure 8. Companies with certifications and size of R&D department The semi-structured interviews and observations conducted at the companies’ premises were always carried out by a manager or, in a few cases, by the company’s CEO. The complete data resulting from the semi-structured interviews with the 34 companies can be found in Appendix A . 4. Interview Results 4.1. Quantitative Analysis The results obtained from the interviews were employed to ascertain whether the extant CE practices in the companies were in any way attributable to the characteristics of the interviewees or the companies under analysis. It is similarly important to ascertain whether there is any correlation between the CE practices that have been implemented in the companies in question in order to determine whether the implementation of one specific practice can act as a trigger for the implementation of another related practice The data obtained from the sample of 34 companies were divided into three blocks of variables: information on the interviewed manager (Block M; three variables: gender of the interviewed, age of the interviewed, and interviewee qualification level), information on the company (Block C; six variables: economic activity, headquarters location, year of company foundation, company size, size of the technical department, and existing certifications), and information on commitment to CE (Block E; three variables: implemented CE practices, disclosure of implemented CE practices, and valuation of CE practices by the client). Given the ordinal nature of the variables in question, their relationship was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The values obtained and their significance are presented in Appendix B , with Figure 9 highlighting the cases in which the null correlation is rejected at a significance level of 5% (in orange) or 1% (in red) Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 18 practices by the client). Given the ordinal nature of the variables in question, their relationship was analyzed using Spearman s correlation coe ffi cient. The values obtained and their signi fi cance are presented in Appendix B, with Figure 9 highlighting the cases in which the null correlation is rejected at a signi fi cance level of 5% (in orange) or 1% (in red) Figure 9. Sample characteristics correlation matrix Between variables in the same block (whether M, C, or E), signi fi cant correlations were only detected in Block C, involving variables related to the scale of the business (company size, size of the technical department, and existing certi fi cations). It is strange to note the weak relationship between the variables in Block E, revealing a somewhat incoherent view of the transition to circularity From Block M, the interviewee quali fi cation level stands out, which is signi fi cantly related to headquarters location, company size, and the size of the technical department, all from Block C, as well as the disclosure of implemented CE practices from Block E, which seems to make sense Blocks C and E are the most closely related, with three of the fi ve signi fi cant correlations identi fi ed involving disclosure of implemented CE practices, which is clearly associated with the scale of the business (company size, size of the technical department, and existing certi fi cations). Not only are newer companies the ones that have implemented the most CE practices, but companies with the most certi fi cations are also the ones that have the least belief in the customer s appreciation of CE, which may seem surprising at fi rst glance. In fact, it seems natural to us that CE is a paradigm that is more favored by institutions that are more open to modernity, but we also understand the di ffi culty in basing the transition to CE on certi fi cation processes that are usually linked to quality management In short, the interviewee quali fi cation level (Block M), the scale of the business (Block C), and the disclosure of implemented CE practices (Block E) take center stage in the relationships analyzed The CE practices implemented by the sample of 34 companies can be grouped into nine sub-themes, which have already been de fi ned by the authors in previous research [37]: communication and marketing; life extension; biodegradable; digitalization; packaging; product as a service; sustainability; recycling; and remanufacturing. After collecting information on the CE practices implemented in the companies, we can see that Figure 9. Sample characteristics’ correlation matrix.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Square, Single, Hit, Believe, Common]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 10 of 19 Between variables in the same block (whether M, C, or E), significant correlations were only detected in Block C, involving variables related to the scale of the business (company size, size of the technical department, and existing certifications). It is strange to note the weak relationship between the variables in Block E, revealing a somewhat incoherent view of the transition to circularity From Block M, the interviewee qualification level stands out, which is significantly related to headquarters location, company size, and the size of the technical department, all from Block C, as well as the disclosure of implemented CE practices from Block E, which seems to make sense Blocks C and E are the most closely related, with three of the five significant correlations identified involving disclosure