"Effects of Annona reticulata on diabetes and liver-kidney protection."
Journal name: Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine
Original article title: Ameliorative effect of Annona reticulata L. leaf extract on antihyperglycemic activity and its hepato-renal protective potential in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
The Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (JAIM) is an open-access publication promoting collaboration between Ayurveda, traditional medicine, and biomedicine, publishing research on integrative health sciences
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Original source:
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Vineela Pulivarthi, Josthna P., C.V. Naidu
Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine:
(A monthly peer-reviewed publication)
Full text available for: Ameliorative effect of Annona reticulata L. leaf extract on antihyperglycemic activity and its hepato-renal protective potential in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Year: 2021 | Doi: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.01.010
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
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Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “"Effects of Annona reticulata on diabetes and liver-kidney protection."”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Table:
The term 'Table' refers to a structured representation of data, typically in rows and columns, used to summarize and present research findings clearly. In scientific papers, tables facilitate comparison between different variables, enhancing the interpretation of results, especially in studies with multiple data points like extract yields or biochemical assays.
2) Activity:
In the context of scientific studies, 'Activity' describes the effectiveness of a substance, such as the pharmacological or biological effects of a plant extract. This term is crucial for evaluating how well an intervention, like an herbal extract, performs in reducing symptoms or treating conditions compared to other treatments.
3) Study (Studying):
'Study' denotes a systematic investigation aimed at discovering or confirming knowledge. It is fundamental in research, providing structure to the inquiry process, which involves hypothesis testing, data collection, and analysis to derive conclusions and contribute to the broader scientific understanding of a subject, such as diabetes treatment in this context.
4) Phytochemical:
Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds derived from plants that have potential health benefits. They are studied for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Understanding phytochemicals is essential in herbal medicine and pharmacognosy, as they may offer natural alternatives to synthetic drugs, addressing issues like diabetes effectively and safely.
5) Blood:
The term 'Blood' encompasses a vital bodily fluid responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. In diabetes research, blood glucose levels are monitored to assess metabolic control. Understanding blood composition and function is essential for evaluating disease progression and treatment efficacy in diabetic patients.
6) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytochemicals known for their antioxidant properties and health benefits, including their role in managing diabetes. Found in a variety of fruits and vegetables, flavonoids can inhibit alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, making them relevant in the study of antihyperglycemic effects.
7) Water:
'Water' is a universal solvent and vital for life, influencing biological processes. In research, water is often used as a solvent in extracting phytochemicals from plant materials. The quality and purity of water are critical for obtaining reliable and reproducible experimental results, particularly in pharmacological studies involving herbal extracts.
8) Drug:
A 'Drug' refers to a chemical substance that alters physiological functions in the body. Drugs can be synthetic or derived from natural sources, and they are essential in treating diseases like diabetes. The exploration of traditional medicinal plants aims to identify novel drug candidates that are safe and effective in managing health conditions.
9) Medicine:
'Medicine' encompasses the science and practice of diagnosing and treating illnesses. It involves pharmacology, surgery, and various therapeutic approaches to improve health. Understanding traditional and modern medicines helps in developing effective treatment protocols and highlights the importance of natural remedies in the therapeutic landscape, including plant-based therapies.
10) Toxicity:
Toxicity indicates the degree to which a substance can harm living organisms. Evaluating toxicity is crucial in pharmacological research, especially with herbal medicines. Understanding the toxicity profile helps ensure safety and efficacy in treatments, aiding in the identification of safe dosages for potential medicinal products derived from plants.
11) Disease:
A 'Disease' denotes a pathological condition characterized by specific symptoms and signs. In studies related to diabetes, understanding disease mechanisms is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Research into natural remedies aims to provide alternatives to conventional treatment, helping manage disease progression and improve patient outcomes.
12) India:
'India' is a country rich in biodiversity, housing many traditional medicinal plants. The study of local flora's pharmacological properties contributes significantly to global natural product research. Understanding the cultural and historical context of medicinal plant use in India is vital for validating traditional practices and their relevance in modern medicine.
13) Animal:
'Animal' refers to living organisms used in research to study biological processes and test treatments. Animal models, such as diabetic rats, are essential in preclinical studies for assessing the safety and efficacy of potential pharmaceuticals, including herbal extracts, before advancing to human trials.
14) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of how drugs interact with biological systems. In the context of natural products, pharmacological research is focused on identifying and understanding the mechanisms of action of bioactive compounds from plants, facilitating the development of effective treatments for various ailments, including diabetes.
15) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
'Antibacterial' refers to substances that inhibit bacterial growth or kill bacteria. Exploring the antibacterial properties of phytochemicals is crucial in developing new treatments for infections. Understanding these properties can enhance the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants, contributing to the search for safer alternatives to synthetic antimicrobials.
16) Kumar:
'Kumar' likely refers to an author or researcher whose work contributes to the body of knowledge in the dramatic study. Individual researchers play a crucial role in advancing understanding through their projects. Their findings can lead to scientific breakthroughs, especially in integrating traditional knowledge with modern biomedical practices.
17) Rules:
'Rules' denote established guidelines that govern scientific research practices. Adhering to ethical and methodological standards ensures transparency and reproducibility in studies. Understanding these rules is vital for researchers to maintain integrity, uphold scientific rigor, and produce valid, reliable results that can be shared within the academic community.
18) Observation:
Observation is a critical component of the scientific method that involves the systematic recording of phenomena. In studies, careful observation aids in data collection and hypothesis testing, contributing to the understanding of plant effects, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic benefits in conditions like diabetes.
