Modified extrinsic tooth stain index and its clinical applicability

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Original article title: Modified extrinsic tooth stain index and its clinical applicability
The Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology (JISP) publishes original scientific articles on periodontology (the study of supporting structures of teeth) and oral implantology. It is a bimonthly open-access journal with special issues for specific occasions.
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Original source:

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Author:

Charu Mohan Marya, Pratibha Taneja, Tanvi Kaur Ahuja, Ruchi Nagpal, Sakshi Kataria


Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology:

(A bimonthly open-access journal)

Full text available for: Modified extrinsic tooth stain index and its clinical applicability

Year: 2023 | Doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_13

Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Esthetic dentistry plays a crucial role in enhancing individuals' appearances and boosting their confidence in a modern society where personal aesthetics are highly valued. One significant aspect of esthetic dentistry is addressing extrinsic dental stains, which often pose a cosmetic concern for many individuals seeking whiter teeth. Traditional methods of assessing and quantifying these stains have relied heavily on established indices, such as the Lobene stain index and the MacPherson index. However, these indices can be cumbersome and may not fully meet the practical needs of clinicians in assessing stain levels effectively and efficiently. This study aims to propose a simplified and modified stain index to improve the assessment process for extrinsic stains.

Simplified Stain Assessment Index

The proposed modified index builds on the previous models while introducing a more straightforward method of evaluation. Unlike the MacPherson index, which divides tooth surfaces into four distinct areas, the new index divides the surfaces into only three equal horizontal sections—incisal, middle, and cervical/gingival. This modification simplifies the recording process, enhancing clarity and ease of use in a clinical setting. The study's results indicate that there were no statistically significant differences between the measurements obtained using the proposed index and the MacPherson index, validating its efficacy and demonstrating that it can reliably assess the intensity and area of extrinsic staining. The interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability coefficients were high, further supporting the practicality of this new tool.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the proposed modified stain index presents a notable advancement over traditional indices by significantly simplifying the recording process and reducing the complexity involved in assessing extrinsic stains. With its ease of use and efficiency, the new index is well-suited for clinical applications, ultimately benefiting both professionals and patients seeking effective treatment for extrinsic dental stains. As the study suggests, further research involving larger sample sizes would be beneficial to confirm the generalizability of the findings, but preliminary evidence supports the index as a valuable addition to the tools available in esthetic dentistry.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What was the aim of the study on stain indices?

The study aimed to develop a modified stain index that is simpler, more rapid, highly reproducible, and sensitive in detecting small changes in extrinsic tooth staining compared to previous indices.

What methods were used in assessing extrinsic stains?

An observational study included participants aged 16-44. The new index modified criteria for recording stain area while keeping the intensity criteria the same as the MacPherson index, with data analyzed using SPSS and Mann-Whitney U-test.

What were the key findings of the results?

Results indicated no significant differences in area, intensity, and area × intensity between the proposed index and MacPherson's Index, validating the reliability of the modified index in clinical applications.

What is the significance of this modified stain index?

The proposed modified index is easier and less time-consuming, allowing for efficient evaluation of extrinsic stains in clinical settings, enhancing treatment planning for patients.

What limitations were mentioned in the study?

Limitations included a small sample size and lack of assessment of dietary factors, which could affect stain variability, indicating the need for further research with larger and more diverse populations.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Modified extrinsic tooth stain index and its clinical applicability”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
Table presents data in a structured format, allowing for easy comparison of values and results. In this study, tables are used to display findings related to the proposed modified stain index and its components, making it straightforward to understand the differences and statistical significance between the new and traditional indexes.

2) Surface:
Surface refers to the outer area of teeth, where extrinsic stains occur. Identifying the surfaces of teeth involved is crucial for stain assessment. In this study, different areas of tooth surfaces, such as buccal and lingual, were examined to evaluate staining, highlighting the importance of accurate surface assessment in dental hygiene.

3) Study (Studying):
The study is an observational research that aims to improve the assessment of extrinsic stains on teeth by proposing a modified index. It is relevant because it seeks to address the limitations of existing methods, providing a new approach that is easier, quicker, and more clinically applicable for dental professionals.

4) Reliability:
Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements taken in the study. High interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability indicates that different examiners can produce similar results using the modified index. This aspect is crucial for clinical application, ensuring that results are dependable and can inform treatment decisions based on stain measurements.

5) Field:
Field pertains to a clinical environment where dental assessment occurs. Carrying out measurements in the field highlights real-world applicability and the practicality of the proposed stain index. A widely usable index is necessary for dentists to efficiently assess patients without the complications posed by previous methods.