of implemented CE practices, which is clearly associated with the scale of the business (company size, size of the technical department, and existing certifications). Not only are newer companies the ones that have implemented the most CE practices, but companies with the most certifications are also the ones that have the least belief in the customer’s appreciation of CE, which may seem surprising at first glance. In fact, it seems natural to us that CE is a paradigm that is more favored by institutions that are more open to modernity, but we also understand the difficulty in basing the transition to CE on certification processes that are usually linked to quality management In short, the interviewee qualification level (Block M), the scale of the business (Block C), and the disclosure of implemented CE practices (Block E) take center stage in the relationships analyzed The CE practices implemented by the sample of 34 companies can be grouped into nine sub-themes, which have already been defined by the authors in previous research [ 37 ]: communication and marketing; life extension; biodegradable; digitalization; packaging; product as a service; sustainability; recycling; and remanufacturing. After collecting information on the CE practices implemented in the companies, we can see that remanufacturing is the opposite of digitalization in terms of CE practices, although the implementation of life extension practices is largely associated with remanufacturing. Figure 10 shows the distribution of CE practices implemented by the companies interviewed Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 18 remanufacturing is the opposite of digitalization in terms of CE practices, although the implementation of life extension practices is largely associated with remanufacturing. Figure 10 shows the distribution of CE practices implemented by the companies interviewed Figure 10. Number of CE practices observed in the companies interviewed. Regarding the three variables that characterize the relationship between each of the business realities contacted and the CE, an a tt empt was also made to ascertain whether a regression analysis could lead to models capable of explaining their behavior. In all three cases, it only proved meaningful to include a single explanatory variable The ordinal regression analysis for implemented CE practices selected year of company foundation as the explanatory variable; the model obtained was Nagelkerke R Square 0.20, and its approximation to the sample was not rejected. The binary logistic regression analysis relating to disclosure of implemented CE practices selected company size as the explanatory variable, with the model obtained having a Nagelkerke R Square of 0.40, with a hit rate against the sample of 82.4%. Lastly, the ordinal regression analysis for valuation of CE practices by the client selected existing certi fi cations as the explanatory variable, and the model obtained was Nagelkerke R Square 0.28, with no rejection of its approximation to the sample 4.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Results The responses provided by the 34 interviewees were subjected to qualitative analysis in order to identify the propositions that were most evident and most frequently mentioned by the interviewees. Eight propositions were identi fi ed that were consistent across the majority of interviewees and aligned with the characteristics of the companies included in the statistical sample. Although some of these responses are not quantitative and it was not possible to quantify their intensity in order to compare them between companies, they demonstrate common trends that we believe may be relevant to understanding the state of implementation of the CE in SMEs in Portugal It is important to note that semi-structured interviews employ a combination of structured and open-ended questions, allowing both the interviewee and the interviewer fl exibility in exploring the subject ma tt er. The initial 12 questions in the questionnaire were addressed exclusively in a quantitative manner. The information obtained from the open section of the semi-structured interview was classi fi ed as a “free question,” and a relationship can be identi fi ed between the questions posed to the interviewees and the eight propositions outlined in Figure 11 Figure 10. Number of CE practices observed in the companies interviewed Regarding the three variables that characterize the relationship between each of the business realities contacted and the CE, an attempt was also made to ascertain whether a regression analysis could lead to models capable of explaining their behavior. In all three cases, it only proved meaningful to include a single explanatory variable The ordinal regression analysis for implemented CE practices selected year of company foundation as the explanatory variable; the model obtained was Nagelkerke R Square 0.20, and its approximation to the sample was not rejected. The binary logistic regression analysis relating to disclosure of implemented CE practices selected company size as the explanatory variable, with the model obtained having a Nagelkerke R Square of 0.40, with a hit rate against the sample of 82.4%. Lastly, the ordinal regression analysis for valuation of CE practices by the client selected existing certifications as the explanatory variable, and the model obtained was Nagelkerke R Square 0.28, with no rejection of its approximation to the sample.