Efficacy of Acacia, Murraya, Eucalyptus, and Guava on plaque colonizers.
Journal name: Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology
Original article title: Antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: An in vitro comparison between hot and cold extraction process
The Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology (JISP) publishes original scientific articles on periodontology (the study of supporting structures of teeth) and oral implantology. It is a bimonthly open-access journal with special issues for specific occasions.
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Original source:
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Chandra Shekar, Ramesh Nagarajappa, Rupal Singh, Rupesh Thakur
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology:
(A bimonthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: Antimicrobial efficacy of Acacia nilotica, Murraya koenigii L. Sprengel, Eucalyptus hybrid, and Psidium guajava on primary plaque colonizers: An in vitro comparison between hot and cold extraction process
Year: 2015 | Doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.145814
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
Dental plaque, a biofilm community of microorganisms found on tooth surfaces, is a significant contributor to dental caries and periodontal disease, affecting a large proportion of the global population. Traditional synthetic antiplaque agents, like chlorhexidine, often have side effects that can limit their long-term use. Thus, there is a pressing need for innovative, safe, and effective alternatives. This study investigates the antimicrobial efficacy of four plant extracts—Acacia nilotica, Psidium guajava, Eucalyptus hybrid, and Murraya koenigii—extracted using hot and cold methods against dental plaque-related bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguis, and Streptococcus salivarius.
Efficacy of Plant Extracts
The results demonstrated that all four plant extracts effectively inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria, regardless of the extraction method used. Notably, A. nilotica, P. guajava, and E. hybrid exhibited significantly higher inhibition zones against S. mutans and S. sanguis compared to M. koenigii L. and chlorhexidine. Cold extraction methods often resulted in higher antimicrobial efficacy, particularly against S. sanguis, while the hot extraction method yielded a higher overall yield of extracts and maintained efficacy in inhibiting all tested bacteria. This highlights the potential of these plant extracts as viable, herbal alternatives for oral health care.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the evaluated plant extracts possess significant antimicrobial properties and can be considered as effective antiplaque agents. Both extraction methods showcase unique advantages: cold methods often retain more active constituents, while hot methods provide higher yields, making them suitable for large-scale extraction. Future research should explore the synergistic effects of these extracts when combined, as well as their efficacy against a broader range of oral pathogens, to develop a comprehensive polyherbal formulation aimed at dental plaque control and the prevention of dental caries.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What was the objective of this study on plant extracts?
The study aimed to assess and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of four plant extracts against dental plaque bacteria, specifically *Streptococcus mutans*, *Streptococcus sanguis*, and *Streptococcus salivarius*, using hot and cold extraction methods.
Which plant extracts were tested for antimicrobial activity?
The extracts tested included *Acacia nilotica*, *Psidium guajava*, *Eucalyptus hybrid*, and *Murraya koenigii L.*, with their antimicrobial activities evaluated against specific Streptococcus species.
What were the main findings regarding the plant extracts?
All four plant extracts demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy against the tested bacteria. *Acacia nilotica*, *Psidium guajava*, and *Eucalyptus hybrid* showed particularly strong inhibition compared to *Murraya koenigii L* and chlorhexidine.
How were the antimicrobial properties of the extracts evaluated?
The antimicrobial efficacy was assessed using the agar well diffusion method, measuring the diameter of inhibition zones of the extracts against bacterial strains.
What are the implications of this study's findings?
The results suggest that these plant extracts could serve as effective, natural antiplaque agents, presenting herbal alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents like chlorhexidine.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Efficacy of Acacia, Murraya, Eucalyptus, and Guava on plaque colonizers.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Table:
In academic and scientific writing, a 'Table' is a structured representation of data, often used to summarize and analyze findings clearly. Tables help convey complex information succinctly, allowing readers to grasp relationships and comparisons between various data points quickly. Their organization aids in systematic data presentation, enhancing understandability.
2) Study (Studying):
'Study' refers to a systematic investigation aimed at discovering or confirming facts about a particular subject. In research contexts, it involves carefully collecting and analyzing data to draw conclusions and contribute to a particular field of knowledge. Studies are fundamental for advancing scientific understanding and innovation.
3) Powder:
In the context of pharmacology and material processing, 'Powder' typically refers to finely ground solid particles that can be used in various formulations, especially in herbal medicine. The particle size influences the absorption, solubility, and efficacy of the compounds, making it an important aspect in the preparation and application of extracts.
4) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of plant secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties. They are vital components in herbal medicine known for their role in preventing diseases by scavenging free radicals. Their biological activities contribute to various health benefits, making flavonoids important subjects of study in nutrition and pharmacology.
5) Disease:
'Disease' refers to a pathological condition characterized by a specific set of signs and symptoms. In the context of this research, dental diseases such as caries and periodontal disease are highlighted, emphasizing the importance of addressing these conditions through effective antiplate agents derived from natural sources.
6) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds found in plants that contribute to their color, flavor, and disease resistance. Many phytochemicals have health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Their study is central to understanding how plant extracts can be utilized in medicine and nutrition to combat health issues.
