Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm for Reducing System Operation Cost in...

[Full title: Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm for Reducing System Operation Cost in Engine Parts Industry with Pooling Management and Transport Optimization]

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Citation: Alkahtani, M.; Abidi, M.H.; Obaid, H.S.B.; Alotaik, O. Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm for Reducing System Operation Cost in Engine Parts Industry with Pooling Management and Transport Optimization Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su 151813815 Academic Editors: Maxim A. Dulebenets, Xianyu Zhang, Zhitao Xu, Zhihua Chen and Xinguo Ming Received: 14 June 2023 Revised: 26 August 2023 Accepted: 31 August 2023 Published: 16 September 2023 Copyright: © 2023 by the authors Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/) sustainability Article Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm for Reducing System Operation Cost in Engine Parts Industry with Pooling Management and Transport Optimization Mohammed Alkahtani * , Mustufa Haider Abidi * , Hamoud S. Bin Obaid and Osama Alotaik Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia * Correspondence: moalkahtani@ksu.edu.sa (M.A.); mabidi@ksu.edu.sa (M.H.A.) Abstract: Due to the emergence of technology, electric motors (EMs), an essential part of electric vehicles (which basically act as engines), have become a pivotal component in modern industries. Monitoring the spare parts of EMs is critical for stabilizing and managing industrial parts. Generally, the engine or motor parts are delivered to factories using packing boxes (PBs). This is mainly achieved via a pooling center that manages the operation and transportation costs. Nevertheless, this process has some drawbacks, such as a high power train, bad press, and greater energy and time consumption, resulting in performance degradation. Suppliers generally take the parts from one place and deliver them to the other, which leads to more operation and transportation costs. Instead, it requires pooling centers to act as hubs, at which every supplier collects the material. This can mitigate the cost level. Moreover, choosing the placement of pooling centers is quite a challenging task. Different methods have been implemented; however, optimal results are still required to achieve better objectives. This paper introduces a novel concept for pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts to overcome the issues in traditional solution methodologies. The primary intention of this model is to deduce the total cost of the system operation and construction. Programming techniques for transporting the PBs, as well as for locating the pooling center, are determined with the aid of an objective function as a cost function. The location of the pooling center’s cost is optimized, and a Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm (MGOA) is proposed. Using this method, the proposed model is validated over various matrices, and the results demonstrate its better efficiency rate Keywords: engine parts; pooling management and transportation optimization; vehicle routing; operation cost; modified gannet optimization algorithm 1. Introduction Due to the evolutionary growth of the modern industrial world, electric motors (EMs) are used extensively, acting as fans, compressors, pumps, mechanical arms, machine tools, and other devices. With the attainment of renewable energy, EMs play a pivotal role in the domain of electric vehicles as well as in wind power generation. In an industrial environment, EMs work under various criteria and different conditions as well [ 1 , 2 ]. Nevertheless, machines suffer from emergency faults or errors, which result in malfunctioning of the whole machine and, thus, economic loss [ 3 ]. Moreover, the maintenance and operative costs increase due to the wide range of applications in EMs [ 4 ]. These issues affect the machine’s life during the manufacturing process. Thus, to overcome these defects, a reliable system is developed to maintain the mechatronic system’s economic and operative cost [ 5 ]. Motor Engine Factories (MEFs) are the suppliers and the transport parts are used for manufacturing purposes [ 6 ]. Consequently, many parts are transferred to the manufacturing warehouse via one-time carton-box packing. Contemporary advancements in technology and manufacturing methods, such as additive manufacturing, require changes in the supply chain and logistics management [ 7 , 8 ]. Due to such products’ logistic nature, Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815. https://doi.org/10.3390/su 151813815 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 2 of 21 maintenance is critical and results in greater PB operational costs [ 9 ]. Hence, it is necessary to locate PB’s pooling centers and management in such scenarios, and this requires a strong transportation and distribution system [ 10 ]. Many studies explored engine and automobile parts, but they only covered the transportation and allocation of reusable containers. These were then examined using the pooling functionalities of the routing process [ 11 ]. Earlier methods have concentrated on location, vendor managing services, vehicle routing, and algorithm optimization [ 12 ]. High combustion methods can meet the prerequisites, but they have a negative impact, mainly harmful emissions of pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHG) [ 13 ]. After-treatment systems (ATS) have recently become the most complex issue in pooling management and transportation systems. The system’s efficiency is affected due to the complexity of the low system control [ 14 ]. The emission level cannot be predicted or determined by varying the engine characteristics. Therefore, the cost and size have become increasingly prominent concerns, and the engine struggles to perform as a result [ 15 ]. In the past half-decade, machine learning-based methods have found applications in various fields, and they have been immensely involved in the pooling management of products [ 16 – 19 ]. The prime challenge of this method is estimating the optimal parameters that are labeled for training purposes. Also, evaluating the accuracy level is another concern, as higher accuracy will make the system more robust. It is also cumbersome to tackle the smaller as well as larger databases. Hence, such constraints are evaded by tuning the parameters in the classifier network using well-developed heuristic algorithms [ 20 ]. The hybrid structure of EMs makes it hard to implement or utilize them in such applications. However, there have been many successes with mild-hybridized vehicles providing certain advances with less incorporation of pooling management. Some scholars have used fuzzy techniques to apply the model in decision-making, where it inspires less linguistic cost and a higher-quality service [ 21 ]. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed to facilitate processes such as routing, location, and enhancement [ 22 ]. In [ 23 ], the researchers promote the latest vehicle classification and detection system for smart traffic monitoring with the support of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to fragment aerial imagery. Another study presents an enhanced strategy for a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network structure and cost analysis [ 24 ]. In particular, a new Hybridized-QKD-Network- Cost (HQNC) heuristic algorithm is implemented to resolve the cost optimization issue A particular Supply Chain Network Design (SCND) called the two-stage supply chain network has been analyzed by researchers [ 25 ]. It has been resolved by using an effective GA, and it is also utilized to reduce the optimization issue. In the analysis, pooling management can be difficult when considering the PBs and transportation of full and empty boxes. Thus, based on the pooling centers, the boxes are dispatched. To alleviate such issues, this paper suggests a new approach to pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts The objectives of this research paper as a solution to motor engine parts are pointed out below X To design an optimized approach for pooling management and transport optimization of the engine parts using a modified optimization algorithm that helps to locate the pooling centers effectively, allowing the suppliers to supply the products at the right time X To frame the novel modified gannet optimization algorithm (MGOA), which is inherited from the conventional gannet optimization algorithm (GOA), in which the gannets are assumed as the population to deliver the optimum results. This algorithm is developed by deriving a new formulation for delta parameters to obtain higher results in terms of parameters X To derive the objective function with the help of estimated optimized parameters, which are mainly used to reduce the transportation cost.

