A century of ‘The science of yoga’ (1921–2021): Revival, renewal and renaissance

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “A century of ‘The science of yoga’ (1921–2021): Revival, renewal and renaissance”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Yoga:
Yoga is a holistic practice focusing on the union of the mind, body, and spirit. It incorporates physical postures, breathing exercises, meditation, and ethical precepts to enhance physical health, mental clarity, and spiritual growth. Yoga serves not only as a therapeutic tool for various ailments but also as a lifestyle choice promoting wellness.

2) Yogi (Yogin):
A yogi is an individual dedicated to the practice and philosophy of yoga. Yogis seek spiritual growth and self-realization through disciplined practice, meditation, and ethical living. The term emphasizes a lifestyle committed to the teachings of yoga, often characterized by a deep understanding of its principles and a commitment to personal transformation.

3) Science (Scientific):
Scientific denotes a methodical approach to understanding phenomena through observable evidence and rigorous study. When applied to yoga, it refers to the exploration of its effects on health and well-being through controlled research. Scientific validation of yoga practices enhances their acceptance in mainstream medicine and encourages evidence-based health recommendations.

4) India:
India is the birthplace of yoga, rich in spiritual and philosophical traditions. The country's diverse cultural heritage has greatly influenced the development and dissemination of yoga practices. India's historical and contemporary significance in yoga underscores its role as a global center for wellness and spiritual awakening, attracting practitioners and researchers worldwide.

5) Life:
Life encompasses the experience of living, including physical existence, emotional experiences, and spiritual growth. In the context of yoga, the quality of life can be enhanced through practices that promote mental clarity and emotional stability. Yoga guides individuals in navigating life's challenges, fostering a sense of purpose, balance, and well-being.

6) Indian:
Indian signifies the cultural, historical, and philosophical roots of yoga, which originated in the Indian subcontinent. It encompasses a wide variety of traditions, texts, and practices, including Ayurveda and meditation. Understanding the Indian context is essential for grasping the rich tapestry of yoga’s development and its impact on global wellness.

7) Education:
Education involves imparting knowledge, skills, and values, forming the basis of personal and societal development. Integrating yoga into educational curricula can foster holistic development in individuals, promoting physical health, emotional resilience, and ethical living. Yoga education emphasizes lifelong learning, and well-being as critical components of effective and balanced educational practices.

8) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that focuses on holistic health through diet, herbal treatments, and lifestyle modifications. As a sister science to yoga, Ayurveda complements yoga practices by addressing physical and mental health, advocating for balanced living aligned with individual constitutions, thus enhancing overall wellness and longevity.

9) Svamin (Swami, Svami, Swamin):
Swami is a spiritual title in Hinduism used for individuals who have attained a deep understanding of philosophy and spirituality, often through extensive practice of yoga. It signifies renunciation, wisdom, and leadership in spiritual matters. Swamis are regarded as teachers or gurus, guiding others on their spiritual paths and contributing to the dissemination of yoga.

10) Vaidya:
Vaidya refers to a traditional practitioner of Ayurveda, skilled in diagnosing and treating health disorders using holistic methodologies. Vaidyas play a crucial role in integrating Ayurvedic principles with yoga practices, emphasizing the importance of balance in health. Their expertise contributes to understanding the therapeutic effects of yoga on physical and mental health.

11) Study (Studying):
Studying indicates the active process of acquiring knowledge through inquiry and analysis. In yoga, studying includes familiarizing oneself with texts, practices, and teachings, contributing to a broader understanding of yoga's philosophical and practical elements. Committed study enriches the practitioner's experience, increasing effectiveness in personal practice and its application.

12) Tilak:
Tilak represents Lokmanya Tilak, an important nationalist leader in India's independence movement. His influence extended into various cultural spheres, including the promotion of traditional Indian educational systems that include yoga. His ideals advocate integrating ancient wisdom with modern education, fostering a holistic approach to individual and national development.

13) Meditation:
Meditation is a mental practice that involves focusing the mind to achieve a state of calm, clarity, and heightened awareness. It is a fundamental aspect of yoga, aiding in stress reduction and mental well-being. Regular meditation practice cultivates mindfulness, enhances emotional regulation, and fosters a deeper understanding of oneself.

14) Paramahamsa (Paramahansa, Parama-hamsa):
Paramahamsa is a revered title indicating a high spiritual state of realization. In yoga tradition, it represents a person who has attained the ultimate union with the divine. The term symbolizes the pinnacle of spiritual achievement, often associated with profound wisdom and the ability to guide others on their spiritual journeys.

