The Effects of Biodegradable Mulch Film on the Growth, Yield, and Water Use...

[Full title: The Effects of Biodegradable Mulch Film on the Growth, Yield, and Water Use Efficiency of Cotton and Maize in an Arid Region]

sustainability Article The E ff ects of Biodegradable Mulch Film on the Growth, Yield, and Water Use E ffi ciency of Cotton and Maize in an Arid Region Lu Deng 1,2,3 , Yang Yu 1, *, Haiyan Zhang 1 , Qian Wang 1 and Ruide Yu 1,4 1 State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; denglu 16@mails.ucas.ac.cn (L.D.); hyzhang@ms.xjb.ac.cn (H.Z.); wangqian@ms.xjb.ac.cn (Q.W.); ruideyu@ms.xjb.ac.cn (R.Y.) 2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3 The Institute of Economic Research of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Development and Reform Commission, Urumqi 830000, China 4 School of Environment and Material Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China * Correspondence: yuyang@ms.xjb.ac.cn; Tel.: + 86-991-7827343 Received: 19 October 2019; Accepted: 6 December 2019; Published: 9 December 2019 Abstract: Plastic residual film pollution in China is severe, and the use of degradable mulch film instead of plastic mulch can e ff ectively alleviate this situation. The substitution of common polyethylene plastic mulch film with biodegradable mulch film in the agricultural production of cotton and maize in an arid region was investigated in the present study. Using bare soil as the control, we compared the e ff ects of common polyethylene plastic film and biodegradable mulch film on crop growth, yield, and water use e ffi ciency (WUE) in maize and cotton. The results indicated that: (1) the biodegradable mulch film in this region remained intact for 60 days after being laid down, significantly degrading after 120 days, and was associated with increased soil temperature, moisture conservation, and degradability in comparison to a bare soil control; (2) Both the biodegradable mulch film and the polyethylene plastic film significantly increased various physiological parameters, such as crop height, stalk diameter, and leaf area; (3) The biodegradable mulch film had a significant e ff ect on crop yield by 69.4–76.2% and 65.2–71.9%, respectively, compared to the bare soil control (4) Compared to the bare soil control, the biodegradable mulch film e ff ectively increased WUE in the crops by 64.5–73.1%. In summary, biodegradable mulch film had comparable results to the common polyethylene plastic film in increasing crop growth, yield, and WUE. As the biodegradable mulch film causes no residual pollution, it is thus preferable to common plastic mulch film for agricultural applications in arid regions and supports the sustainable development of agroecosystems. Therefore, the use of degradable mulch films in agricultural production is more environmentally friendly and more conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural systems Keywords: agroecosystem; polyethylene; Xinjiang; sustainable agriculture; drip irrigation 1. Introduction With a total land area of 166 million ha 2 , of which 63,084,800 ha 2 constitute agricultural regions, Xinjiang contributes significantly to agricultural security in China [ 1 ]. Xinjiang has an average precipitation and evaporation capacity of 154.5 mm and 1600–2200 mm 2 , respectively, which results in water shortages that limit agricultural development in this region [ 2 ]. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China [ 3 ], the total agricultural water consumption in Xinjiang was 93.1% of the total water supply in 2017. Due to this high agricultural water consumption, it is necessary Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039; doi:10.3390 / su 11247039 www.mdpi.com / journal / sustainability

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 2 of 15 that agricultural water usage e ffi ciency is increased in order to support ecological conservation and industrial development, which are important for local economic and social development According to data released by the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the use of plastic film for agricultural use in China has increased from 1.845 million tons in 2006 to 2.6 million tons in 2015 (data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, http: // www.stats.gov.cn / ). Xinjiang is a typical arid region where plastic film is widely used in agricultural production [ 4 ] for increasing soil temperature and moisture conservation, as well as for increasing crop yield [ 5 – 9 ]. Polyethylene plastic degrades poorly and leaves residual film for a long period of time, causing severe pollution [ 10 – 12 ]. Xinjiang is one of the major regions in China experiencing major residual film pollution. The area has a residual film content of 0.0262–0.0597 kg / m 2 , which has seriously impacted the sustainable development of local agriculture. Using environmentally friendly, controllable biodegradable mulch film to replace common plastic film also can increase crop yield, reduce agricultural water consumption compared to bare soil [ 13 – 15 ], and e ff ectively resolve the issues related to residual film pollution [ 4 , 16 ]. It is one of the technologies that possess the most potential for promoting the sustainable development of agriculture. Han et al. [ 17 ], Chen et al. [ 18 ], and Ren et al. [ 5 , 6 ] found that in the Loess Plateau, China, biodegradable