6) Rules:
Rules in a clinical research context may refer to predefined guidelines for measurement or scoring methods. In the context of dental indices, establishing rules for recording stains is essential for robustness and replicability of findings, allowing for standardized practices that can be applied across various clinical settings.

7) Measurement:
Measurement involves quantifying the extent and intensity of extrinsic stains on teeth. Accurate measurement is vital for assessing staining severity and tracking changes over time. In this study, different metrics are employed to ensure a comprehensive understanding of stain characteristics, aiding in treatment planning and monitoring.

8) Training:
Training denotes the process through which examiners in the study were prepared to accurately use the new index. Proper training is essential to mitigate variability and ensure that results are reliable. This underscores the importance of competency in clinical environments when adopting new assessment tools.

9) Hygiene (Hygienic):
Hygiene refers to the practices that maintain health and prevent disease. In dental care, maintaining oral hygiene is vital for preventing extrinsic staining. The study highlights the importance of informed hygiene practices and the role of professional assessments in managing and mitigating dental stains for aesthetic improvement.

10) Fainting (Fainted):
Faint describes the lowest visibility of stains on tooth surfaces, indicating minimal discoloration. The categorization of faint stains is important for accurate assessment and treatment planning. Understanding subtle differences in stain intensity helps dental professionals to develop appropriate strategies for cleaning or whitening treatments.

11) Food:
Food influences staining on teeth through consumption habits. Particular foods, such as coffee or wine, can cause extrinsic stains. Recognizing the role of dietary choices helps dentists educate patients about prevention strategies and supports the study's findings in understanding the relationship between diet and oral aesthetics.

12) Calculation:
Calculation involves determining scores based on the area and intensity of stains during the assessment. This step is significant for standardizing how stain severity is quantified, aiding comparisons between different indices and ensuring that treatment decisions are made based on solid, empirical evidence tailored to individual patients.

13) Observation:
Observation is the method through which dental examiners visually assess stains on teeth. This element is crucial for collecting data about the extent and intensity of stains. Insightful observation leads to a systematic evaluation process that forms the basis of the proposed index's reliability and clinical relevance.

14) Discussion:
Discussion provides a platform to interpret findings and relate them to existing literature. It emphasizes the implications of the study, addressing both successes and limitations. The discussion section enhances understanding of the proposed index's context and relevance, allowing for broader implications for future dental research and practice.

15) Science (Scientific):
Scientific refers to the systematic approach utilized in the study. A scientifically valid methodology is essential for trust in the results produced. Through rigorous data collection and analysis, the findings support dentists in developing effective strategies for managing extrinsic stains, contributing to the body of evidence in dental research.

16) Dividing:
Dividing signifies the act of partitioning tooth surfaces into specific areas for assessment. This practice is fundamental in the study, as it leads to clearer measurements and enables a more detailed evaluation of staining, thus enhancing the effectiveness of the proposed modified index in clinical applications.

17) Account:
Account here implies consideration of specific criteria during the study. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants account for relevant variables influencing results. Careful consideration ensures the sample is representative, thereby validating the index and enhancing its applicability for stain assessments across a broader population.

18) India:
India represents the geographical and cultural context of the study. The relevance of this geographical location may influence dietary habits and perceptions of dental aesthetics among participants. Understanding local contexts is important for generalizing the findings and ensuring that the modified index is culturally appropriate and effective.

19) Water:
Water is cited in the context of pre-assessment cleansing practices. Rinsing with water before stain evaluation ensures that temporary stains from food or beverages are removed, allowing for a more accurate assessment of intrinsic stains. This step is vital for reliable data collection in the study's findings.

20) Beast:
Beast is used metaphorically in the context of describing the transformative potential of esthetic dentistry. The reference to turning a 'beast' into beauty signifies the dramatic impact that cosmetic dental treatments can have on one's smile, underlining the importance of addressing extrinsic stains for enhanced self-esteem.

21) Diet:
Diet refers to the consumption of food and drink that may contribute to the formation of extrinsic stains on teeth. Awareness of dietary habits is essential, as certain foods can lead to discoloration. Understanding these habits aids dental professionals in counseling patients about preventive measures against staining.

Other Science Concepts:

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Modified extrinsic tooth stain index and its clinical applicability’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Clinical application, Dietary factor, Treatment option, Sample size limitation, Cosmetic Dentistry, Interexaminer reliability.

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