15) Perception:
Perception refers to the process by which individuals interpret and understand sensory information. In the realm of yoga, it plays a critical role in shaping one’s experiences and responses to the surrounding world. Enhanced perception through yoga practices can lead to greater self-awareness and consciousness, fostering holistic development.

16) Knowledge:
Knowledge signifies the understanding and awareness gained through experience, study, and practice. In the context of yoga, knowledge encompasses not only the techniques of practice but also an understanding of its philosophical underpinnings. It empowers practitioners to navigate their spiritual journeys and apply yoga principles in everyday life.

17) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is an ancient language of India, rich in spiritual and philosophical literature, including key yoga texts. Mastery of Sanskrit is essential for understanding traditional yogic scriptures, enabling practitioners to delve into their meanings and revealing deeper insights. It links contemporary practice with its historical roots, preserving cultural heritage.

18) Disease:
Disease refers to any condition that disrupts normal bodily functions and overall well-being. Yoga and Ayurveda together offer a natural approach to preventing and managing diseases through lifestyle modifications, therapeutic practices, and holistic treatments that enhance physical health and mental clarity, proving beneficial in various health conditions.

19) Sutra:
Sutra means 'thread' in Sanskrit and refers to concise aphorisms found in classical texts, such as the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. These texts encapsulate fundamental principles and guidelines of yoga practice, serving as important references for practitioners seeking a deeper understanding of yoga’s philosophy and application in daily life.

20) Raja:
Raja, meaning 'royal' in Sanskrit, represents one of the four main paths of yoga. Raja Yoga emphasizes meditation and control over the mind, aligning with practices geared towards self-discovery and mental discipline. It plays a crucial role in the broader spectrum of yoga, offering a comprehensive path for spiritual growth.

21) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra, a state in western India, is significant in the history and evolution of yoga and Ayurveda. The region hosts various spiritual figures and institutions dedicated to the study and practice of yoga, including Kaivalyadham, which promotes the scientific exploration of yoga’s benefits, rooted in its historical and cultural significance.

22) Kundalini (Kumdalini):
Kundalini refers to a dormant spiritual energy believed to reside at the base of the spine in yogic philosophy. Awakening Kundalini leads to profound transformation and spiritual enlightenment. Practices like yoga and meditation aim to awaken this energy, integrating it for personal growth and higher states of consciousness.

23) Rajayoga (Raja-yoga, Rajan-yoga):
Raja-yoga is often referred to as the 'royal path' of yoga, focusing on the control of the mind through meditation and ethical living. Consisting primarily of meditation practices, Raja-yoga helps practitioners achieve higher states of consciousness and self-realization, distinguishing it as a comprehensive approach within the broader yoga tradition.

24) Antarvedi (Antar-vedi, Amtarvedi):
Antarvedi is a sacred place in India, known for its spiritual connotations and cultural significance. As part of the narrative surrounding yogic practices, places like Antarvedi symbolize the pilgrimage towards self-realization and understanding of deeper spiritual truths, fostering a connection between the physical and metaphysical realms.

25) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana):
Rasayana refers to a branch of Ayurveda focusing on rejuvenation and longevity. It encompasses various therapies and dietary practices aimed at enhancing vitality and slowing the aging process. In yoga, these principles can be integrated, advocating a holistic approach to health, emphasizing the need for physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

26) Nagendra (Naga-indra):
Nagendra, often associated with Dr. H.R. Nagendra, is an influential figure in the field of yoga research. His work has contributed significantly to understanding the therapeutic benefits of yoga through scientific studies. He advocates for integrating traditional yogic practices with modern health research, promoting holistic approaches to wellness.

27) Siddhi:
Siddhi refers to extraordinary spiritual powers or accomplishments attained through yogic and meditative practices. In various yogic traditions, Siddhis represent the manifestation of deep spiritual progress and self-realization. Understanding Siddhi aids practitioners in recognizing the transformative potential of yoga, empowering them to transcend limitations and achieve higher consciousness.

28) Wisdom:
Wisdom represents the accumulated knowledge, insight, and understanding gained through experience and reflection. In yogic philosophy, wisdom is seen as essential for spiritual growth and ethical living. Practicing yoga fosters wisdom by promoting mindfulness, self-awareness, and insight, guiding practitioners toward enlightened living.

29) Table:
In this context, 'table' might refer to the structured presentation of data or results related to yoga research. Organized data offers clarity in understanding the effectiveness of different yoga practices, shaping evidence-based approaches to enhance health outcomes, and facilitating comparisons among various studies and methodologies.

30) Death:
Death is often viewed as a natural part of life, with various philosophical and spiritual interpretations. In yogic philosophy, understanding death involves accepting it as a transition rather than an end. Yoga practices promote a healthy awareness of mortality, encouraging practitioners to live with purpose and mindfulness, thus enriching their existence.