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Foster, Price, Place, Sales, Offer, Factor]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 11 of 19 4.2. Qualitative Analysis of the Results The responses provided by the 34 interviewees were subjected to qualitative analysis in order to identify the propositions that were most evident and most frequently mentioned by the interviewees. Eight propositions were identified that were consistent across the majority of interviewees and aligned with the characteristics of the companies included in the statistical sample. Although some of these responses are not quantitative and it was not possible to quantify their intensity in order to compare them between companies, they demonstrate common trends that we believe may be relevant to understanding the state of implementation of the CE in SMEs in Portugal It is important to note that semi-structured interviews employ a combination of structured and open-ended questions, allowing both the interviewee and the interviewer flexibility in exploring the subject matter. The initial 12 questions in the questionnaire were addressed exclusively in a quantitative manner. The information obtained from the open section of the semi-structured interview was classified as a “free question,” and a relationship can be identified between the questions posed to the interviewees and the eight propositions outlined in Figure 11 . Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 18 Figure 11. Relationship between semi-structured interview questions and the prepositions found. Subsequently, the propositions were organized according to their respective stakeholders SME customers P 1.1—Customers might not value products and services that o ff er circularity Despite expressing sympathy for the issue of product circularity, the majority of customers do not prioritize this feature when making purchasing decisions. They are willing to accept minimal trade-o ff s, including price and delivery time, to obtain products or services that align with their preferences. However, they tend to place a higher value on packaging than on the circularity of the product itself P 1.2—Customers could penalize companies that are careless with CE issues The implementation of CE practices does not necessarily a tt ract customers; however, their complete non-implementation may potentially jeopardize customer retention. It is challenging for customers to di ff erentiate between concepts such as CE, sustainability, the environment, decarbonization, and global warming. They do not demonstrate a preference for any particular topic, which may result in their disengagement. The consumer s sense of ownership over products is a signi fi cant factor that presents a challenge in implementing solutions for sharing goods or services, or for providing the product as a service P 1.3—Communication and marketing of CE Practices adopted is not e ffi cient The communication of CE practices does not generate sales, in part because consumers consider them to be insigni fi cant in the context of the current serious environmental problem. Nevertheless, the absence of communication regarding these measures has the potential to foster customer dissatisfaction. It is challenging for marketing departments to disseminate information about some of the environmental measures that companies have implemented due to their intricate nature P 1.4—Measurement of the impact of CE practices is not e ff ective Figure 11. Relationship between semi-structured interview questions and the prepositions found Subsequently, the propositions were organized according to their respective stakeholders SME customers P 1.1—Customers might not value products and services that offer circularity Despite expressing sympathy for the issue of product circularity, the majority of customers do not prioritize this feature when making purchasing decisions. They are willing to accept minimal trade-offs, including price and delivery time, to obtain products or services that align with their preferences. However, they tend to place a higher value on packaging than on the circularity of the product itself P 1.2—Customers could penalize companies that are careless with CE issues The implementation of CE practices does not necessarily attract customers; however, their complete non-implementation may potentially jeopardize customer retention. It is challenging for customers to differentiate between concepts such as CE, sustainability, the environment, decarbonization, and global warming. They do not demonstrate a preference for any particular topic, which may result in their disengagement. The consumer’s sense of ownership over products is a significant factor that presents a challenge in implementing solutions for sharing goods or services, or for providing the product as a service.