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 3 of 21 X To analyze the system’s efficiency using a cost function; to achieve this, it is compared with divergent algorithms. It also provides a performance evaluation of cost, time, and shortest path in the proposed work The upcoming steps of the work are given as follows. The literature works on the existing methodology of pooling management, and its problem description is stated in Module 2. Module 3 discusses the issue of locating the pooling centers. The enhanced MGOA is illustrated with a pseudo-code and flow chart in Module 4. Module 5 elucidates the model structure and objective function of the proposed work. Module 6 explains the simulation outcome and analysis of the model. Finally, the conclusions derived from the research, limitations, and future research directions are presented in Module 7 2. Literature Review This section presents the contemporary research on transport pooling management and optimization techniques 2.1. Review of Existing References 2.1.1. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization-Based Approaches Wang et al. [ 26 ] have presented a novel system of logistic objectives with which to manage the PBs in the pooling center, including loading of the empty and full PBs. The programming system has been deployed to locate and transport the PBs, where they reduced the costs of transportation and logistics. Hence, the performance was evaluated and measured based on such parameters to illustrate the efficiency of managing the pooling centers Trzynadlowski et al. [ 27 ] have explored the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) methodology for alternating current (AC) drivers to manage the modulation techniques, which were then characterized by a small pool of frequency. The smaller dimension of the pool helped to drive the subsystem with a sampling interval. Then, the efficacy was examined based on the optimal chosen pool frequency. On the contrary, the novel method has achieved a higher performance 2.1.2. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization-Based Approaches Using Deep Structured Architectures Chen et al. [ 28 ] have implemented a deep learning approach to detect the faults in EMs based on different scenarios. It has been processed in two phases to extract the EM-related features; thus, the 2 D convolution network was employed. Similarly, the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) retrieved the fault features. Secondly, Capsule Network (Caps-Net) has been deployed as a routing algorithm for forecasting faults, enhancing the generalization ability. The experimental outcome has illustrated that it has achieved superior performance in terms of accuracy using public data corpora. Based on the accuracy level, the type and size of EM have been altered efficiently Senras et al. [ 29 ] have computed the necessary automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) number for each AGV. Here, mathematical-solution-aided mixed-integer programming was implemented to determine an accurate solution. The effectiveness of the network constraint change on the AGV number was examined using Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), the Response Surface Method (RSM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) techniques. Thus, the outcomes have shown that the offered approach effectively predicts the cause of changes in system variables 2.1.3. Operation Cost in the Engine Parts Industry with Pooling Management and Transport Optimization Approaches Mohan and Badra [ 30 ] introduced a machine-learning model aimed at improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines. Their enhanced approach incorporates the Super Learner, a method that leverages stacked learners, optimization techniques, and active learning. To optimize the model, they employed an elitist-based genetic algorithm (GA) to fine-tune the parameters for maximum performance. The dataset used in their study

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 4 of 21 had nine features representing engine control constraints and five attributes indicating performance metrics. The cost function was transformed into a single objective aimed at enhancing model performance. To assess their model’s performance, simulations were conducted and evaluated using a merit value. A higher merit value was indicative of optimal values, contributing to improved pooling management Garc í a et al. [ 31 ] have framed the adaptive Rule-Based Control (RBC) and Equivalent Minimization Control Strategy (ECMS), which acted as an online controller, to optimize the dimension of the power train. They investigated various factors, including the power split device gear ratio, maximum power in electric machines, control parameters, and battery energy content. To develop the optimization function, they took into account both fuel consumption and emissions. As a result, their model yielded improved performance outcomes. Additionally, it demonstrated a reduction in both operation and maintenance costs, further emphasizing its effectiveness Zhang et al. [ 32 ] introduced an augmented reality (AR)-based model designed for aero-engine blade code recognition. This method significantly improves the automated recognition of blades during storage and selection processes. Initially, Optical Character Recognition (OCR) was used to capture and retrieve character features. Subsequently, the Bayes error model was employed to fuse the noise channel and achieve the desired value. In the final stage, the AR model computed and analyzed the performance. The proposed method has provided promising results in pool management and PBs transportation Moghaddam et al. [ 33 ] have developed a novel multi-level-based application framework with virtual cluster policies. The framework also incorporates mapping features that are integrated with the cluster and match-maker engine to mitigate the impact of insignificant features. This resulted in a model that has not only yielded better results but has also implemented them in a range of applications, including policy definition and mapping procedures 2.1.4. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization-Based Approaches Using Heuristic Algorithms Yun et al. [ 34 ] have demonstrated the Multiple Population Genetic Algorithm (MPGA) and Design of Experiment (DOE) for AVL-FIRE application. At the initial stage, the injection and ignition timing were considered for the hydrogen engines, which were also used to experiment with the optimal intervals. Further, the regression function has been employed to indicate hydrogen engines’ power and thermal emission. Finally, the optimum objective has been rectified using the MPGA approach. Unlike the existing GA, the proposed algorithm increased the convergence speed and maximized the convergence accuracy. Hence, the injection timing increased from 0.6 to 1.1%, and the ignition timing reduced from 29.1 to 17.8%, respectively Thiruvel et al. [ 35 ] have developed an active power rescheduling of generators that used the Firefly Algorithm (FFA). It was utilized to investigate the congestion. Thus, the evaluation of the designed approach proved that it has improved the network’s performance 2.2. Problem Identification The existing literature on pooling management and transport optimization in the engine parts industry has explored various methods and approaches. Still, there is a notable research gap concerning the application of advanced optimization algorithms to address the limitations of current approaches. Specifically, there needs to be more research on utilizing the MGOA to determine optimal pooling center locations and optimize the transportation of packing boxes (PBs) to reduce system operation costs effectively. This research gap presents an opportunity to investigate the potential benefits and efficiency of MGOA compared to traditional solution methodologies, providing valuable insights for enhancing industrial spare parts management and cost optimization processes Some of the features and challenges in conventional pooling management and transport optimization over engine parts are listed in Table 1 . The logistics system technique

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 5 of 21 can minimize the transport cost and the packaging for the motor engine factories [ 26 ]. It has also helped construct the green logistics model. However, there needs to be more environmental protection. The space vector PWM technique has provided the most relevant numerical values for determining spectral quality [ 27 ]. It is regarded as the easiest method to compute and maximize. There needs to be a pool of switching frequencies that degrade the model’s performance. Deep-learning-based multi-fault detection methodology can retain the most significant features of electric motors and enhance the accuracy level [ 28 ]. An experimental motor platform needs to be constructed in this model. This model’s automated machine learning-based optimization framework computational training time is better when assimilated over other models [ 30 ]. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to that of a global optimum. The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process. The ensemble model has shown a better accuracy rate and usefulness in improving the performance of the given model [ 31 ]. It is also used to minimize the generalization error. It is too expensive in terms of both space and time. The AR model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate [ 32 ]. However, this model has expensive complications during its implementation process. As for the policy definition framework described by [ 33 ], it is worth noting that the model has neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model. The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model. The MPGA method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions. It is considered to be the most straightforward process for implementation [ 34 ]. However, this model requires more processing time, which affects the entire performance. All these issues help to motivate the search for effective methods to manage the engine parts Table 1. Superiorities and downsides of conventional pooling management and transport optimization over engine parts Author [Citation] Framework Superiorities Downsides Wang et al. [ 26 ] Logistics system This technique can minimize the transport cost and the packaging for the motor engine factories. It has also helped construct the green logistics model There is a lack of environmental protection Trzynadlowski et al. [ 27 ] PWM technique This technique has provided the most relevant numerical values for determining spectral quality. It is regarded as the easiest method to compute and maximize There is a lack of a pool of switching frequencies that degrades the performance of the model Chenet al. [ 28 ] Deep learning This methodology can potentially to retain the most significant features of electric motors and enhance the accuracy level An experimental motor platform needs to be constructed as part of this model Mohan and Badra [ 30 ] Automated machine learning The computational training time of this model is better when assimilated over other models. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to a global optimum The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process Garc í a et al. [ 31 ] Ensemble This model has shown a better accuracy rate and helps improve the performance of the given model. It is also used to minimize the generalization error This model is too expensive in terms of both space and time.