31) Guru:
A guru is a teacher or spiritual guide in Hinduism and yoga who imparts wisdom and facilitates learning. The role of a guru is critical in transmitting knowledge, guiding students through their spiritual journeys, and offering insights that help deepen their understanding of yoga and self-realization.

32) Diet:
Diet signifies the nutritional choices one makes, which play a crucial role in physical health and overall well-being. In yoga and Ayurveda, diet is closely linked to mental health and emotional balance. A balanced diet complements yoga practice, enhancing physical fitness, mental clarity, and spiritual growth.

33) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation refers to profound changes in one's state of being, particularly in the context of personal growth. Through consistent practice of yoga, individuals can undergo significant transformation, improving physical health, mental resilience, and spiritual awareness, leading to a balanced and fulfilling life.

34) Anti-aging:
Anti-aging encompasses methods, practices, and treatments aimed at slowing the aging process, promoting longevity. In the context of yoga and Ayurveda, anti-aging is approached holistically through lifestyle modifications, dietary practices, and preventive health measures that enhance vitality and overall well-being, fostering a state of youthful vitality.

35) Patanjali:
Patanjali is an ancient sage credited with compiling the Yoga Sutras, essential texts outlining the philosophy and practice of yoga. His teachings continue to influence modern yoga practice, providing timeless wisdom on meditation, ethics, and achieving self-realization, establishing foundational principles that guide practitioners today.

36) Sambhala (Shambhala):
Shambhala holds significance in various spiritual traditions as a mythical place of enlightenment and peace. The term symbolizes the quest for spiritual awakening and harmony, intertwining with yoga's goals. It represents the ultimate state of being one aims to reach through dedicated practice, contributing to the global quest for inner peace.

37) Jagannatha (Jagannath, Jagat-natha):
Jagannatha symbolizes divine love and cosmic consciousness, often manifested through devotional practices in yoga. The concept emphasizes the relationship between devotion and enlightenment, reflecting the integration of personal alterity with universal consciousness. Understanding Jagannatha's significance enriches the practice of yoga, encouraging practitioners towards deeper appreciation and commitment to spiritual growth.

38) Medicine:
Medicine represents the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing health issues. In the context of yoga, it expands to include the therapeutic aspects of yoga practices. Recognizing yoga as a form of preventive medicine fosters greater public awareness about alternative approaches to health and wellness, integrating mind-body healing.

39) Training:
Training refers to the systematic development of skills and knowledge necessary for proficiency in a given area. In yoga, training encompasses both physical and philosophical education, enabling practitioners to understand the depth of yoga principles and techniques, leading to holistic development that nourishes body, mind, and spirit.

40) Buddhism (Buddhist tradition):
Buddhism is a spiritual tradition that emphasizes mindfulness, meditation, and ethical living, sharing common roots with yoga. Both disciplines focus on spiritual growth and overcoming mental suffering. The interplay between yoga and Buddhism enriches the understanding of consciousness, offering diverse paths towards enlightenment and self-realization.

41) Samadhi:
Samadhi is a profound meditative state representing the culmination of yoga practice, where the practitioner experiences union with the divine. It encapsulates pure consciousness and bliss, marking a significant milestone in the spiritual journey. Achieving Samadhi requires dedication to mental discipline and deep meditation, highlighting the transformative power of yoga.

42) Amalaki:
Amalaki, or Indian gooseberry, is a revered fruit in Ayurveda, known for its health benefits. It promotes longevity and rejuvenation, aligning with yoga's holistic approach to health. Its incorporation into dietary practices reflects the synergy between yoga and Ayurveda, emphasizing nutrition as vital for maintaining physical and mental balance.

43) Bharati:
Bharati signifies India or the Indian subcontinent's cultural heritage, often symbolizing wisdom and knowledge in traditional contexts. Understanding Bharati enhances the appreciation of yoga as an integral aspect of Indian culture, emphasizing the need to preserve and promote these traditions in the modern context, fostering cultural continuity and spiritual growth.

44) Gujarat:
Gujarat, a state in western India, is significant for cultural and spiritual practices linked to yoga and Ayurveda. Its historical figures and contributions to Indian philosophy exemplify the importance of regional influences in the broader narrative of yoga, highlighting the diverse traditions that shape India's spiritual landscape.

45) Chauhan:
Chauhan may refer to a prominent family or lineage associated with various aspects of Indian culture and history. In discussions surrounding yoga, recognizing dedication from families like the Chauhan's emphasizes the ongoing commitment to preserving and promoting traditional practices, thus ensuring the continuity of cultural wisdom through future generations.