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Top, Law, Barrier, Unique, Standard, Risk, Confidence, Rather]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 12 of 19 P 1.3—Communication and marketing of CE Practices adopted is not efficient The communication of CE practices does not generate sales, in part because consumers consider them to be insignificant in the context of the current serious environmental problem. Nevertheless, the absence of communication regarding these measures has the potential to foster customer dissatisfaction. It is challenging for marketing departments to disseminate information about some of the environmental measures that companies have implemented due to their intricate nature P 1.4—Measurement of the impact of CE practices is not effective There is a general lack of confidence in the measures presented and communicated by companies, with customers expressing skepticism about their validity and questioning the credibility of the information provided. Furthermore, in some instances, customers may encounter difficulty in comprehending the benefits being conveyed SME employees P 2—The majority of workers might not value the CE practices implemented in the companies where they work The majority of the company’s employees believe that CE practices are pointless or even harmful if they affect their professional performance in the company, thus acting as a barrier to the implementation of CE According to the interviewees, the majority of employees are skeptical about the effectiveness of the implemented CE practices, and the employees believe that the implementation of such practices is not reflected in a decrease in costs for the company, but rather in an increase in costs due to the increase in work performed. It was also mentioned by several respondents that most employees prefer to work with virgin raw materials rather than recycled, recovered, or reused raw materials. In this way, they believe that the eclecticism of the workers can affect the quality of the final product SME top managers P 3.1—Legislation on CE could be inefficient The extant environmental legislation in Portugal is excessive and overly complex, decentralized, and frequently amended, thereby rendering it challenging for companies to comply with the legislation and implement certain CE practices. Furthermore, it impedes the implementation of certain CE practices, and some are ineffectual. Additionally, there is a dearth of support from governmental organizations in Portugal. While they are adept at disseminating information regarding prohibited activities, they are less proficient in devising tailored solutions to address the unique challenges faced by companies. There is a consensus that the authorities in Portugal lack sufficient control. Despite the demanding legislation, it is more cost-effective to violate the law than to make the necessary investments to comply with it P 3.2—There might be an imbalance between costs and benefits There is a discernible imbalance between costs and benefits, which gives rise to the perception among entrepreneurs that a considerable number of beneficial CE practices are subject to an imbalance between costs and benefits. It is noteworthy that the majority of entrepreneurs indicated their intention to implement additional CE practices. However, the majority of these practices are designed to reduce costs in the near term or are perceived by entrepreneurs to reduce costs in the medium term or stabilize costs, thereby reducing their companies’ exposure to risk P 3.3—It could be difficult to quantify the impact of CE practices The majority of interviewees encountered difficulties in measuring the impact of the CE practices they had implemented and even in accounting for them. The actual impact of certain measures, despite the availability of certain standard indicators, is not straightforward to quantify. The most common approach is to make comparisons with

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Capital, Low, Smoke, Turn, None]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 13 of 19 other values through approximation, thus facilitating customer comprehension of the implemented measures 5. Conclusions The findings of this research indicate that there is currently a limited uptake of CE practices in Portugal. Furthermore, there is a lack of conviction among stakeholders to implement the CE on a large scale, suggesting that there is still a significant gap between the linear economy and the CE. Some companies that have implemented CE practices have encountered difficulties in communicating them for marketing purposes. In some cases, the challenges in communicating these practices have been so significant that it has not been worthwhile to invest in them, as customers do not perceive their value. Furthermore, it was highlighted that there is currently no standardized methodology for accounting for the implementation of CE practices, nor for assessing their effects and consequences. Therefore, a company that reports the implementation of two CE practices without quantifying the impact of these measures is analogous to reporting “smoke.” In light of these considerations, it can be concluded that customer acceptance of this type of measure remains low. It is noteworthy that some of the CE practices implemented in the companies under review were the initiative of the entrepreneurs themselves The results of the analysis of the companies in question indicate a certain lack of coherence in their approach to the transition to circularity. There is no discernible correlation between the CE practices that have been implemented, leaving it to the discretion of the company decision-makers which CE practices they choose to implement. This suggests a somewhat unusual vision of the transition to circularity. Additionally, it was observed that the most recent companies are those that have implemented the greatest number of CE practices. Furthermore, the companies with the most certifications are also the ones that least believe in the value placed on CE by customers. In short, the level of qualification of decision-makers