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 6 of 21 Table 1. Cont Author [Citation] Framework Superiorities Downsides Zhang et al. [ 32 ] AR This model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate This model has expensive complications during its implementation process Moghaddam et al. [ 33 ] Policy definition framework During the process, this model neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model Yunet al. [ 34 ] MPGA This method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions This method is considered the most straightforward process for implementation This model requires more processing time which affects the entire performance 3. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization for Mechanical Engines Parts This section explains the problem of pooling management and transportation of mechanical engine parts 3.1. Problem of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The pooling management and transport optimization monitor the mechanical engine parts. The MEFs are the fundamental purchasing parts that need to be supplied and transported to the factories. Conversely, the multiple parts are to be delivered or supplied from or to the factory warehouse; therefore, the parts are packed in carton boxes, termed PBs. This process is also named as a logistic system, which transfers the engine parts from one place to another. However, it possesses specific challenges that affect the managing system. The downside criterion is a low ratio of truck loading, high packing cost, and operation cost. Additionally, the occurrence of complex routes makes the management and transportation system complex. The challenging issues of pooling management and transportation are listed below Sustainability 2023 , 15 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22 Mohan and Badra [30] Automated machine learning The computational training time of this model is better when assimilated over other models. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to a global optimum. The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process. García et al. [31] Ensemble This model has shown a better accuracy rate and helps improve the performance of the given model. It is also used to minimize the generalization error. This model is too expensive in terms of both space and time. Zhang et al. [32] AR This model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate. This model has expensive complications during its implementation process. Moghaddam et al. [33] Policy definition framework During the process, this model neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model. The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model. Yunet al. [34] MPGA This method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions. This method is considered the most straightforward process for implementation. This model requires more processing time which affects the entire performance. 3. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization for Mechanical Engines Parts This section explains the problem of pooling management and transportation of mechanical engine parts. 3.1. Problem of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The pooling management and transport optimization monitor the mechanical engine parts. The MEFs are the fundamental purchasing parts that need to be supplied and transported to the factories. Conversely, the multiple parts are to be delivered or supplied from or to the factory warehouse; therefore, the parts are packed in carton boxes, termed PBs. This process is also named as a logistic system, which transfers the engine parts from one place to another. However, it possesses specific challenges that affect the managing system. The downside criterion is a low ratio of truck loading, high packing cost, and operation cost. Additionally, the occurrence of complex routes makes the management and transportation system complex. The challenging issues of pooling management and transportation are listed below.  Suppliers are grappling with inbound logistics issues related to the procurement of PBs and their delivery. Maintaining cost efficiency in this process has proven to be a significant challenge.  Trucks involved in the delivery process also encounter challenges such as a lower loading ratio and the need to navigate complex routes when transporting PBs, including machinery parts.  It is also critical to handle the disposable, empty, and loaded PBs.  In some systems, locating the pooling centers to manage the reusable boxes and transportation system is complex. Considering the abovementioned problems, a new method of pooling management and transport optimization is proposed. The prime aim of this model is to reduce the cost of operation. Determining the objective function for providing the best results of Suppliers are grappling with inbound logistics issues related to the procurement of PBs and their delivery. Maintaining cost efficiency in this process has proven to be a significant challenge Sustainability 2023 , 15 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22 Mohan and Badra [30] Automated machine learning The computational training time of this model is better when assimilated over other models. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to a global optimum. The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process. García et al. [31] Ensemble This model has shown a better accuracy rate and helps improve the performance of the given model. It is also used to minimize the generalization error. This model is too expensive in terms of both space and time. Zhang et al. [32] AR This model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate. This model has expensive complications during its implementation process. Moghaddam et al. [33] Policy definition framework During the process, this model neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model. The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model. Yunet al. [34] MPGA This method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions. This method is considered the most straightforward process for implementation. This model requires more processing time which affects the entire performance. 3. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization for Mechanical Engines Parts This section explains the problem of pooling management and transportation of mechanical engine parts. 3.1. Problem of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The pooling management and transport optimization monitor the mechanical engine parts. The MEFs are the fundamental purchasing parts that need to be supplied and transported to the factories. Conversely, the multiple parts are to be delivered or supplied from or to the factory warehouse; therefore, the parts are packed in carton boxes, termed PBs. This process is also named as a logistic system, which transfers the engine parts from one place to another. However, it possesses specific challenges that affect the managing system. The downside criterion is a low ratio of truck loading, high packing cost, and operation cost. Additionally, the occurrence of complex routes makes the management and transportation system complex. The challenging issues of pooling management and transportation are listed below.  Suppliers are grappling with inbound logistics issues related to the procurement of PBs and their delivery. Maintaining cost efficiency in this process has proven to be a significant challenge.  Trucks involved in the delivery process also encounter challenges such as a lower loading ratio and the need to navigate complex routes when transporting PBs, including machinery parts.  It is also critical to handle the disposable, empty, and loaded PBs.  In some systems, locating the pooling centers to manage the reusable boxes and transportation system is complex. Considering the abovementioned problems, a new method of pooling management and transport optimization is proposed. The prime aim of this model is to reduce the cost of operation. Determining the objective function for providing the best results of Trucks involved in the delivery process also encounter challenges such as a lower loading ratio and the need to navigate complex routes when transporting PBs, including machinery parts Sustainability 2023 , 15 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22 Mohan and Badra [30] Automated machine learning The computational training time of this model is better when assimilated over other models. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to a global optimum. The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process. García et al. [31] Ensemble This model has shown a better accuracy rate and helps improve the performance of the given model. It is also used to minimize the generalization error. This model is too expensive in terms of both space and time. Zhang et al. [32] AR This model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate. This model has expensive complications during its implementation process. Moghaddam et al. [33] Policy definition framework During the process, this model neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model. The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model. Yunet al. [34] MPGA This method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions. This method is considered the most straightforward process for implementation. This model requires more processing time which affects the entire performance. 3. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization for Mechanical Engines Parts This section explains the problem of pooling management and transportation of mechanical engine parts. 3.1. Problem of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The pooling management and transport optimization monitor the mechanical engine parts. The MEFs are the fundamental purchasing parts that need to be supplied and transported to the factories. Conversely, the multiple parts are to be delivered or supplied from or to the factory warehouse; therefore, the parts are packed in carton boxes, termed PBs. This process is also named as a logistic system, which transfers the engine parts from one place to another. However, it possesses specific challenges that affect the managing system. The downside criterion is a low ratio of truck loading, high packing cost, and operation cost. Additionally, the occurrence of complex routes makes the management and transportation system complex. The challenging issues of pooling management and transportation are listed below.  Suppliers are grappling with inbound logistics issues related to the procurement of PBs and their delivery. Maintaining cost efficiency in this process has proven to be a significant challenge.  Trucks involved in the delivery process also encounter challenges such as a lower loading ratio and the need to navigate complex routes when transporting PBs, including machinery parts.  It is also critical to handle the disposable, empty, and loaded PBs.  In some systems, locating the pooling centers to manage the reusable boxes and transportation system is complex. Considering the abovementioned problems, a new method of pooling management and transport optimization is proposed. The prime aim of this model is to reduce the cost of operation. Determining the objective function for providing the best results of It is also critical to handle the disposable, empty, and loaded PBs Sustainability 2023 , 15 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 22 Mohan and Badra [30] Automated machine learning The computational training time of this model is better when assimilated over other models. It has also been utilized to optimize the merit values closer to a global optimum. The dataset used in this model is randomly sampled, which may affect the process. García et al. [31] Ensemble This model has shown a better accuracy rate and helps improve the performance of the given model. It is also used to minimize the generalization error. This model is too expensive in terms of both space and time. Zhang et al. [32] AR This model has minimized the cost of fuel, and it also can make the model more intricate. This model has expensive complications during its implementation process. Moghaddam et al. [33] Policy definition framework During the process, this model neglected the unwanted mapping process. It is utilized to prove the reliability and efficiency of the given model. The multi-level policy application for managing the virtual clustering process is limited in this model. Yunet al. [34] MPGA This method has the potential to optimize the continuous as well as discrete functions. This method is considered the most straightforward process for implementation. This model requires more processing time which affects the entire performance. 3. Pooling Management and Transport Optimization for Mechanical Engines Parts This section explains the problem of pooling management and transportation of mechanical engine parts. 3.1. Problem of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The pooling management and transport optimization monitor the mechanical engine parts. The MEFs are the fundamental purchasing parts that need to be supplied and transported to the factories. Conversely, the multiple parts are to be delivered or supplied from or to the factory warehouse; therefore, the parts are packed in carton boxes, termed PBs. This process is also named as a logistic system, which transfers the engine parts from one place to another. However, it possesses specific challenges that affect the managing system. The downside criterion is a low ratio of truck loading, high packing cost, and operation cost. Additionally, the occurrence of complex routes makes the management and transportation system complex. The challenging issues of pooling management and transportation are listed below.  Suppliers are grappling with inbound logistics issues related to the procurement of PBs and their delivery. Maintaining cost efficiency in this process has proven to be a significant challenge.  Trucks involved in the delivery process also encounter challenges such as a lower loading ratio and the need to navigate complex routes when transporting PBs, including machinery parts.  It is also critical to handle the disposable, empty, and loaded PBs.  In some systems, locating the pooling centers to manage the reusable boxes and transportation system is complex. Considering the abovementioned problems, a new method of pooling management and transport optimization is proposed. The prime aim of this model is to reduce the cost of operation. Determining the objective function for providing the best results of In some systems, locating the pooling centers to manage the reusable boxes and transportation system is complex Considering the abovementioned problems, a new method of pooling management and transport optimization is proposed. The prime aim of this model is to reduce the cost of operation. Determining the objective function for providing the best results of transporting the PBs and locating the pooling centers is also helpful [ 36 , 37 ]. A novel metaheuristic algorithm termed MGOA is proposed to achieve this. Finally, the validation of the system is performed via cost function analysis, which exhibits better performance than the conventional methodologies 3.2. Problem Description Various issues have arisen in recent years when developing or expanding pool management and transportation. Figure 1 shows the logistic systems that deliver engine parts and pooling management.