46) Meeting:
Meeting signifies gatherings or discussions that foster collaboration and sharing of ideas. In the context of yoga, meetings among practitioners or scholars facilitate the exchange of knowledge and experiences, promoting collective growth and a deeper understanding of practices, while reinforcing community ties within the yoga ecosystem.

47) Species:
Species refers to distinct biological classifications within the natural world. In yoga and Ayurveda, understanding the diversity of species forms an essential aspect of ecological awareness and respect for life. This perspective fosters a sense of interconnectedness and responsibility toward the environment, highlighting the ecological dimensions embedded in holistic health practices.

48) Ananta (Anamta):
Anantha signifies boundlessness or infinity, often representing limitless possibilities and spiritual expansiveness. In yoga philosophy, the concept of Anantha underscores the potential for continuous growth and transformation one can achieve through dedicated practice, reflecting the continuous nature of personal and spiritual development in the yogic journey.

49) Bhakti:
Bhakti signifies devotion in the context of spiritual practices, emphasizing love and attachment to the divine. In yoga, cultivating Bhakti nurtures emotional well-being and fosters a deeper connection to spiritual practices. This devotion complements the physical aspects of yoga, enhancing the overall experience of surrender and unity with the divine.

50) Keshari (Kesari, Kesha-ari):
Kesari represents strength and valor, often associated with the publication edited by Lokmanya Tilak. In the context of yoga and philosophy, values reflected in Kesari emphasize the integration of courage, education, and social responsibility within spiritual practices. It signifies a commitment to uplift individuals and communities through knowledge and action.

51) Nature:
Nature encompasses the physical world, including the environment and living beings. Yoga emphasizes harmony with nature, promoting sustainable living and ecological consciousness. Understanding the interconnectedness of nature enhances one’s practice, cultivating gratitude and a sense of responsibility toward the environment, thus fostering a holistic approach to health and well-being.

52) Pandita (Pandit):
Pandit denotes a learned scholar or teacher, particularly in the context of Indian philosophy and spirituality. Pandits play a crucial role in the transmission of wisdom and teachings related to yoga and other traditions. Their expertise ensures the preservation and evolution of spiritual knowledge, vital for guiding practitioners on their paths.

53) Kalpa:
Kalpa signifies a vast period or an era in Indian cosmology, emphasizing the cyclical nature of time. In yoga and spiritual practices, understanding Kalpa challenges linear perceptions of existence, offering insights into the continuity of life experiences. It promotes a broader perspective on growth, transformation, and the interconnectedness of all beings.

54) Sadhu:
Sadhu refers to a spiritual practitioner, often dedicated to a life of renunciation and asceticism. In the yogic tradition, Sadhus embody profound insights and wisdom, serving as guides for those seeking spiritual awakening. Their dedication and practices highlight the transformative power of yoga in attaining higher states of consciousness.

55) Patil:
Patil may refer to a community leader or a title within certain regions of India. In yoga discussions, individuals with such roles emphasize the cultural and historical influences on yoga practices, fortifying community ties and fostering collective understanding of the benefits of yoga within a societal context.

56) Visit:
Visit signifies a trip made to a place for a specific purpose, often related to learning or collaboration. In yoga and spiritual contexts, visits to centers or institutions facilitate the sharing of knowledge and practices, promoting the exchange of ideas among practitioners and enriching their experiences and understanding of yoga.

57) Kaya:
Kaya refers to the body in Sanskrit, often discussed in relation to physical health in yoga. Understanding Kaya's significance helps highlight the importance of physical well-being in achieving balance through yoga practices, which integrate body awareness, functionality, and nurturing a holistic connection to mind and spirit.

58) Shri (Sri, Sr):
Shri is a Sanskrit honorific used to denote respect and reverence for individuals. In yogic contexts, it underscores the significance of honoring spiritual teachers, practitioners, and sacred texts, promoting a culture of respect that is foundational to the yogic tradition and the study of its philosophical principles.

59) Rama:
Rama is a central figure in Hindu mythology, representing virtue and dharma. His teachings underscore ethical living and devotion, values that resonate with yogic principles. In the practice of yoga, Rama's ideals encourage practitioners to cultivate righteousness and compassion, enriching their spiritual journeys and character development.

60) Bapu:
Bapu is an affectionate term used for Mahatma Gandhi, representing spiritual and moral leadership. His commitment to truth and non-violence resonates with the principles of yoga, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct in spiritual practice. Bapu's influence inspires practitioners to integrate compassion and social responsibility into their yoga journeys.