mulch film could improve maize yield and water use e ffi ciency (WUE) compared to no film. Moreno et al. [ 19 ] found that biodegradable mulch film increased tomato yield in comparison to no film in Central Spain. Yao et al. [ 20 ] showed that, in Hubei Province, biodegradable mulch film could improve rice production and reduce the emissions of the greenhouse gases CH 4 and N 2 O. However, the abovementioned studies have some limitations. For instance, the e ff ectiveness of biodegradable mulch film is closely correlated with environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, etc.) and management practices. The degree of degradation and degradation period have been found to di ff er in di ff erent areas, and thus the ultimate e ff ectiveness of biodegradable mulch film varies [ 4 ]. Most studies on biodegradable mulch film have focused on semi-arid regions where the annual precipitation and temperature vary from 435 to 550 mm and 3.6% to 14.3 ◦ C, respectively [ 13 – 15 ]. However, arid regions experience more extreme environmental conditions, including major di ff erences in day and night temperature (daily mean temperature between − 25 ◦ C and 30 ◦ C), low precipitation (annual precipitation < 200 mm), and strong solar radiation. Very few studies have evaluated the e ffi cacy of biodegradable mulch film in arid regions. There is a strong correlation between the use of the film and the climatic conditions [ 21 ]. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the field test of the degradable film in the arid area. Additionally, most of the studies mentioned above only focused on the final crop yield [ 5 , 6 , 19 , 22 , 23 ], rather than tracking the entire crop growth process. These studies also only focused on the impact of biodegradable mulch film on a single crop and thus lack a comparative assessment of the e ff ects in di ff erent crops [ 17 – 19 ]. Finally, these studies only assessed the e ff ects of biodegradable mulch film on crop yield and the external environment, rather than focusing on the degradation of the biodegradable mulch film itself To address the inadequacies mentioned above, and to further provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the application and promotion of biodegradable mulch film in agricultural practices, the present study comparatively analyzed the di ff erences in the e ff ects of biodegradable mulch film and common polyethylene plastic film on the growth characteristics, yield increase, and WUE of maize and cotton in an arid region in Northwestern China. The major aims of this study were to: (1) investigate whether the positive impacts of biodegradable mulch film in the arid region on crop physiological characteristics could match those of common plastic film; (2) investigate whether biodegradable mulch film in the arid region could significantly increase crop biomass and yield, and whether this di ff ered from common plastic film; (3) comparatively analyze the e ff ect of biodegradable mulch film and common plastic film on WUE; (4) comparatively analyze the degradation of biodegradable mulch film and common plastic film.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 3 of 15 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Site Description The experimental site was located in Shangsanqi Village, in Erliugong Town, Changji City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (87 ◦ 13 0 E, 44 ◦ 02 0 N; altitude 574 m) from 2015 to 2017. The location is shown in detail in Figure 1 . Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental site The experimental site has a typical continental temperate arid climate, with cold winters and hot summers, as well as large variations in day and night temperatures. The soil fertility of the experimental site is at low levels. At the 0–60 cm soil layer, the soil organic matter content is 3.07–9.68 g · kg − 1 and the total nitrogen content is 0.15–0.30 g · kg − 1 . From 2015 to 2017, the annual precipitation was 174.5 mm, 187.6 mm, and 97.5 mm, and the mean temperature was 7.8 ◦ C, 7.1 ◦ C, and 7.6 ◦ C. Precipitation and temperature at the experimental site are shown in Figure 2 . Low temperatures during early growth stages and lack of su ffi cient precipitation during the entire growth period are the major factors that limit crop growth in this region Figure 2. Changes in daily temperature and precipitation at the experimental site from 2015 to 2017.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 4 of 15 2.2. Field Management and Experimental Design 2.2.1. Experimental Design Xinjiang’s main crops—maize and cotton—were selected as target crops within the research site The mulch films were obtained from Xinjiang Blue Ridge Tunhe Chemical Industry Joint Stock Co., Ltd. (Xinjiang, China). There are three kinds of experimental films: transparent ordinary plastic film mainly composed of polyethylene, thickness of 0.010 mm; transparent film mainly composed of polybutyrate (PBAT ≥ 95%), thickness of 0.010 mm; mainly by polybutyric acid a black film of ester (PBAT ≥ 95%) having a thickness of 0.010 mm. In addition, the experiment supplemented the bare ground control. The treatments were as follows: A, clear common plastic film predominantly composed of polyethylene, 0.010 mm thickness; B, clear mulch film predominantly composed of polybutyrate (PBAT ≥ 95%), 0.010 mm thickness; C, black