in companies, the size of the business, and the dissemination of CE practices implemented all influence the CE practices implemented by companies 5.1. Limitations This research had some limitations in its scope. Despite the variety of sectors included in the sample, some sectors with a significant economic impact in Portugal, such as agriculture, tourism, and catering, were not represented. Furthermore, an exhaustive survey of all CE practices was attempted, though the time elapsed since implementation was not monitored. This was done to ascertain whether the CE practices’ ineffectiveness with consumers was due to their recent introduction. It is also noteworthy that none of the companies included in the sample were exclusively domestic, and there were no multinational corporations It would be beneficial to conduct further research on this topic, specifically examining the impact of CE practices on B 2 B and B 2 C customers separately. In this research, no distinction was made with regard to this particular aspect; rather, all were included as a single entity. It would be beneficial for future research to assess the influence of subsidies obtained by companies when implementing CE on consumer receptivity and company sales. It would be beneficial to conduct a similar analysis from the perspective of the consumer, rather than that of the companies It is also important to note that only smalland medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were included in the study, and that the behavior of larger companies may differ from that observed in this study. This research was focused on SMEs, given that they constitute the majority of businesses in the European Union market. Nevertheless, some scholars have examined how companies responded to the challenges posed by the global pandemic Their findings suggest that the pandemic led to a concentration and centralization of capital, with companies with more robust financial structures demonstrating greater resilience to the pandemic’s impact. This, in turn, has resulted in the marginalization of smaller and less capitalized companies, which have been perceived as a threat to the survival of the

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Daily, Board, Read, Lays, Original, Delay, Legal]

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 14 of 19 industry [ 38 ]. The present article did not investigate whether the behavior of SMEs differs from that of large companies with regard to the implementation of CE 5.2. Theoretical and Practical Implications This work contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the implementation of the CE by SMEs in Portugal and provides insights into the factors that contribute to the observed delay in implementing circularity in Portugal compared to other European Union member states. With regard to the Portuguese business community, this work is expected to provide insight into consumer behavior in relation to the CE phenomenon and their lack of interest in this topic in the consumer choices they make on a daily basis. It seems imperative that the implementation of the CE will have to be stimulated by legal regulations, given the lack of demand-driven stimulus at this stage. This research lays the foundations for future work on the perception of CE accelerators, given that the consumer is clearly not the trigger for implementing the CE Author Contributions: Conceptualization, R.J.C., J.V.F. and A.L.R.; methodology, R.J.C., J.V.F. and A.L.R.; software, R.J.C.; validation, J.V.F. and A.L.R.; formal analysis, R.J.C.; investigation, R.J.C., J.V.F and A.L.R.; resources, R.J.C., J.V.F. and A.L.R.; data curation, R.J.C.; writing—original draft preparation, R.J.C., J.V.F. and A.L.R.; writing—review and editing, R.J.C., J.V.F. and A.L.R.; visualization, R.J.C.; supervision, J.V.F. and A.L.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript Funding: This research received no external funding Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable Data Availability Statement: No new data were created or analyzed in this study. Data sharing is not applicable to this article Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 15 of 19 Appendix A. List of Companies Interviewed Data Age Level of Qualification Gender No. of Employees EAC Rev 3 Main Technical and R&D Staff Turnover Dimension Headquarters Location Foundation Year Certifications E 1 34 N 3 M 27 08112 2 1,033,536.74 € SME—Small Country 1987 None E 2 52 N 6 F 14 31091 0 418,227.00 € SME—Small Urban 2008 None E 3 48 N 6 M 4 47711 0 195,735.05 € SME—Micro Urban 1964 None E 4 23 N 7 F 5 68200 1 732,726.45 € SME—Medium Urban 2015 None E 5 44 N 3 M 15 81300 1 316,770.96 € SME—Micro Urban 2013 None E 6 62 N 3 M 37 46341 0 7,809,009.71 € SME—Small Urban 1993 None E 7 36 N 7 M 17 91030 2 415,955.49 € SME—Small Urban 2011 None E 8 44 N 4 F 16 46732 0 2,017,035.20 € SME—Small Coastal 1985 ISO 9001 E 9 41 N 7 M 17 68322 1 382,997.77 € SME—Medium Urban 2004 None E 10 31 N 6 F 61 43210 2 1,395,609.96 € SME—Medium Urban 2006 None E 11 57 N 6 M 48 86220 2 2,386,940.12 € SME—Medium Urban 1998 DGERT; ERS E 12 32 N 3 F 7 93293 0 266,019.70 € SME—Micro Urban 2016 None E 13 51 N 3 M 12 47300 0 2,617,424.69 € SME—Small Urban 1999 None E 14 55 N 6 M 15 46421 0 2,215,956.73 € SME—Small Country 2005 ISO 9001 E 15 50 N 6 M 11 71120 1 374,700.04 € SME—Small Urban 1994 ISO 9001 E 16 44 N 3 M 3 45200 0 206,518.92 € SME—Micro Urban 1989 None E 17 47 N 3 M 4 45200 0 238,291.06 € SME—Micro Urban 1987 None E 18 39 N 1 M 5 25120 0 461,362.51 € SME—Micro Country 1980 None E 19 60 N 2 M 25 47112 0 4,282,819.87 € SME—Small Country 1994 None E 20 45 N 2 M 8 56101 0 371,746.53 € SME—Micro Urban 2000 None E 21 43 N 6 M 93 31091 6 13,292,221.08 € SME—Medium Urban 2004 ISO 9001; ISO 14000 E 22 46 N 3 M 14 47410 1 888,407.03 € SME—Medium Urban 1995 ISO 9001 E 23 68 N 2 M 6 31091 1 502,570.72 € SME—Micro Urban 1989 None E 24 34 N 6 F 11 81100 0 176,240.73 € SME—Small Urban 2013 None E 25 45 N 6 F 46 46610 2 6,078,560.11 € SME—Small Country 1998 ISO 9001 E 26 50 N 6 F 19 47591 1 1,573,238.17 € SME—Small Urban 1998 None E 27 42 N 6 M 7 62020 3 361,434.47 € SME—Micro Urban 2016 None E 28 46 N 6 M 9 62020 2 469,864.81 € SME—Micro Urban 2008 None E 29 47 N 7 F 18 85591 2 1,157,343.00 € SME—Small Urban 1990 DGERT

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 16 of 19 Data Age Level of Qualification Gender No. of Employees EAC Rev 3 Main Technical and R&D Staff Turnover Dimension Headquarters Location Foundation Year Certifications E 30 45 N 6 F 10 85591 2 1,797,810.00 € SME—Small Urban 2000 DGERT E 31 58 N 3 F 3 96010 0 55,887.76 € SME—Micro Country 2003 None E 32 44 N 6 M 38 16293 2 2,794,753.42 € SME—Small Coastal 1982 ISO 9001; ISO 14000 E 33 53 N 3 M 14 23120 1 1,041,760.06 € SME—Small Coastal 1994 ISO 9001 E 34 55 N 2 M 16 18120 1 921,615.02 € SME—Small Urban 2012 ISO 9001; FSC Appendix B. Spearman Correlations GI AI IQL EA HL YCF CS STD EC ICEP DICE VCE Spearman’s rho GI Correlation Coefficient 1000 0.212 − 0.250 − 0.242 0.089 0.112 − 0.158 0.007 0.030 0.011 − 0.061 − 0.116 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.228 0.154 0.167 0.618 0.527 0.373 0.969 0.864 0.951 0.732 0.514 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 AI Correlation Coefficient 0.212 1000 − 0.295 0.195 0.128 0.120 − 0.103 − 0.157 0.186 − 0.135 0.004 − 0.065 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.228 0.091 0.270 0.469 0.499 0.564 0.376 0.292 0.445 0.983 0.713 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 IQL Correlation Coefficient − 0.250 − 0.295 1000 0.283 − 0.378 * − 0.138 0.401 * 0.555 ** 0.201 − 0.078 0.415 * 0.085 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.154 0.091 0.105 0.027 0.435 0.019 0.001 0.255 0.662 0.015 0.633 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 EA Correlation Coefficient − 0.242 0.195 0.283 1000 − 0.052 0.038 0.092 − 0.157 − 0.035 − 0.286 0.153 0.090 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.167 0.270 0.105 0.770 0.832 0.604 0.376 0.843 0.101 0.388 0.614 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 HL Correlation Coefficient 0.089 0.128 − 0.378 * − 0.052 1000 0.060 − 0.025 − 0.249 0.235 0.142 − 0.141 − 0.115 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.618 0.469 0.027 0.770 0.737 0.887 0.156 0.181 0.423 0.427 0.518 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000

Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 17 of 19 GI AI IQL EA HL YCF CS STD EC ICEP DICE VCE Spearman’s rho YCF Correlation Coefficient 0.112 0.120 − 0.138 0.038 0.060 1000 − 0.147 − 0.151 0.101 − 0.373 * − 0.285 − 0.063 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.527 0.499 0.435 0.832 0.737 0.407 0.395 0.570 0.030 0.102 0.723 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 CS Correlation Coefficient − 0.158 − 0.103 0.401 * 0.092 − 0.025 − 0.147 1000 0.379 * 0.428 * − 0.044 0.510 ** − 0.134 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.373 0.564 0.019 0.604 0.887 0.407 0.027 0.012 0.806 0.002 0.448 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 STD Correlation Coefficient 0.007 − 0.157 0.555 ** − 0.157 − 0.249 − 0.151 0.379 * 1000 0.313 − 0.031 0.381 * − 0.063 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.969 0.376 0.001 0.376 0.156 0.395 0.027 0.071 0.861 0.026 0.722 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 EC Correlation Coefficient 0.030 0.186 0.201 − 0.035 0.235 0.101 0.428 * 0.313 1000 − 0.014 0.377 * − 0.426 * Sig, (2-tailed) 0.864 0.292 0.255 0.843 0.181 0.570 0.012 0.071 0.939 0.028 0.012 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 ICEP Correlation Coefficient 0.011 − 0.135 − 0.078 − 0.286 0.142 − 0.373 * − 0.044 − 0.031 − 0.014 1000 − 0.244 0.103 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.951 0.445 0.662 0.101 0.423 0.030 0.806 0.861 0.939 0.165 0.561 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 DICE Correlation Coefficient − 0.061 0.004 0.415 * 0.153 − 0.141 − 0.285 0.510 ** 0.381 * 0.377 * − 0.244 1000 − 0.192 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.732 0.983 0.015 0.388 0.427 0.102 0.002 0.026 0.028 0.165 0.277 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 VCE Correlation Coefficient − 0.116 − 0.065 0.085 0.090 − 0.115 − 0.063 − 0.134 − 0.063 − 0.426 * 0.103 − 0.192 1000 Sig, (2-tailed) 0.514 0.713 0.633 0.614 0.518 0.723 0.448 0.722 0.012 0.561 0.277 N 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 *, Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed), **, Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), GI—Gender of the interviewed; AI—Age of the interviewed; IQL—Interviewed’s qualification level; EA—Economic activity; HL—Headquarters location; YCF—Year of company foundation; CS—Company size; STD—Size of the technical department; EC—Existing certifications; ICEP—Implemented CE practices; DICE—Disclosure of implemented CE practices; VCE—Valuation of CE practices by the client.