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 7 of 21 Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 7 of 22 heuristic algorithm termed MGOA is proposed to achieve this Finally, the validation of the system is performed via cost function analysis, which exhibits better performance than the conventional methodologies 3.2. Problem Description Various issues have arisen in recent years when developing or expanding pool management and transportation Figure 1 shows the logistic systems that deliver engine parts and pooling management Figure 1. Inbound logistics flow of engine parts without pooling centers Figure 1 represents the MEF and its hexagon parts as their suppliers The dotted line signifies the orders’ information, whereas the single line seems to be the paths where transport takes place [1] Owing to the logistics process, it has the potential to manage the routing of transferring the parts from one place to another However, it poses specific challenging issues that are pointed out below  While supplying a vast number of parts at certain times, the trucks also come to the gate for queuing to unload the materials This leads to higher shipping costs and traffic congestion  Due to the above reasons, the truck ʹ s loading ratio becomes low, leading to reduced demand  The lesser demand transports the materials to the Third Logistic Party (TLP), which results in extra charges being applied to a Full Truck Load (FTL) Similarly, Figure 2 illustrates the process of the inbound logistics system, which comprises pooling centers, PBs, and delivery Supplier Engine factory Order information Transport path Figure 1. Inbound logistics flow of engine parts without pooling centers Figure 1 represents the MEF and its hexagon parts as their suppliers. The dotted line signifies the orders’ information, whereas the single line seems to be the paths where transport takes place [ 1 ]. Owing to the logistics process, it has the potential to manage the routing of transferring the parts from one place to another. However, it poses specific challenging issues that are pointed out below • While supplying a vast number of parts at certain times, the trucks also come to the gate for queuing to unload the materials. This leads to higher shipping costs and traffic congestion • Due to the above reasons, the truck’s loading ratio becomes low, leading to reduced demand • The lesser demand transports the materials to the Third Logistic Party (TLP), which results in extra charges being applied to a Full Truck Load (FTL) Similarly, Figure 2 illustrates the process of the inbound logistics system, which comprises pooling centers, PBs, and delivery In general, pooling centers are used for storing and emptying the PBs. Further, the truck could carry the empty PBs to receive suppliers’ orders. For every supplier, empty PBs are required for the engine parts; thus, the truck provides the empty PBs and carries the loaded boxes. After delivering the boxes, the pooling center is responsible for managing and cleaning the returned PBs. It also faces the following issues: • Pooling center location • The transport of the empty and loaded PBs becomes challenging in truck-servingrelated pooling centers • Maximum operation and transportation costs.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Ideas]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 8 of 21 Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 8 of 22 Figure 2. Inbound logistics flow of engine parts with pooling centers In general, pooling centers are used for storing and emptying the PBs Further, the truck could carry the empty PBs to receive suppliers ʹ orders For every supplier, empty PBs are required for the engine parts; thus, the truck provides the empty PBs and carries the loaded boxes After delivering the boxes, the pooling center is responsible for managing and cleaning the returned PBs It also faces the following issues:  Pooling center location  The transport of the empty and loaded PBs becomes challenging in truck ‐ serving ‐ related pooling centers  Maximum operation and transportation costs Because of all these challenging issues, a new intelligent model is developed to manage the pooling and transportation of PBs 3.3. Proposed Methodology The primary aim of this research work is to reduce the total cost of the system operation and construction and accurately position the pooling centers Thus, it promotes the latest ideas for pooling management and transport optimization of the engine parts to resolve the critical issues presented by the existing approaches Initially, the author introduced an MGOA with the fusion of the GOA algorithm Here, the pooling centers are located with the support of the multi ‐ objective function [38,39] The pooling center is determined using the objective function As a result, the system operation and construction costs are reduced with the aid of the MGOA algorithm and objective function Finally, the simulation results have been conducted to find the shortest path and cost and time reduction Figure 3 illustrates the process of the inbound logistics system, with optimization process Supplier Engine factory Order information Transport path Pooling centers Figure 2. Inbound logistics flow of engine parts with pooling centers Because of all these challenging issues, a new intelligent model is developed to manage the pooling and transportation of PBs 3.3. Proposed Methodology The primary aim of this research work is to reduce the total cost of the system operation and construction and accurately position the pooling centers. Thus, it promotes the latest ideas for pooling management and transport optimization of the engine parts to resolve the critical issues presented by the existing approaches. Initially, the author introduced an MGOA with the fusion of the GOA algorithm. Here, the pooling centers are located with the support of the multi-objective function [ 38 , 39 ]. The pooling center is determined using the objective function. As a result, the system operation and construction costs are reduced with the aid of the MGOA algorithm and objective function. Finally, the simulation results have been conducted to find the shortest path and cost and time reduction. Figure 3 illustrates the process of the inbound logistics system, with optimization process.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Mode, Step, Natural, Fish, Four, Bird, Lakes, Eyes, Dive, Sharp, Lies, Centre, Fat, Evolution, Kind]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 9 of 21 Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 9 of 22 Figure 3. Schematic presentation of the proposed method for pooling management and transport optimization 4. A Novel Optimization Algorithm for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization This section explains the proposed solution methodology step by step First, the existing GOA is explained, and then its modified version, which is developed and presented in this research work to optimize the pooling and transportation, is discussed in detail 4.1. Gannet Optimization Algorithm The GOA is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the natural process of evolution Mainly, it is motivated by the natural predating characteristics of gannets (one kind of bird) [40] It mimics the principles of genetic inheritance and survival of the fittest to iteratively evolve a population of solutions towards optimal or near ‐ optimal solutions Naturally, the optimization algorithm possesses two stages: exploration and exploitation Here, the mechanism is accomplished in four phases: V ‐ shaped dive mode, random wandering, U ‐ shaped dive mode, and sudden rotation The mathematical model of GOA is as follows Natural habits of gannet: The gannet looks fat, stubby, and with a slender neck It lives in lakes or seashores and feeds on fish Since it possesses sharp eyes, it can determine the whereabouts of prey even in flying conditions The following stages will help us to obtain the best solution Stage 1—Initialization: A population of potential solutions, referred to as individuals, is randomly generated Each individual represents a possible solution to the optimization problem Here, the gannets are assumed to be the initial population, and it is randomly initialized with boundary values as shown in Equation (1) {?} , {?} {?}{?}{?} {?}{?}{?} {?}{?}{?} (1) Supplier Engine factory Order information Transport path Pooling centers Optimized the location of the pooling centre’s MGOA algorithm Minimization of total cost of the system operation and construction Figure 3. Schematic presentation of the proposed method for pooling management and transport optimization 4. A Novel Optimization Algorithm for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization This section explains the proposed solution methodology step by step. First, the existing GOA is explained, and then its modified version, which is developed and presented in this research work to optimize the pooling and transportation, is discussed in detail 4.1. Gannet Optimization Algorithm The GOA is a metaheuristic optimization technique inspired by the natural process of evolution. Mainly, it is motivated by the natural predating characteristics of gannets (one kind of bird) [ 40 ]. It mimics the principles of genetic inheritance and survival of the fittest to iteratively evolve a population of solutions towards optimal or near-optimal solutions. Naturally, the optimization algorithm possesses two stages: exploration and exploitation. Here, the mechanism is accomplished in four phases: V-shaped dive mode, random wandering, U-shaped dive mode, and sudden rotation. The mathematical model of GOA is as follows Natural habits of gannet: The gannet looks fat, stubby, and with a slender neck. It lives in lakes or seashores and feeds on fish. Since it possesses sharp eyes, it can determine the whereabouts of prey even in flying conditions. The following stages will help us to obtain the best solution Stage 1—Initialization: A population of potential solutions, referred to as individuals, is randomly generated. Each individual represents a possible solution to the optimization problem. Here, the gannets are assumed to be the initial population, and it is randomly initialized with boundary values as shown in Equation (1) n p , q = d 1 × upB q − lwB q + lwB (1) Here, the position of the p th search agent of the q th dimension is marked by n p,q . Then, the upper and lower boundary are denoted as upB and lwB , respectively. Finally, the random value lies between 0 and 1, as shown in d 1 In this process, the term YT specifies the memory matrix. Over the iteration, the position of gannets is changed, which is to be reflected in the memory matrix. Based on the fitness measurement, the matrix value is altered Stage 2—Exploration: During this process, the gannets search for prey on the water’s surface. After finding the prey, they can adjust their dive patterns based on the depth of