mulch film predominantly composed of (PBAT ≥ 95%), 0,010 mm thickness. D, unmulched bare soil For maize and cotton, the four treatments (A, B, C, and D) mentioned above were established in the experimental site. Each treatment plot was 30 m in length and 20 m in width. This study was a completely randomized controlled study with six replicates for each treatment (Figure 3 ). At each sampling period, six samples with an area of 1 m 2 were randomly selected for measurement in the test plot. The plots were randomly arranged. The experiments lasted for three years, and the sowing and harvesting dates for each year are shown in Table 1 . Figure 3. Maize and cotton experimental plot layout Table 1. Sowing and harvesting dates of the maize and cotton in each year during the experiment Crop Year Sowing Date Harvesting Date Maize 2015 27 April 15 September 2016 25 April 16 September 2017 27 April 15 September Cotton 2015 20 April 12 October 2016 18 April 23 October 2017 21 April 25 October 2.2.2. Management Measures For the maize treatment, P fertilizer was applied at a rate of 3.5 × 10 − 3 kg m − 2 . The films were laid out and seeds were sown using an integrative machine. Maize was sown with a row interval of 60 cm, with 25 cm spacing between each plant. From sowing to harvesting, drip irrigation every 10 days, each irrigation volume is about 45 mm. From the second to the fifth irrigation, N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 5 × 10 − 3 kg m − 2 with the irrigation a total of five times. During the growth period, the field management measures remained the same in the four treatments For the cotton treatment, P fertilizer was applied at a rate of 8 × 10 − 3 kg m − 2 . The films were laid out and seeds were sown using an integrative machine. Cotton seeds were sown with a row interval

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 5 of 15 of 60 cm, with 10 cm spacing between each plant. From around 20 April to 1 September, water was supplied every 15 d (10 times total). In the early and later stages, 25 mm water was applied; in the middle stage, 50 mm of water was applied. From 20 April to 30 July, N fertilizer was applied at a rate of 8 × 10 − 3 kg m − 2 with the irrigation a total of four times. During the growth period, the field management measures remained the same for all four treatments 2.2.3. Parameters Tested In the middle of each growth stage, the growth and development of the maize and cotton in the di ff erent treatments were observed and recorded, and the emergence rate was calculated. The plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area of the crops under the di ff erent treatments were measured In addition, at the boll-opening stage, the boll number per plant and boll weight were recorded. Furthermore, the aboveground and belowground parts of the maize and cotton plants in six areas of 1 m 2 were randomly collected. After removing impurities such as soil and sand, the samples were chopped, dried in an oven at 105 ◦ C for 2 h, then dried at 80 ◦ C to constant weight, and weighed to obtain the total biomass in 1 m 2 The degradation of the mulch was graded according to Yang H.D.’s research [ 24 ]. The degradation of the mulch film was observed every 10 d after being installed. A 0–5 grade rating was used to define the level of mulch film degradation. Grade 0 represents intact mulch film with no cracks. Grade 1 represents the appearance of the first crack. Grade 2 represents the appearance of small cracks in 25% of the field. Grade 3 represents the appearance of 2–2.5 cm-long cracks. Grade 4 represents the appearance of evenly distributed, network-like cracks. Grade 5 represents the breakage and degradation of the pieces into fragments smaller than 4 cm × 4 cm 2.2.4. Data Analysis WUE was calculated according to the field water balance principle, as follows: WUE = Y W where Y (kg ha − 1 ) is yield, W (mm) is the total water consumption The experimental data were analyzed with SPSS and Excel. F-tests were conducted and multiple comparisons were performed using least significant di ff erence tests ( p ≤ 0.05) 3. Results 3.1. E ff ect of Di ff erent Mulch Film Treatments on Crop Physiological Characteristics Compared to the bare soil, the three mulch films greatly a ff ected the emergence rate and growth progression of the maize and cotton (Table 2 ). The emergence rate of both crops was similar in the three mulch film treatments, all of which were higher than in the bare soil ( p < 0.05). The emergence rate of the maize and cotton was in the following order: A = B = C > D. The average emergence rate of the maize and cotton under the three types of mulch film treatments was 56.1% and 62.4% higher, respectively, than that under the bare soil. For maize, the emergence times in treatments A and B were both 0.7 d earlier than in treatment C, and the emergence time was significantly shorter in the three mulch film treatments than that under bare soil ( p < 0.05). For cotton, the emergence time under the di ff erent treatments was consistent with the pattern observed in maize. Treatment A had the shortest emergence time of 10.8 d, while the B and C treatments had similar emergence times of 12.1 d and 12.8 d, respectively, both of which were significantly earlier than treatment D at 16.5 d ( p < 0.05). In terms of the time taken from sowing to harvesting the maize, treatment A was shortest at 129.7 d. Treatments B and C took 135.0 d and 143.7 d, respectively. Treatment D took the longest time of 145 d. In terms of the time taken from cotton sowing to boll opening, the di ff erence in time was consistent with that of maize: treatment A took the shortest time of 111.5 d, while treatments B and C took 112.3 d and 113.1 d,

