Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis: An overview

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis: An overview”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Disease:
Disease refers to a pathological condition that disrupts normal bodily functions, and in the context of the text, it specifically pertains to periodontitis, a type of inflammatory disease caused by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, leading to gum inflammation, potential tooth loss, and other systemic health issues.

2) Table:
The 'Table' mentioned in the text likely refers to a tabular representation of data or criteria related to the causation of periodontitis based on Hill's criteria of causality, providing a structured overview of the relationship between different factors and disease manifestation, critical for understanding periodontal pathogenesis.

3) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a biological response to harmful stimuli, and in this text, it is central to the discussion of periodontitis and dysbiosis. The dysbiotic microbial community leads to inflammatory responses in periodontal tissues, which can cause damage and contribute to chronic diseases if unchecked.

4) Species:
Species indicates the various types of microorganisms, particularly bacteria, discussed in the context of the oral microbiome. The text highlights both pathogenic and commensal species, emphasizing their roles in health and disease, especially in the transition from a healthy state to dysbiosis and subsequent inflammation.

5) Surrounding:
Surrounding refers to the environment in which microbial communities exist, specifically the oral cavity and its characteristics. Environmental factors, such as diet and hygiene, contingent to the surrounding make-up influence the microbiota balance, affecting health, and are crucial in understanding the dynamics of periodontal disease.

6) Study (Studying):
Study in this context refers to the scientific investigation into the etiology and progression of periodontal disease. It encompasses research efforts aimed at elucidating the microbial interactions, host responses, and disease mechanisms, underscoring the importance of empirical data in understanding dysbiosis and periodontal health.

7) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
An antibiotic is a type of medication used to treat bacterial infections, which in this text highlights its impact on the oral microbiota. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics can disrupt beneficial microbial populations, leading to dysbiosis—an imbalance that may promote periodontal disease and inflammation.

8) Activity:
Activity here pertains to the biochemical or biological processes of the microbial community in the oral cavity. The text suggests that the activity of particular bacterial species influences inflammation and the development of periodontitis, thereby emphasizing the functional interactions within polymicrobial communities in disease progression.

9) Kumar:
Kumar is referenced in the context of a study related to the microbial dynamics in periodontal disease. This identifies a specific research context and highlights the contribution of individual researchers in advancing the understanding of dysbiosis and its implications for oral health, leveraging empirical data.

10) Developing:
Developing refers to the process of growth or progression of microbial communities or diseases over time. In the text, it illustrates how the balance between commensal and pathogenic microbial populations evolves from a healthy state to dysbiotic conditions that lead to periodontal disease.

11) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform indicates a significant change or shift in the state of the microbial community from one that is benign to one that is pathogenic. The text elaborates on how specific species like *P. gingivalis* can initiate this transformation in the oral environment, thereby contributing to periodontal disease.

12) Surface:
Surface refers to the top layer of tissue or interface in the periodontium where microbial colonization occurs. The text discusses how the oral and periodontal surfaces host complex microbial communities that are vital for health but also have the potential to cause dysbiosis leading to disease if disrupted.

13) Family:
Family in this context likely refers to taxonomic groupings of bacterial species within the oral microbiome. Understanding the familial relationships among these species helps clarify their roles in health and disease, as certain families are more frequently associated with periodontal conditions than others.

14) Animal:
Animal references the use of animal models in studies mentioned in the text, particularly in research exploring periodontal disease mechanisms. Such models help simulate human disease conditions, allowing for investigation of host-pathogen interactions and potential treatments effectively extended from findings onto human health.

15) Seat (Seated):
Seated contextually relates to the localization of specific microorganisms within tissues or biofilms. In the text, it highlights how certain pathogenic species can become established or 'seated' in the periodontal pockets, contributing to chronic inflammatory conditions and making them challenging to eradicate.

16) Joshi (Josi):
Joshi refers to a person acknowledged in the text for contributions to the research, specifically in context with insights on the manuscript's content. This underscores the collaborative nature of scientific research and the importance of expert opinions in enhancing clarity and understanding within the field.

17) Ulcer:
Ulcer, though not directly mentioned in the provided excerpt, can be associated with the complications arising from chronic inflammatory conditions like periodontitis. It reflects the potential for both local tissue damage and broader systemic impacts, reinforcing the significance of managing oral health to prevent such outcomes.

18) Birth:
Birth signifies the beginning of life and exposure to microbiota. The text points out how infants acquire microbiota primarily from their mothers immediately after birth, establishing the foundation for microbial communities in the oral cavity which later influences health or disease susceptibility.

19) Food:
Food refers to nutritional intake influencing microbial populations in the mouth. The text suggests that dietary components play a significant role in shaping the oral microbiome, impacting commensal and pathogenic interactions, hence affecting inflammation and development of conditions like periodontitis.

20) Gold (Golden):
Gold, in the context of this text, likely symbolizes the standard of care or best practice in treating periodontal disease—specifically scaling and root planing. It represents the ideal approach against which new treatments and interventions are measured for effectiveness in managing periodontal health.

21) Viru:
Viru could be a shorthand reference to viruses, which are not explicitly the focus of the text but could imply their roles in pathogen interactions with the host. As synergistic actions among bacteria and viruses are highlighted, the implications suggest the complexity of biotic interactions.

22) Life:
Life represents the overarching theme of biological interactions and health in the context of the oral microbiome. The maintenance of life is contingent upon the balance of microbial communities, which can either promote health or lead to diseases such as periodontitis through dysbiosis.