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Rush, Fixed, Constant, Cos, Lie]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 10 of 21 the water. Naturally, there are two types of dives: U-shaped and V-shaped, as expressed in Equations (2) and (3) u = 2 ∗ cos ( 2 ∗ π ∗ rd 2 ) ∗ n (2) v = 2 ∗ X ( 2 ∗ π ∗ rd 3 ) ∗ n (3) where, n = 1 − nc nm (4) In Equation (4), the terms nc and nm annotate the current iteration and maximum iteration count. Further, the random values lie between 0 and 1, as mentioned in rd 2 and rd 3 , respectively. With the help of these two dive criteria, the new position is updated and derived via Equation (5) G j ( n + 1 ) = G j ( n ) + a 1 + a 2, p ≥ 0.5 G j ( n ) + b 1 + b 2, p < 0.5 (5) Here, a 2 = U ∗ G j ( n ) − G d ( n ) , and b 2 = V ∗ G j ( n ) − G a ( n ) (6) Terms U and V in Equation (6) are shown in the equation below as Equation (7) U = ( 2 ∗ rd 4 − 1 ) ∗ u , V = ( 2 ∗ rd 5 − 1 ) ∗ v (7) In the above equation, the variables rd 4 and rd 5 are the random values between 0 and 1. The current search agent is identified by G j ( n ) , a random selection of population is signified by G d ( n ) , and the average position is marked by G a ( n ) , correspondingly. Here, the average position is computed using Equation (8) G a ( n ) = 1 M M ∑ j = 1 G j ( n ) (8) Stage 3—Exploitation: After the search agents rush into the water’s surface, catching the prey requires even more energy. Hence, the gannets can exhibit tremendous energy when the fish tries to escape from the surface. The gannet has sufficient capacity for capturing when it has adequate energy. The new position is obtained by Equation (9) depending on the capturing strategy G j ( n + 1 ) = n ∗ δ ∗ G j ( n ) − G bt ( n ) + G j ( n ) , Cp ≥ t G bt ( n ) − G j ( n ) − G bt ( n ) ∗ Q ∗ n , Cp < t (9) Here, the constant parameter is signified by t , which is fixed as 0.2. In the above equation, the term Cp is calculated according to the following equations Cp = 1 P ∗ n 2 (10) n 2 = 1 + nc nm (11) P = ma ∗ vy 2 l (12) l = 0.2 + ( 2 − 0.2 ) ∗ rd 6 (13)