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 6 of 15 respectively. Treatment D took 117.2 d. As plant growth progressed, when comparing treatment A with B and C, the di ff erences in the time required for growth became increasingly significant. Furthermore, the time needed for growth to progress in B and C became increasingly similar to D, particularly in treatment C. It is possible that, in the early stages, the biodegradable mulch films were intact and had a similar e ff ect as the common plastic film, but as the biodegradable mulch film gradually degraded, the moisture conservation function decreased, and thus the e ff ect became increasingly similar to that of the bare soil Table 2. The average emergence rate (%) and growth progression (days after sowing) of maize and cotton under di ff erent treatments from 2015 to 2017. (Note: Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same time ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.) Treatment Emergence Rate (%) Emerging Stage (d) Jointing Stage / Flower Bud Stage (d) Heading Stage / Flowering Stage (d) Harvest Stage / Boll-Opening Stage (d) Maize A 98.1 a 11.3 a 46.3 a 79.7 a 129.7 a B 97.7 a 11.3 a 46.7 a 81.7 a 135.0 a C 96.5 a 12.0 a 47.7 a 85.7 b 143.7 b D 62.4 b 14.7 b 52.7 b 89 c 145.0 b Cotton A 97.4 a 10.8 a 53.7 a 70.4 a 111.5 a B 95.8 a 12.1 a 55.1 a 70.1 a 112.3 a C 95.3 a 12.8 a 54.8 a 71.0 a 113.1 a D 59.2 b 16.5 b 61.6 b 76.9 b 117.2 b Similarly, compared to the bare soil, the three mulch films also had a large impact on the physiological characteristics of the maize and cotton (Table 3 and Table 4 ). During the entire growth process, treatments A, B, and C significantly increased the plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area of the maize compared to D ( p < 0.05). The di ff erence was not significant among treatments A, B, and C. For cotton, the physiological characteristics under the four treatments exhibited a similar pattern as in maize. In each stage, plant height, leaf area, boll number per plant, and boll weight of cotton (boll-opening stage only) did not di ff er among treatments A, B, and C, all of which were significantly greater than in treatment D ( p < 0.05) Table 3. The average growth parameters of maize under di ff erent treatments from 2015 to 2017. (Note: Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same time ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film. B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.) Parameter Treatment Jointing Stage Heading Stage Harvest Stage Plant height (cm) A 68 a 173 a 188 a B 65 a 166 a 189 a C 64 a 166 a 191 a D 48 b 158 b 175 b Stalk diameter (cm) A 0.92 a 3.12 a 3.35 a B 0.88 a 3.10 a 3.31 a C 0.85 a 3.10 a 3.34 a D 0.78 b 2.72 b 2.90 b Leaf area (m 2 per plant) A 0.29 a 0.93 a 0.89 a B 0.28 a 0.91 a 0.88 a C 0.26 a 0.91 a 0.89 a D 0.2 b 0.85 b 0.81 b

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 7 of 15 Table 4. The average growth parameters of cotton under di ff erent treatments from 2015 to 2017. (Note: Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same time ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film. B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.) Parameter Treatment Flower Bud Stage Flowering Stage Boll-Opening Stage Plant height / cm A 36.5 a 68.2 a 74.2 a B 34.8 a 67.5 a 73.5 a C 34.5 a 67.3 a 73.8 a D 29.8 b 61.4 b 67.1 b Leaf area / (m 2 per plant) A 0.082 a 0.297 a 0.308 a B 0.079 a 0.294 a 0.307 a C 0.078 a 0.292 a 0.311 a D 0.063 b 0.221 b 0.247 b Boll number per plant A — — 11.4 a B — — 11.1 a C — — 11.2 a D — — 10.0 b Boll weight A — — 6.03 a B — — 6.01 a C — — 6.02 a D — — 5.33 b For maize, we found that treatments A, B, and C increased plant height by 41.7%, 35.4%, and 33.3% at the jointing stage, 9.5%, 5.1%, and 5.1% at the heading stage, 7.4%, 8.0%, and 9.1% at the harvest stage, respectively, compared to treatment D, suggesting that film mulching had the greatest impact on maize plant height at the jointing stage. Treatments A, B, and C increased stalk diameter by 17.9%, 12.8%, and 9.0% at the jointing stage, 14.7%, 14.0%, and 14.0% at the heading stage, 15.5%, 14.1%, and 15.2% at the harvest stage, respectively, compared to treatment D. This indicated that mulch films had a similar e ff ect on maize stalk diameter at each stage. Treatments A, B, and C increased leaf area by 45.0%, 40.0%, and 30.0% at the jointing stage, 9.4%, 7.1%, and 7.1% at the heading stage, 9.9%, 8.6%, and 9.9% at the harvest stage, respectively, compared to treatment D, indicating that film mulching had the most significant impact on maize leaf area during the jointing stage For cotton, we found that treatments A, B, and C increased plant height by 22.5%, 16.8%, and 15.8% at the flower bud stage, 11.1%, 9.9%, and 9.6% at the flower stage, 10.6%, 9.5%, and 10.0% at the boll-opening stage, respectively, compared to treatment D, suggesting that film mulching a ff ected cotton plant height most significantly at the flower bud stage. Treatments A, B, and C increased leaf