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Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 7009 18 of 19 Appendix C. Semi-Structured Interview Guide Sustainability 2024 , 16 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 18 Appendix C. Semi-Structured Interview Guide References 1 Medaglia, R.; Rukanova, B.; Zhang, Z Digital government and the circular economy transition: An analytical framework and a research agenda Gov. Inf. Q. 2024 , 41 , 101904 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2023.101904. 2 Meramveliotakis, G.; Manioudis, M History, knowledge, and sustainable economic development: The contribution of john stuart mill s grand stage theory Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 1468 https://doi.org/10.3390/su 13031468. 3 Circular Material Use Rate Eurostat. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn- 20231114-2 (accessed on 15 May 2024). 4 Lima, F Empresas em Portugal–2020 2022. 5 Kannazarova, Z.; Juliev, M.; Muratov, A.; Abuduwaili, J Groundwater in the commonwealth of independent states: A bibliometric analysis of scopus-based papers from 1972 to 2023, emphasizing the significance of drainage Groundw. Sustain. Dev. 2024 , 25 , 101083 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2024.101083. 6 Silva, J.; Raposo, D.; Neves, J.; Silva, F.; Ribeiro, R.; Fernandes, M.E Gamification in Communicating the Concept of Circular Economy—A Design Approach In Advances in Ergonomics in Design ; Rebelo, F., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp 10–17. 7 Oliveira, J.C.; Lopes, J.M.; Farinha, L.; Silva, S.; Luízio, M Orchestrating entrepreneurial ecosystems in circular economy: The new paradigm of sustainable competitiveness Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J. 2022 , 33 , 103–123 https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-11- 2020-0271. 8 Chaudhuri, A.; Subramanian, N.; Dora, M Circular economy and digital capabilities of SMEs for providing value to customers: Combined resource-based view and ambidexterity perspective J. Bus. Res. 2022 , 142 , 32–44 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.12.039. 9 Bassi, F.; Guidolin, M Resource efficiency and circular economy in european smes: Investigating the role of green jobs and skills Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 12136 https://doi.org/10.3390/su 132112136. 10 Bassi, F.; Dias, J.G The use of circular economy practices in SMEs across the EU Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 , 146 , 523–533 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.019. 11 Rizos, V.; Behrens, A.; Van Der Gaast, W.; Hofman, E.; Ioannou, A.; Kafyeke, T.; Flamos, A.; Rinaldi, R.; Papadelis, S.; Hirschnitz- Garbers, M.; et al Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Barriers and enablers Sustainability 2016 , 8 , 1212 https://doi.org/10.3390/su 8111212. 12 Despoudi, S.; Sivarajah, U.; Spanaki, K.; Charles, V.; Durai, V.K Industry 4.0 and circular economy for emerging markets: Evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian food sector Ann. Oper. Res. 2023 , 23 , 1–17 https://doi.org/10.1007/s 10479-023-05404-4. 13 Woodard, R Waste Management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Compliance with Duty of Care and implications for the Circular Economy J. Clean. Prod. 2021 , 278 , 123770 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123770. 14 Chakraborty, A.; Barton, A.; O Loughlin, A.; Kandra, H.S Exploratory Survey of Australian SMEs: An Investigation into the Barriers and Opportunities Associated with Circular Economy Circ. Econ. Sustain. 2022 , 3 , 1275–1297 https://doi.org/10.1007/s 43615-022-00235-0. 15 Bowen, R.; Dowell, D.; Morris, W Hospitality SMEs and the circular economy: Strategies and practice post—COVID Br. Food J. 2023 , 126 , 80–97 https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2022-0932. 