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Start, Local, Set, Mass, Else, Good, End]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 11 of 21 Here, the random value contains the range from 0 to 1, as mentioned in rd 6 . Then, the mass and velocity of the gannet are noted as ma and vy , which are set to be 2.5 Kg and 1.5 m/s. Also, the term δ is assessed using Equation (14) δ = Cp ∗ G j ( n ) − G bt ( n ) (14) Q = Lvy ( D ) (15) Finally, the best value is obtained, and the pseudo-code of conventional GOA is given in Algorithm 1 Algorithm 1: GOA Consider the input search agents and total iteration Calculate memory matrix Determine the fitness value Start the while condition For every value in the memory matrix If p ≥ 0.5 Upgrade the position of the gannet by Equation (5) Else Upgrade the position of the gannet by Equation (5) End if If t ≥ 0.2 Revise the gannet position via Equation (9) Else Revise the gannet position via Equation (9) Stop while condition Returns the optimum value 4.2. Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm This research extends and modifies the GOA methodology to address the specific challenges of placing pooling centers and optimizing transportation in the engine parts industry. The modifications include incorporating additional parameters, adjusting the selection process, and refining the genetic operations to suit our problem’s characteristics better. By providing a detailed explanation of the GOA methodology, we aim to enhance readers’ understanding of the underlying optimization approach that forms the basis of our proposed Modified Gannet Optimization Algorithm (MGOA). The newly developed MGOA is employed to find the optimum value that enhances the performance. The MGOA is inherited by the conventional GOA method by formulating a new equation. The GOA exhibits specific critical points such as a higher convergence rate, resolves the local optima issue, and has good processing capability. Yet, it needs to be improved, as using a more significant number of parameters tends to create more complexity when providing the solution. Hence, it suffers from the parameter setting and its adaptation, which are mainly affected by deriving the delta parameter as expressed in Equation (9). To overcome such issues, Equation (9) is replaced by the new formulation, as shown in Equation (16). This is to be accomplished by proposing the new algorithm as MGOA. Therefore, the new mathematical expression in MGOA is as shown from Equation (16) to Equation (19) δ = β γ (16) γ = β α (17)

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Links, Link, Node]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 12 of 21 In the above equation, the terms α and β are estimated as follows α = M 100 (18) β = M 20 (19) The term M annotates the total number of populations that are considered. Hence, the new delta value is used in Equation (9) to obtain the best results. The pseudo-code of the suggested MGOA is illustrated in Algorithm 2 Algorithm 2: Modified GOA Consider the input search agents and total iteration Calculate memory matrix Determine the fitness value Start the while condition For every value in the memory matrix If p ≥ 0.5 Upgrade the position of the gannet by Equation (5) Else Upgrade the position of the gannet by Equation (5) End if If t ≥ 0.2 The term δ is newly formulated using Equations (16)–(19) Revise the gannet position via Equation (9) Else Revise the gannet position via Equation (9) Stop while condition Returns the optimum value The flow chart representation of the suggested MGOA is illustrated in Figure 4 . Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 13 of 22 Figure 4. Flow diagram depiction of suggested MGOA 5. Model Structure and Objective Function for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization This section discusses the mathematical formulation of the pooling and transport optimization problem 5.1. Definition of Variables with Decision Variables To structure the model, the distinct variables are defined to manage the transportation and locate the pooling centers [26] With the help of these variables, pooling management is implemented effectively Let us consider the number of suppliers as {?} , where {?}, {?} ∈ {?} Then, the total pooling centers are taken as {?} , and the feasible circles are identified by {?} Further, the set of nodes and MEFs are marked by {?} and {?} , respectively The trucks are mainly used to carry the engine parts from one place to another; this is identified by {?} , and the links are helped to represent the route where suppliers can supply the materials Hence, the link is signified by {?}{?} Subsequently, the transport demand from node {?} to node {?} is marked by {?} The set of links is represented by {?} While managing all the supplying and pooling systems, the cost function is an essential consideration when determining the amount of consumption, and it is represented by {?} The prime objective of this proposed model is reducing the cost of pooling management and transportation Hence, the construction and management costs of the pooling center are denoted by {?}{?} and {?}{?} , correspondingly Consequently, Figure 4. Flow diagram depiction of suggested MGOA.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Iron, Circle, Present, Comes]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 13 of 21 5. Model Structure and Objective Function for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization This section discusses the mathematical formulation of the pooling and transport optimization problem 5.1. Definition of Variables with Decision Variables To structure the model, the distinct variables are defined to manage the transportation and locate the pooling centers [ 26 ]. With the help of these variables, pooling management is implemented effectively. Let us consider the number of suppliers as S , where x , y ∈ S Then, the total pooling centers are taken as P , and the feasible circles are identified by L Further, the set of nodes and MEFs are marked by A and B , respectively. The trucks are mainly used to carry the engine parts from one place to another; this is identified by T , and the links are helped to represent the route where suppliers can supply the materials. Hence, the link is signified by Li . Subsequently, the transport demand from node r to node s is marked by t rs . The set of links is represented by K . While managing all the supplying and pooling systems, the cost function is an essential consideration when determining the amount of consumption, and it is represented by p rs . The prime objective of this proposed model is reducing the cost of pooling management and transportation. Hence, the construction and management costs of the pooling center are denoted by Cc and Mc , correspondingly. Consequently, the additional coefficient for construction cost is mentioned as β Cc , whereas the additional coefficient for management cost is indicated by β Mc As stated in Figures 1 and 2 , the link is used to exhibit the process of supplying the engine parts. Thus, if the link is marked by ( i , j ) which is present in the circle l that passes through node r to s , it is illustrated as λ rs ijl = 1; otherwise, it becomes 0. Simultaneously, if l is involved, then ∂ rs l = 1, otherwise, it is 0. The capacity of each truck is annotated as Y t The transportation cost is requisite while supplying the material or parts to another place On noticing that, the transportation cost of empty as well as loaded PB is identified by Y e t and Y l t , respectively. Finally, the distance of the link is noticed by di ij and the pairs of origin and destination are denoted as U Decision variables: The variables presented below are the most important when it comes to managing and locating the pooling center to obtain the objective function. This function is mathematically modeled using Equations (20)–(22) q a = 1, buildpoolingcentre a 0, else (20) z xa = 1, supp lierxgainspoolingcentre a 0, else (21) u tl = 1, trucktworkingoncircle l 0, else (22) The number of loaded PBs are delivered by t th truck to MEF over the link as ( i , j ) , which is termed as y l ijbt , whereas the empty PBs are defined by y e ijbt . Finally, the full PB is transported by the truck in the circle over the node, which is indicated as f l rstl 5.2. Define Objective Function In order to define the objective function, different criteria are considered, which are described as follows When a supplier produces one type of part, such as with heavy material like iron, the capacity of the truck and PBs are not considered, whereas the weight limitation is also incurred. This has also included the travel speed and transport frequency of the truck. Here, the utilized PBs are provided and managed by the pooling center. In another scenario,