area by 30.3%, 25.4%, and 23.8% at the flower bud stage, 34.4%, 33.0%, and 32.1% at the flower stage, 24.7%, 24.3%, and 25.9% at the boll-opening stage, respectively, compared to treatment D, indicating that film mulching a ff ected cotton leaf area most significantly at the flower bud stage. Treatments A, B, and C increased the boll number per plant by 14.1%, 11.0%, and 12.0% at the boll-opening stage, and increased boll weight by 13.1%, 12.8%, and 12.9%, respectively, compared to treatment D, indicating that the mulch film treatments had a significant e ff ect on increasing cotton yield For maize, treatments A, B, and C, on average, increased plant height by 17.2% and increased stalk diameter and leaf area by 14.1% and 18.5%, respectively, compared with treatment D. This suggested that the mulch film treatments a ff ected the physiological characteristics of the maize in the following order: leaf area > plant height > stalk diameter. In terms of cotton, treatments A, B, and C, on average, increased plant height by 12.7%, increased leaf area by 28.2%, and increased the boll number per plant by 5.0% and the boll weight by 12.9%, compared to treatment D. This suggested that the mulch film treatments a ff ected the physiological characteristics of the cotton in the following order: leaf area > boll weight > plant height > boll number per plant While there were di ff erences among the three mulch films, these di ff erences were not statistically significant. During the jointing stage and the heading stage of maize, the plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area were in the following order: A = B = C (no significant di ff erence, p > 0.05). At the mature

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 8 of 15 stage, the plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area did not di ff er significantly among the mulch treatments. For cotton, the plant height and leaf area at the flower bud stage and the flowering stage did not di ff er significantly. Similarly, at the boll-opening stage, the plant height, leaf area, boll number per plant, and boll weight did not di ff er significantly between the mulch treatments 3.2. E ff ect of Di ff erent Mulch Films on Crop Biomass The maize biomass under di ff erent treatments during the experiment is shown in Figure 4 . The results showed that: firstly, in the three years, during the entire growth period, treatment A increased the maize biomass by 27% compared to treatment D; B increased maize biomass by 21% compared to treatment D; and C increased maize biomass by 20.1% compared to treatment D. This indicated that, under all three mulch film treatments, maize biomass was significantly higher than the bare soil treatment. Of these treatments, the common plastic film increased the maize biomass most significantly, while the two biodegradable mulch films did not di ff er significantly from each other Figure 4. Interannual variations in maize biomass during the growth period under di ff erent treatments (2015–2017). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same stage ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 9 of 15 Secondly, during the three years, treatment A increased the maize biomass by 7.0%, 8.5%, 29.3%, 29.6%, and 32.5% in the bud stage, seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and harvest stage, respectively, compared to treatment D. Treatment B increased the maize biomass by 3.5%, 3.9%, 23.8%, 23.6%, and 25.0% in the bud stage, seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and harvest stage, respectively, compared to treatment D. Compared to treatment D, treatment C increased the maize biomass by − 0.1%, 2.4%, 22.6%, 23.4%, and 24.4% in the bud stage, seedling stage, jointing stage, heading stage, and harvest stage, respectively. This showed that the changes in maize biomass during the growth period fitted a logistic-shaped growth curve, with the film mulching having a greater impact on maize biomass in the later growth stages than in the early growth stages Figure 5 shows cotton biomass under the di ff erent treatments during the experiment. Firstly, in the three treatment years during the entire growth period of cotton, cotton biomass increased by 20.7%, 15.8%, and 12.1% in treatment A, treatment B, and treatment C, respectively, indicating that cotton biomass was significantly higher in all three mulch film treatments compared to the bare soil Figure 5. Interannual variations in cotton biomass during the growth period under di ff erent treatments (2015–2017). The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same stage ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 10 of 15 Secondly, during the three years, treatment A increased cotton biomass by 16.9%, 12.8%, 11.7%, 30.2%, and 32.1% in the bud stage, seedling stage, flower bud stage, boll stage, and boll-opening stage, respectively, compared to treatment D. Treatment B increased cotton biomass by 9.9%, 7.7%, 7.6%, 25.2%, and 28.6% in the bud stage, seedling stage, flower bud stage, boll stage, and boll-opening stage, respectively, compared to treatment D. In comparison to treatment D, treatment C increased cotton biomass by 2.8%, 4.8%, 4.5%, 22.2%, and 26.0% in the bud stage, seedling stage, flower bud stage, boll stage, and boll-opening stage, respectively. The results showed that the changes in cotton biomass during the growth