61) Pune:
Pune, a city in Maharashtra, is significant in the context of education, culture, and spirituality in India. It hosts numerous institutions dedicated to yoga and traditional practices, serving as a hub for spiritual seekers and practitioners. The city's rich cultural landscape fosters growth and exchange of yogic knowledge among diverse communities.

62) Post:
Post signifies the delivery or publication of information, contributing to knowledge dissemination. In yoga research, posts may reference scientific findings or articles promoting understanding of yoga's benefits. Timely sharing of information helps raise awareness about yoga in contemporary health discussions, fostering greater appreciation for its value in well-being.

63) Pir:
Peer refers to individuals of equal standing, particularly in academic or professional contexts. Peer evaluation plays a critical role in validating research findings related to yoga, ensuring scientific rigor. Through constructive critique and collaboration, peers enhance the quality and credibility of yogic research, fostering a solid foundation for future inquiry and practice.

64) Mental disorder:
Mental disorder encompasses a range of psychological conditions that affect emotional and cognitive functioning. Yoga practices have been shown to have therapeutic effects on mental disorders, promoting relaxation, mindfulness, and emotional resilience. Integrating yoga into mental health treatments can provide holistic support and improve overall well-being in affected individuals.

65) Sri Aurobindo:
Sri Aurobindo was a philosopher and yogi who significantly impacted Indian spiritual movements. His teachings emphasize the synthesis of spirituality and life, advocating for the evolution of human consciousness through spiritual practices. Integrating his insights into yoga enriches the understanding of personal and collective transformation in the pursuit of higher consciousness.

66) Peer review:
Peer review is a scholarly process where experts evaluate research quality before publication. In yoga studies, it ensures that findings are scientifically valid, enhancing credibility and acceptance in the academic community. This process fosters rigorous examination of yoga's impacts, influencing its place within both traditional and modern health paradigms.

67) Human body:
The human body is the physical vessel that houses consciousness and experiences. In yoga, understanding its intricacies allows practitioners to explore the connection between body, mind, and spirit. Yoga emphasizes the body's role in overall health and self-awareness, promoting practices that enhance physical health and mental clarity.

68) New Delhi:
New Delhi, as the capital of India, is a center for political, educational, and cultural activities. It houses various institutions and organizations promoting yoga and wellness practices. The city's significance in yoga discussions lies in its role in fostering awareness, research, and the integration of traditional practices into modern health frameworks.

69) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with biological systems. In the context of yoga and Ayurveda, pharmacological approaches can complement holistic healing practices. Understanding pharmacology is crucial for integrating yoga therapies into modern medicine, enhancing therapeutic options for various health conditions through a comprehensive approach to treatment.

70) Announcement:
Announcement signifies the formal declaration of information or updates. In yoga and wellness contexts, announcements regarding new research or events contribute to awareness and engagement within the community. Ensuring timely dissemination of information promotes collaboration and progress in the field of yoga, fostering an informed and active practitioner base.

71) Measurement:
Measurement refers to the quantification of variables to assess effects and outcomes. In yoga research, measurement tools evaluate the physiological and psychological impacts of practices, allowing for evidence-based conclusions. Accurate measurement enhances our understanding of yoga's benefits, facilitating the integration of findings into health promotion strategies and therapies.

72) Pratyahara:
Pratyahara is the yogic practice of withdrawing the senses from external stimuli, redirecting focus inward. This practice enhances self-awareness and mental discipline, essential components of deeper meditation. By cultivating Pratyahara, practitioners learn to manage distractions, connecting mind and body more profoundly, fostering a holistic approach to personal growth and self-discovery.

73) Mahaprabhu (Maha-prabhu):
Mahaprabhu refers to the revered spiritual teacher Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, who emphasized devotion and love for God. His teachings resonate with Bhakti Yoga principles, similar in nature to those found in other yogic practices. Exploring his philosophy enriches the understanding of devotion within yoga and highlights the connection between spirituality and personal experience.

74) Prosperity:
Prosperity encompasses overall well-being and success in various aspects of life, including health, economic stability, and happiness. In yoga and spiritual contexts, prosperity is linked to inner fulfillment and the interconnectedness of individual growth and societal advancement. Yoga practices cultivate a mindset conducive to prosperity, promoting holistic and sustainable development.

75) Butter milk (Buttermilk):
Buttermilk is a traditional Indian beverage, often included in health diets. Its nutritional properties align with the Ayurvedic approach to health, offering benefits for digestion and hydration. In the context of yoga and wellness, incorporating germination like buttermilk promotes a balanced diet, enhancing the synergistic relationship between nutrition and holistic health practices.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 127]