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Rest, Non]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 14 of 21 the non-loaded PB does not transit from MEFs to the suppliers. The objective function is expressed through Equation (23) based on the above constraint Ob = ∑ a ∈ A q a ∑ x ∈ S z xa ∑ b ∈ B y xb Cc β Cc + Mc β Mc + ∑ t ∈ T ∑ b ∈ B ∑ ( i , j ) ∈ K di ij y l ijbt Y l t + y e ijbt Y e t (23) The above equation is used to reduce the system’s total cost with regard to managing and localizing the pooling centers. The former part represents the construction and transportation cost, and the latter part demonstrates the transportation costs of both empty and fully loaded PBs. The weight capacity of the truck is given in Equation (24) S t : y l ijbt + y e ijbt ≤ u tl λ rs ijl ∂ rs l Y t ∀ ( i , j ) ∈ K , t ∈ T , b ∈ B (24) The balancing of the system is ensured via Equation (25) ∑ b ∈ B ∑ x ∈ S y l ijbt + y e ijbt ∀ j ∈ A , t ∈ T = ∑ b ∈ B ∑ x ∈ S y l jibt + y e jibt (25) The relationship between the full PBs and the flow of empty PB is determined in Equation (26) y l ijbt = ∑ l ∈ L f l rstl λ rs ijl ∀ ( i , j ) ∈ K , t ∈ T , b ∈ B , ( r , s ) ∈ U (26) The rest of the equation below is also used to derive the fitness function to reduce the cost of placing the pooling centers that supply the parts y e aibt + y e iabt ≤ Bq a ∀ ∈ A , t ∈ T , b ∈ B , ( r , s ) ∈ U (27) y e aibt + y e iabt ≤ Bz xa ∀ ∈ A , t ∈ T , b ∈ B , ( r , s ) ∈ U (28) t rs = ∑ t ∈ T ∑ l ∈ L f l rstl ∂ rs l ∀ ( r , s ) ∈ U (29) f l rstl ≤ B ∂ rs l ∀ l ∈ L , t ∈ T , ( r , s ) ∈ U (30) ∑ a ∈ A q a ≤ o y l ijbt , y e ijbt , f l rstl ≥ 0 (31) 5.3. Solution Encoding This section helps to describe how the solution is encoded to estimate the best optimum results. The parameters pooling center location, truck path or routing, and supplier allocation must be optimally selected using the proposed MGOA approach. These parameters are signified by q a , z xa , and u tl , correspondingly. Owing to the tuned parameters, the system can reduce the transportation cost. The required parameters are given as input to the novel MGOA, which exploits the best results. Finally, based on certain conditions, it estimates the value as zero or one, as stated in Equations (20)–(22). The illustration of solution encoding to reduce the cost of the designed model is shown in Figure 5 .

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Jaya, Topo, Doa, Harris, Dingo, Hawks, Jump, Factor]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 15 of 21 Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 15 of 22 {?} {?} {?} ∈ ∀ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?}, {?} ∈ {?} (26) The rest of the equation below is also used to derive the fitness function to reduce the cost of placing the pooling centers that supply the parts {?} {?} {?}{?} ∀∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?}, {?} ∈ {?} (27) {?} {?} {?}{?} ∀∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?}, {?} ∈ {?} (28) {?} {?} {?} ∀ {?}, {?} ∈ {?} ∈ ∈ (29) {?} {?}{?} ∀{?} ∈ {?}, {?} ∈ {?}, {?}, {?} ∈ {?} (30) {?} {?} ∈ {?} , {?} , {?} 0 (31) 5.3. Solution Encoding This section helps to describe how the solution is encoded to estimate the best optimum results The parameters pooling center location, truck path or routing, and supplier allocation must be optimally selected using the proposed MGOA approach These parameters are signified by {?} , {?} , and {?} , correspondingly Owing to the tuned parameters, the system can reduce the transportation cost The required parameters are given as input to the novel MGOA, which exploits the best results Finally, based on certain conditions, it estimates the value as zero or one, as stated in Equations (20)–(22) The illustration of solution encoding to reduce the cost of the designed model is shown in Figure 5 Figure 5. Illustration of solution encoding to reduce the cost a q xa z tl u a pooling centres x supplier and a truck l circle Modified GOA approach Figure 5. Illustration of solution encoding to reduce the cost 5.4. Simulation Parameters MATLAB 2020 a (MathWorks, Massachusetts, USA) was employed to execute the proposed pooling management and transportation optimization, in which the results were carried out. Here, the suggested method used 10 populations and a total iteration count of 100. To ensure the efficacy of the model, traditional optimization algorithms were assimilated, including the Dingo Optimization Algorithm (DOA) [ 41 ], Harris Hawks Optimizer (HHO) [ 42 ], JAYA [ 43 ], and GOA [ 40 ]. The simulation parameters of the designed pooling management and transport optimization of the engine are shown in Table 2 . Table 2. Simulation parameters of the recommended pooling management and transport optimization of engine Parameters Values Network size 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 Number of nodes 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 Topo limit 21, 90 Coordinates 20, 2 Population number 10 Maximum iteration 100 Time Minimum 0 and maximum 1400 Cost Minimum 0 and maximum 6000 Spiral co − efficient ( α ) 0.1 Jump strength ( β ) 0.5 Perturbation factor ( γ ) 0.2 Search radius ( δ ) 0.4 6. Computations of Results Here, the obtained results are explained and discussed 6.1. Cost Function Analysis using the Proposed Method for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The cost function analysis of the recommended method by varying the iteration count is presented in Figure 6 . This evaluation helps us to determine the reduced cost function compared to other existing approaches. Figure 6 d elucidates the assessment when using the network size of 80. In this graph, iteration is taken as 20; the cost function of the proposed

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Main]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 16 of 21 model is reduced in contrast with the higher value of 14% of DOA, 6% of HHO, 1% of JAYA, and 4% of GOA, correspondingly. Therefore, the suggested system provides the desired outcome for managing and locating the pooling centers Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 17 of 22 ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) Figure 6. Cost function analysis of the proposed pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts compared using diverse heuristic algorithms by varying the network size as ( a ) 20, ( b ) 40, ( c ) 60, ( d ) 80, and ( e ) 100 6.2. Performance Analysis of the Proposed Method for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The cost evaluation of the method is demonstrated in Figure 7 by varying the distinct configuration The main objective of the model is to minimize the cost, path, and time Figure 6. Cost function analysis of the proposed pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts compared using diverse heuristic algorithms by varying the network size as ( a ) 20, ( b ) 40, ( c ) 60, ( d ) 80, and ( e ) 100.

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Standard, Show, Mean, Median]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 17 of 21 6.2. Performance Analysis of the Proposed Method for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The cost evaluation of the method is demonstrated in Figure 7 by varying the distinct configuration. The main objective of the model is to minimize the cost, path, and time required to transport the engine parts to the suppliers. Here, the configuration is nothing but the network dimension is 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100. Figure 7 c illustrates the time analysis of the model. While considering the configuration as 2, the time consumption of the enhanced method attains a value of less than 4%, 2%, 1%, and 0.6% of DOA, HHO, JAYA, and GOA, respectively. Thus, the method achieves the appropriate results to improve the performance Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 18 of 22 required to transport the engine parts to the suppliers Here, the configuration is nothing but the network dimension is 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Figure 7 c illustrates the time analysis of the model While considering the configuration as 2, the time consumption of the enhanced method attains a value of less than 4%, 2%, 1%, and 0.6% of DOA, HHO, JAYA, and GOA, respectively Thus, the method achieves the appropriate results to improve the performance ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) Figure 7. Performance evaluation of the proposed pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts compared over diverse heuristic algorithms in terms of ( a ) cost, ( b ) shortest path, and ( c ) time 6.3. Statistical Examination of the Proposed Method for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The statistical results of the novel approach are shown in Table 3, which is compared with classical optimization algorithms Here, the best, median, worst, mean, and standard deviation are assumed to determine the statistical reports The table findings show that the proposed MGOA obtains the expected outcome over conventional algorithms like DOA, HHO, JAYA, and GOA Hence, the model proves that it yields a better value in locating the pooling centers and helps minimize the cost Table 3. Statistical evaluation of the proposed method compared with different heuristic algorithms by varying the network size Metrics DOA [41] HHO [42] JAYA [43] GOA [40] MGOA Network Size = 20 Figure 7. Performance evaluation of the proposed pooling management and transport optimization of engine parts compared over diverse heuristic algorithms in terms of ( a ) cost, ( b ) shortest path, and ( c ) time 6.3. Statistical Examination of the Proposed Method for Pooling Management and Transport Optimization The statistical results of the novel approach are shown in Table 3 , which is compared with classical optimization algorithms. Here, the best, median, worst, mean, and standard deviation are assumed to determine the statistical reports. The table findings show that the proposed MGOA obtains the expected outcome over conventional algorithms like DOA, HHO, JAYA, and GOA. Hence, the model proves that it yields a better value in locating the pooling centers and helps minimize the cost.