period fitted a logistic-shaped growth curve, with the e ff ect of mulch films being greater in the later growth stages than in the early stages The interannual variations in cotton biomass showed that the mulch film treatments had a similar e ff ect on biomass accumulation in cotton and maize. Specifically, during the entire growth period, the three mulch film treatments and the unmulched treatment all exhibited a logistic-shaped growth curve, with biomass being relatively low before the end of May and rapidly increasing thereafter, and then changing slowly after September. All three mulch film treatments significantly increased cotton biomass ( p < 0.05), but there was no significant di ff erence among the three treatments, although the di ff erences gradually increased during the later growth stages The final crop yield during the experiment is shown in Figure 6 . As shown in Figure 6 , the mulch film treatments significantly increased the yield of maize and cotton ( p < 0.05), but there was no significant di ff erence among the three mulch film treatments ( p > 0.05). In terms of maize yield, treatment A had the highest average yield of 6473.6 kg / ha, which was 76.2% higher than in treatment D, and the yield of treatment B was 69.4% higher than treatment D. In treatment C, the yield was 72.6% higher than that in treatment D. Treatments A, B, and C did not di ff er significantly in average yield over the three years ( p > 0.05). Of these treatments, treatment A had the highest average yield, followed by treatment C and then treatment B. The variations in cotton yield followed a similar pattern as in maize. Treatment A was associated with the highest cotton yield of 6575.2 kg / ha, which was 71.9% higher than the yield in treatment D, while the yield of treatment B was 65.2% higher than treatment D. In treatment C, the yield was 69.2% higher than in treatment D. Treatments A, B, and C did not di ff er significantly in terms of the average cotton yield over the three years ( p > 0.05). Overall, the di ff erent mulch film treatments increased maize yield by 72.7% on average and increased the cotton yield by 68.8% on average. This indicated that the mulch films significantly increased the yield of maize and cotton at the experimental site, and the increase in maize yield was higher than that of cotton Figure 6. Interannual variations in maize and cotton yield under di ff erent treatments (2015–2017) The error bars indicate the standard deviation. Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same stage ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film. B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 11 of 15 3.3. WUE As shown in Table 5 , during the three-year experimental period, the mulch film treatments significantly increased the WUE in maize and cotton ( p < 0.05), but there were no significant di ff erences in the WUE among the three mulch film treatments ( p > 0.05). In the maize treatment, treatment A had the highest WUE of 10.0 kg · ha − 2 / mm, which was 76.2% higher than treatment D. The WUE of treatment B was 69.5% higher than that in treatment D, and treatment C was 73.1% higher than treatment D. The variations in WUE for cotton exhibited a similar pattern as for maize. Treatment A had the highest WUE of 31.9 kg · ha − 2 / mm, which was 71.1% higher than treatment D. Treatments B and C had 64.5% and 68.4% higher WUE, respectively, than treatment D. No significant di ff erences in WUE were observed among the mulch treatments during the three years. On average, the three mulch film treatments increased WUE in the maize and cotton by 73.0% and 68.0%, respectively. This indicates that the mulch films significantly increased WUE in maize and cotton at the experimental sites, and the increase in maize was greater than that in cotton Table 5. Water use e ffi ciency in maize and cotton under di ff erent treatments from 2015 to 2017 (kg · ha − 2 / mm) Treatment A B C D Maize 2015 10.0 a 9.6 a 9.8 a 5.8 b 2016 9.2 a 8.8 a 9.0 a 5.2 b 2017 10.7 a 10.4 a 10.6 a 6.0 b Cotton 2015 30.6 a 29.4 a 30.2 a 18.4 b 2016 22.6 a 21.7 a 22.2 a 12.6 b 2017 42.4 a 40.8 a 41.7 a 24.9 b Note: Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same time ( p < 0.05) A: common plastic mulch film. B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film. D: unmulched bare soil 3.4. The Degradation Rate of the Di ff erent Biodegradable Mulch Films The biodegradable mulch films exhibited similar degradation patterns in the cotton and maize treatments. The details are shown in Table 6 . In the maize and cotton treatments, the timing of the appearance of grade 1 cracks in the di ff erent mulch films di ff ered each year, which was likely related to factors such as temperature and precipitation in that year. Overall, the common plastic film had grade 1 cracks at 80–100 d, while the biodegradable films had grade 1 cracks at 50–60 d. Therefore, during the early growth stages of maize and cotton, the two biodegradable mulch films had similar e ff ects as the common plastic film in increasing soil temperature and moisture conservation. In addition, during the entire growth period, the plastic film in treatment A only degraded to grade 2 cracks, while in treatments B and C, the mulch films ultimately degraded to grade 4 cracks. In the maize treatment, degradation in treatment C reached grade 3, while treatment B was