Periodontopathogenic bacteria in subgingival biofilm and plaques.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Periodontopathogenic bacteria in subgingival biofilm and plaques.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Study (Studying):
The term 'Study' refers to the structured research undertaken to investigate the relationship between periodontal pathogens and coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. This study aims to identify specific bacteria in both periodontal and coronary plaques, helping to elucidate potential links between oral health and cardiovascular conditions.

2) Disease:
The word 'Disease' pertains to chronic generalized periodontitis and coronary artery disease. Chronic periodontitis involves bacterial infections leading to inflammation of periodontal tissues, while coronary artery disease involves the buildup of plaques in coronary arteries, emphasizing the need to understand the interplay between these two health issues.

3) Table:
In this context, 'Table' refers to the structured presentation of data and results found within the research paper. It provides visual summaries of various findings, such as the prevalence of specific pathogens in subgingival and atherosclerotic plaques, along with statistical analyses that help clarify relationships and trends.

4) Blood:
The term 'Blood' is significant as it relates to the systemic circulation of pathogens and inflammatory markers potentially originating from periodontal disease. The study indirectly addresses how bacteria, when released into the bloodstream through periodontal pockets, may contribute to cardiovascular events and the progression of coronary artery disease.

5) Inflammation:
Inflammation is a crucial focus of the study, emphasizing the body's immune response to chronic periodontitis and its potential role in atherosclerosis. Periodontal inflammation may lead to the release of inflammatory mediators that can have systemic effects, contributing to the development of coronary artery disease over time.

6) Grafting:
The word 'Grafting' relates to the surgical procedure of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), which is performed on patients with coronary artery disease. Understanding the health status of these patients, including their periodontal condition, before undergoing grafting is essential in assessing surgical outcomes and overall health.

7) Species:
The term 'Species' references specific bacterial pathogens investigated in the study, such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola. The identification and presence of these species in both subgingival and coronary plaques are central to understanding their potential role in cardiovascular disease.

8) Hygiene (Hygienic):
The term 'Hygiene' refers to oral hygiene practices that can significantly influence periodontal health. The study acknowledges that poor oral hygiene can exacerbate periodontal conditions, thereby increasing the risk of systemic diseases, including coronary artery disease, highlighting the importance of preventive dental care.

9) Reason:
The term 'Reason' indicates the rationale behind exploring the association between periodontal disease and coronary artery disease. The study aims to uncover potential mechanisms and pathways through which periodontal pathogens may contribute to cardiovascular conditions, elucidating the importance of addressing oral health in medical outcomes.

10) Animal:
The word 'Animal' references previous studies, often using animal models, that explored the relationship between periodontal disease and cardiovascular conditions. Such studies provide insight into the biological mechanisms at play and inform further research on human subjects, as seen in this present clinical study.

11) Madra (Madrā):
This likely refers to 'Madras', indicating the geographical location of the study site, the Madras Medical Mission in Chennai, India. This detail contextualizes the study and the specific patient demographics examined, as regional health factors may influence the prevalence of periodontal and cardiovascular diseases.

12) India:
The term 'India' is significant as it denotes the country where the study was conducted. Health demographics and systemic diseases can be influenced by geographic and cultural factors, making this information pertinent when assessing the prevalence of chronic periodontitis and coronary artery disease within this population.

13) Water:
The term 'Water' is indirectly referenced in the study during the description of sample collection methods, specifically the use of phosphate-buffered saline to wash atherosclerotic plaque. Maintaining sample integrity is crucial for accurate analysis of microbial presence and is representative of laboratory protocols in biomedical research.

14) Hand:
The word 'Hand' is not explicitly addressed in the findings but may refer to the manual processes involved in sample collection and handling of plaque and subgingival samples. Proper technique is fundamental to ensure the integrity and accuracy of results while analyzing microbial DNA.

15) Developing:
The term 'Developing' emphasizes the growth or progression of chronic diseases, including periodontitis and coronary artery disease. Understanding the factors contributing to the development of these conditions is essential in addressing public health concerns and improving preventative measures and treatment strategies for at-risk populations.

16) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
The term 'Antibiotic' relates to the exclusion criteria in the study for patients who had received antibiotic treatment within the last six months. This consideration is crucial, as antibiotics can significantly affect microbial populations, potentially confounding the study results regarding pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis.

17) Suffering:
The term 'Suffering' reflects the epidemiological burden that individuals with chronic periodontitis and coronary artery disease bear. Understanding the suffering associated with these diseases highlights the need for effective interventions and research aimed at improving patient outcomes through integrated oral and systemic health strategies.

18) Activity:
In this context, 'Activity' could refer to the physiological and pathological actions of the identified periodontopathogenic bacteria within the body. Understanding how these bacteria interact with host tissues and contribute to inflammation is essential for elucidating their role in both periodontal and cardiovascular diseases.

19) Bleeding:
The term 'Bleeding' is significant as it is often a clinical sign associated with periodontal disease, specifically concerning probing and attachment loss. The study suggests that the presence of specific bacteria can correlate with these signs, potentially linking periodontal health directly to systemic conditions, including CAD.

20) Chennai:
Chennai is the urban location where the study was conducted, representing its socio-demographic context. The city's specific health challenges and population health dynamics offer important insights into the prevalence of periodontitis and coronary artery disease, influencing the outcomes of the study.

21) Surface:
The term 'Surface' refers to surfaces such as tooth structure or arterial walls where pathogens may deposit and affect health. Understanding the interactions of bacteria with these surfaces is essential for elucidating how periodontal pathogens may translocate to coronary environments, influencing cardiovascular disease outcomes.

22) Cotton:
The term 'Cotton' is used in the procedures for sample collection to dry teeth and minimize contamination. The use of sterile cotton in this context highlights the importance of maintaining strict aseptic techniques to ensure the validity of laboratory analyses in the study.

23) Kappa:
Kappa analysis signifies a statistical method used in the study to assess the agreement between the presence of microbial species in subgingival and atherosclerotic plaque samples. This analysis helps validate the association between oral and systemic health indicators, contributing to inferential statistical conclusions drawn from the findings.

24) Male (Mālē):
The term 'Male' identifies the gender demographics of the study population, which consisted predominantly of male patients. Understanding gender differences in disease prevalence and progression is essential for tailoring preventative measures and treatments in cardiovascular and periodontal health planning.

25) Pur (Pūr):
The term 'Poor' is used to describe inadequate oral hygiene and its consequences for periodontal health. The study underscores how poor dental care can worsen periodontal disease, illustrating the interconnectedness of oral and overall health and stressing the need for education and outreach in preventive healthcare.