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 18 of 21 Table 3. Statistical evaluation of the proposed method compared with different heuristic algorithms by varying the network size Metrics DOA [ 41 ] HHO [ 42 ] JAYA [ 43 ] GOA [ 40 ] MGOA Network Size = 20 BEST 0.20964 1.0736 0.14311 0.11149 0.046213 WORST 25.812 54.671 9.2412 0.11149 6.3666 MEAN 1.5687 3.0627 0.57095 0.11149 1.7713 MEDIAN 0.20964 1.2309 0.14311 0.11149 0.13173 STD 3.8297 7.8486 1.409 2.51 E-16 2.212 Network Size = 40 BEST 0.036049 0.081632 0.29458 0.23434 0.002202 WORST 0.92271 23.143 13.989 6.118 0.20385 MEAN 0.16689 1.6735 1.1256 0.58736 0.084877 MEDIAN 0.10164 1.143 0.36587 0.23434 0.002202 STD 0.26923 3.6204 2.254 1.4043 0.099676 Network Size = 60 BEST 0.024929 0.61814 0.37731 0.14875 0.020671 WORST 1.4322 1.317 7.6063 12.879 7.0268 MEAN 0.34947 0.67404 1.1467 0.40955 0.32744 MEDIAN 0.024929 0.61814 0.37731 0.14875 0.020671 STD 0.56786 0.19054 1.7446 1.7904 0.79193 Network Size = 80 BEST 0.1685 0.47758 0.15989 0.054826 0.050205 WORST 1.4679 7.0246 2.6581 0.42332 6.6314 MEAN 0.53445 0.78645 0.23484 0.34593 0.13181 MEDIAN 0.28248 0.6249 0.15989 0.42332 0.050205 STD 0.50985 0.78325 0.42831 0.15085 0.65846 Network Size = 100 BEST 0.12089 0.38647 0.72986 0.218 0.10667 WORST 17.757 8.3211 2.9815 0.218 8.8939 MEAN 1.0129 0.62409 0.9501 0.218 1.701 MEDIAN 0.1307 0.5079 0.72986 0.218 0.10667 STD 2.9376 1.1066 0.5986 4.18 E-16 2.7394 6.4. Evaluation of Pooling Management and Transport Optimization Approach Using Recent Approaches An evaluation comparing the recent approaches for the designed pooling management and transport optimization model in terms of the shortest path is shown in Table 4 . Table 4. Estimation of the proposed pooling management and transport optimization model regarding the shortest path using recent algorithms Network Size GA [ 41 ] FFA [ 42 ] R-PFCA [ 43 ] SREP [ 40 ] MGOA Network Size = 20 56.771 51.01 56.582 45.951 44.521 Network Size = 40 32.747 56.971 37.762 46.756 31.01 Network Size = 60 42.141 56.501 55.051 52.72 36.728 Network Size = 80 56.513 39.988 50.727 55.69 38.942 Network Size = 100 26.414 28.516 27.966 24.25 24.992 7. Conclusions In conclusion, this research introduces an innovative approach to optimizing the location of pooling facilities and reducing the operational and transportation costs within the engine components sector. The primary objectives of this study were twofold: first, to develop a novel strategy for placing pooling centers that enhances efficiency and minimizes

[Find the meaning and references behind the names: Real, Cutting, Sales, Goods, Case]

Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 19 of 21 costs, and second, to address the optimization challenge through the introduction of the MGOA. The research successfully achieves its objectives by systematically exploring the interplay between pooling center placement, transportation optimization, and cost reduction. The MGOA algorithm effectively identifies optimal pooling center locations that yield tangible cost savings and operational enhancements. In brief, this research contributes to the fields of optimization, supply chain management, and cost reduction by addressing the challenges of pooling center placement and transportation optimization Thus, the paper has presented a novel approach to placing the pooling centers and reducing costs. It has also considered certain variables and their definitions for locating the pooling centers. Using the proposed MGOA, the pooling centers are optimally located, and the parameters are optimized to resolve the problem of finding the shortest path. As a result, the objective function is formulated to reduce the cost of transportation. Finally, the model’s performance is evaluated and compared with some existing optimization algorithms On the contrary, the cost obtained using the proposed method is lower than 4.08%, 3.06%, 1.02%, and 3.06% of DOA, HHO, JAYA, and GOA, respectively. Therefore, the system’s effectiveness was assessed and provided impressive results. In conclusion, this research work has proposed an innovative approach to locating pooling facilities and cutting down operation and transportation costs in the engine components sector. MGOA is shown to be a practical algorithm for optimizing the location of pooling centers. The study’s findings demonstrate that the suggested method is more effective than the available techniques in the literature This work primarily focuses on using the MGOA to optimize engine part transport routes and pooling management. Our work’s key finding is that compared to conventional optimization algorithms, MGOA consistently finds optimized pooling center sites and more efficient routes, as evidenced by the significant reduction in the shortest route length This achievement is paramount for industries reliant on timely and cost-effective delivery of components. Our approach offers potential cost savings, reduced resource consumption, and improved delivery efficiency by minimizing travel distances and streamlining logistical operations. Furthermore, this study contributes to the optimization and supply chain management literature by extending and modifying the GOA methodology to address the challenges of engine parts logistics. These refinements, driven by real-world industrial demands, showcase the adaptability and efficacy of our proposed approach. Overall, our research underscores the practical implications of employing MGOA for optimizing pooling center placement and transportation routes, with potential operational efficiency and cost reduction benefits The performance improvements of the given research work can be helpful in realtime applications like airline engineering and maintenance, logistics arrangement, and marketing after slight modifications based on the available data This research has some limitations. For instance, this research study only considers the cost of operation and shipping. However, in the real-world scenario, additional expenses such as the cost of goods, lost sales, and other miscellaneous costs must be considered. Moreover, scenarios such as traffic conditions of different routes, other difficulties on the routes, etc., are not considered, and they can affect the output results Future research directions can include the following: • Considering other costs, such as the cost of inventory and the cost of lost sales • Extending the model to consider multiple pooling centers • Developing a real-time implementation of the model • Life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of a given case study to show the environmental benefits.

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Sustainability 2023 , 15 , 13815 20 of 21 Author Contributions: Conceptualization, M.A., M.H.A., H.S.B.O. and O.A.; methodology, M.A., M.H.A., H.S.B.O. and O.A.; formal analysis, M.A., M.H.A. and O.A.; resources, M.A. and M.H.A.; data curation, H.S.B.O. and M.H.A.; writing—original draft preparation, M.H.A., H.S.B.O. and O.A.; writing—review and editing, M.A. and M.H.A.; funding acquisition, M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript Funding: This research is funded by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP 2023 R 274), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable Data Availability Statement: All the data and their sources are available in the manuscript Acknowledgments: The authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP 2023 R 274), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest References 1 Guerra-G ó mez, R.; Ruiz-Boqu é , S.; Garc í a-Lozano, M.; Bonafe, J.O. 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