still at grade 2 at 90 d. In the cotton treatment, in 2015 and 2017, the film degradation at 90 d in treatment C reached grade 3, while in 2016, it was still at grade 2, suggesting that the degradation period of the biodegradable mulch film was not completely consistent in the di ff erent crops. For the two crops in most years, the degradation rate was higher in treatment C than in treatment B. This was possibly due to the color of the mulch film, as the black-colored mulch film absorbed more heat itself, which resulted in a relatively faster degradation rate. Within 60 d after the mulch films had been laid, both of the two biodegradable mulch films could retain a relatively intact shape. At 140 d, the two biodegradable mulch films had degraded to grade 4, thus achieving a satisfactory degradation e ff ect in comparison to the common plastic film.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 12 of 15 Table 6. Degradation rate of the di ff erent mulch films used in maize and cotton Year Treatment Days after the Film Was Laid Down 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 Maize 2015 A 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 B 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 C 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2016 A 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 B 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 C 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2017 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 B 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 C 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 Cotton 2015 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 B 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 C 0 0 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 2016 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 B 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 C 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 2017 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 B 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 C 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 Note: Grade 0 represents intact mulch film with no cracks. Grade 1 represents the appearance of the first crack. Grade 2 represents the appearance of small cracks in 25% of the mulch film in the field. Grade 3 represents the appearance of 2–2.5 cm-long cracks. Grade 4 represents the appearance of evenly distributed, network-like cracks. Grade 5 represents that the mulch film has degraded into pieces smaller than 4 cm × 4 cm. Di ff erent letters in lower case represent significant di ff erences among treatments at the same time ( p < 0.05). A: common plastic mulch film B: clear biodegradable mulch film. C: black biodegradable mulch film 4. Discussion The temperatures of the area of the present study are relatively low in late April, which is unfavorable for maize and cotton germination. However, we found that film mulching drastically increased the crop germination rate, and during the entire growth period, mulch film e ff ectively reduced the time required for crop development. However, as time progressed, the e ff ect of the biodegradable mulch film gradually diminished, which was possibly a result of the high level of degradation at the later stages. In the entire growth period, the plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area of maize in the di ff erent treatments were higher than those in the bare soil, with no significant di ff erences detected among the three films. In cotton, the plant height, leaf area, boll number per plant, and boll weight in the di ff erent film mulch treatments were also higher than those in the bare soil, with no significant di ff erences observed among the film types. From the data above, we concluded that the positive e ff ect of biodegradable mulch film on crop plant height, stalk diameter, and leaf area in this region was comparable to that of the common plastic film In this study, common film mulching and two types of biodegradable mulch film significantly increased crop biomass, yield, and WUE compared to bare soil. However, there were no di ff erences among the three mulch films. Due to the stable properties of the common plastic film, it was associated with the greatest increase in crop yield. The black biodegradable mulch film had the second greatest e ff ect due to the longer growth period, while the e ff ects of the clear biodegradable mulch film were slightly smaller than that of the black biodegradable film. Thus, from the long-term perspective of resolving plastic pollution and reducing the impacts on the environment, these two biodegradable mulch films both have high application value in this region. The increase in WUE from the mulch films was 5% higher in maize than in cotton, which suggests that the applicability of film mulching in maize is slightly better than that in cotton in this region. This might be due to the nature of the plant itself. Xinjiang is a typical arid region, and thus water scarcity is the most important factor limiting the development of local agriculture. Mulch film increased the WUE by 70.4%. In 2017, the agricultural water consumption in this region was 51.440 billion cubic meters [ 3 ]. Not considering other losses, the use of mulch films could save approximately 36.2 billion cubic meters of agricultural water usage.

Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7039 13 of 15 The use of water for agriculture alters the ecological balance and degrades the environment. The use of ordinary plastic mulch can save water, but results in environmental pollution when the ordinary mulch film degrades. On the other hand, biodegradable mulch film degrades into water and carbon dioxide without damaging the environment [ 4 , 16 ]. This would lead to improved sustainable development of local agriculture while preserving ecological function and protecting the environment Due to the limitations in production materials and preparation technologies, biodegradable mulch films often degrade too rapidly, thus having inconsistent e ff ects on crop yield [ 25 , 26 ]. Thus, before biodegradable mulch films can be promoted on a large scale, it is necessary that field experiments be conducted to understand the degradation characteristics of mulch films and whether they are applicable under the local settings. Over a three-year period, we found that both clear and black biodegradable mulch films could retain a relatively intact shape within 60 d after being laid down in the field. Furthermore, their e ff ect on increasing crop yield and WUE was very similar to that of the common plastic film. The replacement of common plastic film with biodegradable mulch films is thus very much applicable in this region Based on the agricultural characteristics of this region, the amount of mulch film used in one hectare of soil is 25 kg. When the residual mulch film exceeds 0.0240 kg m − 2 , it can significantly a ff ect yield [ 21 ]. This implies that after nine years of using plastic film, it could negatively impact crop yield. In addition to the e ff ect of plastic film on crop yield, it can also degrade and produce microplastics [ 27 ], which are likely to be transferred into the human body through the food cycle [ 28 ], resulting in potential health risks. In this study, after 140 d, the biodegradable mulch films exhibited a significantly higher level of degradation than the plastic film. The ultimate degradation products of the biodegradable film were H 2 O and CO 2 [ 4 , 16 ]. Through a three-year field experiment, our study showed that, in the short term, the cultivation of maize and cotton in an arid region using biodegradable mulch film could increase the crop yield and WUE to a similar level as that when using the common plastic film. Considering the environmental benefits and the negative e ff ect of residual film on crop yield, we concluded that biodegradable mulch film was favorable to common plastic mulch film. The e ff ect of biodegradable mulch film under di ff erent management conditions was not explored in this study, which is an aspect that could be explored in future research 5. Conclusions Through field experiments, we found that film mulching increased the crop yield by about 70% in an arid region. The three mulch films significantly increased plant height, stalk diameter, leaf area, crop biomass, and crop yield, and the e ff ects of the biodegradable mulch films were comparable to that of the common plastic film. Additionally, film mulching significantly increased the WUE in the crops grown in this region, with similar e ff ects observed between the biodegradable mulch film and common plastic film. The degradation properties of the biodegradable mulch films greatly exceeded those of the common plastic film. In addition to increasing crop yield, the biodegradable mulch films are also environmentally friendly. Thus, from a long-term sustainability perspective, the benefits of the biodegradable film outweigh those of the common plastic film Author Contributions: Conceptualization, L.D., Y.Y. and R.Y.; methodology, L.D. and R.Y.; formal analysis, L.D.; investigation, H.Z.; resources, Q.W.; data curation, L.D.; writing—original draft preparation, L.D.; writing—review and editing, Y.Y.; supervision, R.Y.; project administration, Y.Y.; funding acquisition, Y.Y Funding: This research was financially joint supported by the “High-level Talents Project in Xinjiang” (Y 942171), the fund of CAS “Light of West China” Program (2018-XBQNXZ-B-017), and the “One Hundred Person Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences” (Y 931201) Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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