16 Garrido-Prada, P.; Lenihan, H.; Doran, J.; Rammer, C.; Perez-Alaniz, M. Driving the circular economy through public environmental and energy R&D: Evidence from SMEs in the European Union Ecol. Econ. 2021 , 182 , 106884 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106884. References 1 Medaglia, R.; Rukanova, B.; Zhang, Z. Digital government and the circular economy transition: An analytical framework and a research agenda Gov. Inf. Q 2024 , 41 , 101904. [ CrossRef ] 2 Meramveliotakis, G.; Manioudis, M. History, knowledge, and sustainable economic development: The contribution of john stuart mill’s grand stage theory Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 1468. [ CrossRef ] 3 Circular Material Use Rate. Eurostat. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20 231114-2 (accessed on 15 May 2024) 4 Lima, F. Empresas em Portugal–2020. 2022 5 Kannazarova, Z.; Juliev, M.; Muratov, A.; Abuduwaili, J. Groundwater in the commonwealth of independent states: A bibliometric analysis of scopus-based papers from 1972 to 2023, emphasizing the significance of drainage Groundw. Sustain. Dev 2024 , 25 , 101083. [ CrossRef ] 6 Silva, J.; Raposo, D.; Neves, J.; Silva, F.; Ribeiro, R.; Fernandes, M.E. Gamification in Communicating the Concept of Circular Economy—A Design Approach. In Advances in Ergonomics in Design ; Rebelo, F., Ed.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2021; pp. 10–17 7 Oliveira, J.C.; Lopes, J.M.; Farinha, L.; Silva, S.; Lu í zio, M. Orchestrating entrepreneurial ecosystems in circular economy: The new paradigm of sustainable competitiveness Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J 2022 , 33 , 103–123. [ CrossRef ] 8 Chaudhuri, A.; Subramanian, N.; Dora, M. Circular economy and digital capabilities of SMEs for providing value to customers: Combined resource-based view and ambidexterity perspective J. Bus. Res 2022 , 142 , 32–44. [ CrossRef ] 9 Bassi, F.; Guidolin, M. Resource efficiency and circular economy in european smes: Investigating the role of green jobs and skills Sustainability 2021 , 13 , 12136. [ CrossRef ] 10 Bassi, F.; Dias, J.G. The use of circular economy practices in SMEs across the EU Resour. Conserv. Recycl 2019 , 146 , 523–533 [ CrossRef ] 11 Rizos, V.; Behrens, A.; Van Der Gaast, W.; Hofman, E.; Ioannou, A.; Kafyeke, T.; Flamos, A.; Rinaldi, R.; Papadelis, S.; Hirschnitz- Garbers, M.; et al. Implementation of circular economy business models by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs): Barriers and enablers Sustainability 2016 , 8 , 1212. [ CrossRef ] 12 Despoudi, S.; Sivarajah, U.; Spanaki, K.; Charles, V.; Durai, V.K. Industry 4.0 and circular economy for emerging markets: Evidence from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Indian food sector Ann. Oper. Res 2023 , 23 , 1–17. [ CrossRef ] 13 Woodard, R. Waste Management in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Compliance with Duty of Care and implications for the Circular Economy J. Clean. Prod 2021 , 278 , 123770. [ CrossRef ] 14 Chakraborty, A.; Barton, A.; O’Loughlin, A.; Kandra, H.S. Exploratory Survey of Australian SMEs: An Investigation into the Barriers and Opportunities Associated with Circular Economy Circ. Econ. Sustain 2022 , 3 , 1275–1297. [ CrossRef ] 15 Bowen, R.; Dowell, D.; Morris, W. Hospitality SMEs and the circular economy: Strategies and practice post—COVID Br. Food J 2023 , 126 , 80–97. [ CrossRef ] 16 Garrido-Prada, P.; Lenihan, H.; Doran, J.; Rammer, C.; Perez-Alaniz, M. Driving the circular economy through public environmental and energy R&D: Evidence from SMEs in the European Union Ecol. Econ 2021 , 182 , 106884. [ CrossRef ] 17 Alami, S.; Desjeux, D.; Moussaoui, I. Les m é thodes Qualitatives. Presses Universitaires de France, «Que sais-je?». 2019. ISBN 9782130817154. Available online: https://www.cairn.info/les-methodes-qualitatives--9782130817154.htm (accessed on 10 June 2024). 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