Prevalence and predictors of early periodontal disease among adolescents

| Posted in: Science

Journal name: Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Original article title: Prevalence and predictors of early periodontal disease among adolescents
The Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology (JISP) publishes original scientific articles on periodontology (the study of supporting structures of teeth) and oral implantology. It is a bimonthly open-access journal with special issues for specific occasions.
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Original source:

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Author:

Radhamoni Madhavan Pillai Baiju, Elbe Peter, Bindu Radhakrishnan Nayar, Jolly Mary Varughese, Nettiyat Ommen Varghese


Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology:

(A bimonthly open-access journal)

Full text available for: Prevalence and predictors of early periodontal disease among adolescents

Year: 2019 | Doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_512

Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Periodontal disease is a significant public health concern affecting a large portion of the population worldwide, particularly young individuals. The prevalence of this condition among adolescents in India has not been comprehensively studied in the recent past, highlighting a critical gap in knowledge. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease among older adolescents in Kerala and identify key sociodemographic, oral hygiene, and health behavior predictors contributing to this condition.

Importance of Oral Hygiene

One of the most critical findings in this study is the strong association between poor oral hygiene and the prevalence of gingival bleeding and periodontal pockets among adolescents. Approximately 42% of participants exhibited gingival bleeding, with the data indicating that poor oral hygiene was the strongest predictor of this condition, with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.34. Additionally, various sociodemographic factors such as rural living and attending government schools were found to correlate with a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding. The study underscores the need for effective oral hygiene practices and education among adolescents, emphasizing that early stages of periodontal disease can be reversed with appropriate dental care.

Conclusion

The research reveals a significant prevalence of early periodontal disease among adolescents in Kerala, employing the modified Community Periodontal Index (CPI) criteria for its assessment. Findings suggest that poor oral hygiene, along with sociodemographic factors and malocclusion, serves as significant predictors for periodontal disease. This study is pivotal as it marks one of the first comprehensive evaluations of periodontal health among adolescents in India, advocating for enhanced awareness and preventive measures to mitigate this developing public health concern.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the objective of the periodontal disease study in Kerala?

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease among older adolescent students in Kerala and identify its predictors as part of an oral health assessment survey.

What sampling method was used in the study?

A multistage cluster sampling method was employed among five districts of Kerala, examining 1065 students aged 15–18 from selected government and private schools.

What were the significant predictors of gingival bleeding identified?

Significant predictors of gingival bleeding included rural residence, government school attendance, mother's education level, orthodontic treatment need, oral hygiene frequency, and poor oral hygiene status.

What was the prevalence of periodontal pockets and loss of attachment?

The prevalence of periodontal pockets was 13.4% and loss of attachment was 2.7% among the adolescents studied, indicating early stages of periodontal disease.

What was concluded about the importance of oral hygiene?

The findings emphasized that poor oral hygiene is a significant predictor of gingival bleeding and early periodontal disease among adolescents, highlighting the need for improved oral health practices.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Prevalence and predictors of early periodontal disease among adolescents”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Table:
Tables in research papers present data in an organized format, facilitating quick understanding and comparison of findings. They summarize key statistics, such as prevalence rates or participant characteristics, allowing readers to easily digest complex information. Tables enhance the clarity and accessibility of research results, supporting authors in conveying their conclusions effectively.

2) Bleeding:
Bleeding, especially in the context of oral health, typically refers to the presence of blood during gum probing, indicative of inflammation or periodontal disease. Its identification is crucial in assessing gum health status, aiding dentists in diagnosing conditions like gingivitis or periodontitis. This serves as a key measure in periodontal health assessments.

3) Hygiene (Hygienic):
Hygiene, particularly oral hygiene, plays an essential role in preventing dental and periodontal diseases. Good oral hygiene involves regular brushing, flossing, and dental visits, which help maintain gum health and prevent plaque accumulation. Studies consistently show a direct link between proper hygiene practices and lower incidences of gingival bleeding and periodontal disorders.

4) Disease:
Disease represents a pathological state that negatively impacts health. In this context, periodontal disease refers to the infections that damage gums and can lead to tooth loss. Understanding the prevalence, predictors, and dynamics of periodontal disease is critical for public health planning and interventions, particularly among vulnerable populations like adolescents.

5) Pur:
The term 'poor' often denotes inadequate levels of something, such as oral hygiene or education. In this context, poor oral hygiene is identified as a significant predictor of gingival bleeding and periodontal disease. Addressing poor hygiene through education and access to dental care is pivotal for improving oral health outcomes among adolescents.

6) Kerala:
Kerala is a state in India known for its rich cultural heritage and high literacy rates. The study conducted in Kerala aimed to assess periodontal disease prevalence among adolescents, serving as a cultural and geographical context for examining oral health issues. Findings may reflect regional health behaviors and socio-economic factors influencing dental health.