7) Post:
In the context of academic research, 'Post' often refers to follow-up discussions or evaluations of study results. It can also indicate specific sections in research papers where findings are processed, dissected, and related back to existing knowledge. Posts contribute to the iterative nature of scientific inquiry and discourse.
8) Surrounding:
'Surrounding' relates to the environment or context in which an object exists. In this research, it refers to the local ecosystem from which plant materials were derived. Understanding the surrounding environment impacts the quality and characteristics of plant extracts, highlighting the influence of ecological factors on biodiversity and medicinal plants.
9) Activity:
'Activity' denotes the physiological or biochemical effect exhibited by a substance, particularly regarding its effectiveness against pathogens. For herbal extracts, assessing antimicrobial activity is crucial to determine their potential as therapeutic agents in oral health. Evaluating the activity leads to advancements in alternative medicine and health care solutions.
10) Hand:
'Hand' in this context refers to the manual processes involved in the preparation and extraction of the plant material. This emphasizes the human element in scientific research where traditional methods and craftsmanship play significant roles in obtaining herbal products, highlighting the importance of skill and precision in scientific practices.
11) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibacterial refers to the property of substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. This term is crucial in the context of this research study, as it defines the main action that the plant extracts are being evaluated for, serving as an important indicator of their potential effectiveness in managing oral health.
12) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulation' typically refers to the gathering or buildup of substances in particular areas, such as biofilm formation in dental plaque. In the research context, understanding accumulation is vital for developing strategies to manage oral health, as reducing accumulation is crucial for preventing disease and maintaining dental hygiene.
13) Discussion:
'Discussion' is a critical part of scholarly articles where authors interpret their findings, relate them to existing literature, and provide insight into implications. This section synthesizes the research results, assesses limitations, and suggests future directions, ensuring that study findings contribute to ongoing scientific dialogue and knowledge enhancement.
14) Developing:
'Developing' refers to the process of creating or enhancing methodologies, technologies, or theories. In a research context, it underscores the importance of advancing practices, particularly in identifying and utilizing natural resources for health solutions. This term emphasizes the need for innovation in combating health challenges, such as dental diseases.
15) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' pertains to the systematic study of the natural world through observation and experimentation. This term embodies the rigorous methodology that underpins research endeavors aimed at understanding phenomena, discovering new knowledge, and verifying hypotheses, essential for establishing facts and advancing knowledge in various fields, including health sciences.
16) Evolution:
'Evolution' indicates the gradual development and progression of species or ideas over time. Within scientific discourse, it emphasizes the importance of adapting concepts based on new discoveries and knowledge, indicating that scientific understanding is dynamic and continually improving, which is particularly relevant in health research and drug development.
17) Quality:
'Quality' refers to the standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind. In the context of herbal therapies and extractions, quality indicates the effectiveness, safety, and consistency of plant extracts, which is crucial for reliable therapeutic use and ensures that products meet necessary health standards.
18) Surface:
In a biological context, 'Surface' refers to the exterior layer of cells or tissues. Understanding how substances interact with these surfaces is vital in pharmacology, particularly in drug delivery and absorption studies. In dental research, surface properties affect plaque formation, highlighting the significance of surface characteristics in oral health.
19) Madhya:
Madhya refers to the central region of India, where this research was conducted. The geographical context is relevant as it may influence the plant selection, availability, and traditional medicinal practices. This aspect underscores the importance of local biodiversity and cultural significance in harnessing natural resources for health care solutions.
20) Kadam:
Kadam in this context likely refers to an author or contributor to the research. It highlights the collaborative nature of scientific inquiry. Recognizing authors and their contributions emphasizes the importance of teamwork and collective efforts in achieving research objectives and advancing knowledge within academic and medical communities.
21) Water:
'Water' is a crucial solvent used in many extraction processes, including herbal extractions and plant studies. Its role is significant in determining the solubility of various compounds and influencing the efficiency of extraction methods. Water quality affects the final product, making it a fundamental aspect of any research involving plant materials.
22) Hema (Heman):
Hema likely refers to an author or researcher involved in the study. The acknowledgement of individual contributions highlights the collaborative nature of scientific research. Recognizing researchers by name helps in attributing credit and accountability within academic circles, reflecting the importance of individual roles in advancing collective scientific agendas.
23) Drug:
'Drug' refers to any substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease. In the context of herbal research, it highlights the exploration of plant extracts as potential therapeutic agents. This term signifies the ultimate goal of many studies: to discover and develop effective medical treatments.
Other Science Concepts:
Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Efficacy of Acacia, Murraya, Eucalyptus, and Guava on plaque colonizers.’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:
Acacia nilotica, Chlorhexidine, Streptococcus mutans, Dental caries, Dental plaque, Tooth loss, Agar well diffusion method, Soxhlet extraction, Antimicrobial efficacy, Plant Extract, Cold extraction method, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, Qualitative assay, Hot extraction method, Phytochemical constituent.