7) Study (Studying):
Studying denotes the act of observing or researching a specific subject. Within the context of this research, studying focuses on periodontal disease among adolescents. Understanding educational settings and studying behaviors is crucial for formulating effective public health interventions to improve dental outcomes in diverse student populations.

8) Education:
Education is paramount in determining health literacy and behaviors related to dental care. The study highlights the association between a mother's educational background and children's oral health outcomes, suggesting that higher educational levels correlate with better healthcare practices. Education plays a crucial role in promoting awareness about oral hygiene and disease prevention.

9) Rules:
Rules refer to established guidelines or standards that govern practices and behaviors. In dental health, following specific guidelines for maintaining oral hygiene is crucial for preventing diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis. Research into these rules helps identify effective strategies for public health campaigns aimed at improving oral health standards.

10) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli, often manifesting as redness and swelling in the gums in periodontal disease. The presence of gingival bleeding often indicates inflammation. Understanding inflammation's role is essential in dental health, guiding treatment strategies to mitigate its effects and restore gum health.

11) Family:
Family significantly influences health behaviors, including oral hygiene practices. The study examines links between family education, income, and children's dental health, suggesting that familial support and resources are critical in promoting healthful habits. Strong family education on hygiene can lead to better health outcomes and reduced disease prevalence.

12) India:
India, with its diverse population and varying health standards, serves as a crucial context for studying periodontal disease prevalence. Findings in Indian populations like those from Kerala can provide insights into oral health disparities, guiding targeted public health strategies that consider cultural and socioeconomic factors affecting dental health across the country.

13) Visit:
Visiting a dentist regularly for check-ups is vital for maintaining oral health. The study explores the impact of dental visits on periodontal disease, revealing that many adolescents delay visits until experiencing pain or problems. Promoting regular dental visits can lead to early detection and treatment, ultimately improving oral health outcomes.

14) Male:
The male demographic plays an important role in understanding health trends and behaviors. In this study, gender differences were analyzed regarding periodontal disease prevalence and awareness among adolescents. Male youths may exhibit specific behaviors or attitudes towards oral hygiene, resulting in varied health outcomes compared to their female counterparts.

15) Pain:
Pain is often a motivating factor for individuals to seek dental care. The study highlights that many adolescents visit the dentist primarily for pain management rather than preventive care. Understanding the relationship between reported pain and dental visits aids in developing health promotion strategies that encourage timely dental interventions.

16) High family:
High family status or income often correlates with better access to dental care and health resources. In this study, family income was explored as a variable influencing oral health outcomes among adolescents. Understanding the impact of economic status on dental hygiene practices is essential for informing public health initiatives.

17) Discussion:
Discussion in research refers to the section where results are interpreted and contextualized within existing literature. It's essential for explaining implications, exploring limitations, and proposing future research directions. The discussion in this study highlights findings related to periodontal disease, contributing to broader conversations about adolescent oral health in India.

18) Rajasthan:
Rajasthan represents a geographical context where diverse studies on oral health have been conducted, often revealing higher rates of periodontal disease compared to other regions. Understanding demographic and environmental factors in Rajasthan can inform comparisons across states like Kerala, aiding in identifying consistent trends and regional disparities in periodontal health.

19) Knowledge:
Knowledge encompasses awareness and understanding of oral health practices. Enhancing knowledge among adolescents is crucial for encouraging proactive health behaviors, such as regular brushing and dental visits. This study emphasizes the need for educational interventions aimed at increasing awareness and promoting proper hygiene practices to combat periodontal disease effectively.

20) Learning:
Learning refers to the process of acquiring knowledge or skills. In the context of this study, it underscores the importance of educational initiatives in improving oral health literacy among adolescents. Effective learning strategies can significantly enhance dental hygiene practices and reduce periodontal disease prevalence through informed health behaviors.

21) Quality:
Quality pertains to the standard of health and hygiene practices. In dental health, quality influences the effectiveness of care and patient outcomes. The study reflects on the quality of oral hygiene among adolescents and its direct impact on periodontal disease, emphasizing the need for high-quality educational interventions and resources.

22) Lagana:
Lagana refers to authors who contribute significantly to existing literature on dental health. Citing studies conducted by researchers like Lagana highlights the role of previous research in shaping current inquiries. This connection underlines the importance of building on established findings in order to enhance the understanding of oral health issues.

23) Reason:
Reason refers to justifications for health behaviors or statuses. In the context of this study, understanding the reasons behind poor oral hygiene or dental neglect among adolescents is crucial. Identifying these underlying factors can inform tailored interventions that address specific barriers to maintaining good oral health practices.

24) Life:
Life here signifies the overall health status and well-being of individuals. The impact of periodontal disease extends beyond oral health, influencing systemic health and quality of life. Recognizing this interconnectedness is vital for emphasizing the importance of preventive care and promoting lifelong habits for maintaining good oral hygiene.

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