19) Andhra (Amdhra):
'Andhra' refers to a region in India known for its rich biodiversity and traditional medicinal practices. Researching local flora, such as plants used in Ayurveda or folk medicine, can reveal valuable phytotherapeutic insights. Understanding regional practices emphasizes the importance of preserving herbal knowledge for future pharmaceutical developments.
20) Cancer:
'Cancer' signifies a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth. Research into natural compounds, including those from medicinal plants, has gained traction in exploring potential anticancer properties. Understanding these compounds' mechanisms can drive the development of safer, more effective cancer treatment options through integrative medicine.
21) Indian:
'Indian' reflects the cultural and geographical context of traditional medicine practices. The study of Indian medicinal plants provides insights into their pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. This exploration is critical in furthering knowledge about plant-based treatments, contributing to the broader landscape of ethnopharmacology and integrative health.
22) Food:
'Food' refers to substances consumed for nutritional purposes. Understanding the relationship between diet and health, especially in managing chronic conditions like diabetes, is vital. Researching dietary components' effects can lead to better management strategies through dietary modifications and the integration of functional foods with health benefits.
23) Godavari (Go-davari):
'Godavari' is a river in India associated with rich biodiversities and traditional healing practices. Studies of plants native to this region can uncover novel phytochemicals with medicinal applications. This local focus enhances our understanding of plant use in indigenous cultures and informs modern integrative health approaches.
24) Accu (Accukuta):
The term 'Accu' likely refers to 'Accu-Chek,' a brand of blood glucose monitors widely used for managing diabetes. Understanding the importance of accurate glucose measurement tools in diabetes management is essential for patients to effectively monitor their condition and maintain optimal health through informed dietary and therapeutic choices.
25) Line:
'Line' can refer to a line of research or a lineage of thought that connects various discoveries. Recognizing these lines is crucial for understanding the development of scientific theories and practices, particularly in areas like pharmacology, where historical context and evolution of knowledge are essential for contemporary applications.
26) Science (Scientific):
'Scientific' pertains to a systematic, evidence-based approach to understanding the natural world. In research, applying scientific methods ensures rigorous evaluation of hypotheses, facilitating robust conclusions. The scientific nature of studies involving plants highlights the importance of empirical evidence in validating traditional herbal practices for modern medicine.
27) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
'Tirupati' is a city in India known for its educational institutions and traditional medicinal practices. Research conducted in this region can emphasize local flora's healing properties, contributing to broader scientific understanding and fostering the practical application of traditional medicine in contemporary therapeutic approaches.
28) Teaching:
'Teaching' encompasses the process of imparting knowledge and skills. In the context of medicinal studies, education plays a vital role in training future researchers and healthcare professionals. Effective teaching ensures the transmission of valuable knowledge about herbal medicines and their uses in clinical practices.
29) Relative:
'Relative' denotes the relationship between various entities in research. Examining the relative effects of plant extracts on blood sugar levels requires a comparative approach to identify efficacy differences between treatments. Understanding these relationships contributes to refining therapeutic strategies and enhancing patient care in diabetes management.
30) Bullock:
'Bullock' may refer to a specific species of animal or a traditional name in certain cultural contexts. Understanding the role of animals, including traditional uses or symbolic meanings, can provide insight into local practices, encouraging a holistic understanding of ecosystem health and conservation within ethnobotanical research.
31) Species:
'Species' refers to a group of living organisms that share common characteristics and can breed with one another. Identifying species in phytochemical research is fundamental for classifying plants based on their medicinal properties, guiding the selection of plants for further pharmacological studies to discover effective therapies.
32) Kadali:
'Kadali' likely refers to a researcher contributing to the study of medicinal plants and their health benefits. Authors like Kadali play a crucial role in advancing knowledge in the field, leading to potential breakthroughs in the understanding and application of traditional remedies in modern healthcare practices.
33) Mehari:
'Mehari' may refer to an author or a contextual term related to traditional practices. The contributions of researchers named Mehari can provide valuable insights into the cultural significance and pharmacological potential of local plant species, fostering the integration of traditional knowledge into contemporary scientific contexts.
34) Radha:
'Radha' likely signifies an author or significant figure in the research study. Individual researchers named Radha enhance scientific comprehension by conducting studies that explore plant-based treatments, bridging the gap between traditional practices and modern pharmacology in the pursuit of effective therapeutic solutions.
35) Malik:
'Malik' may refer to a contributing author or researcher focused on pharmacological studies. Researchers like Malik are instrumental in exploring traditional remedies and validating them scientifically, facilitating the integration of natural treatments into contemporary healthcare options for managing various health conditions, including diabetes.
36) Patel:
'Patel' likely signifies an author involved in the studied research. Individual researchers like Patel contribute significant understanding through their studies of plant extracts, reinforcing the importance of traditional medicine in the current scientific landscape and the quest for innovative treatments for diseases like diabetes.
37) Tilak:
'Tilak' may denote a researcher contributing to pharmacological studies focusing on medicinal plants. The role of researchers like Tilak is vital in examining the efficacy of plant-based remedies, fostering a deeper understanding of their potential applications in modern therapeutics and natural product discovery.
38) Ulcer:
'Ulcer' refers to an open sore or lesion, typically caused by the breakdown of tissue. Understanding ulcers and their treatment is essential in medicinal research, especially when exploring the potential of herbal remedies. Investigating extracts’ effects on ulcers can lead to new therapeutic options for managing such conditions.
39) Arya:
'Arya' may indicate an author or researcher contributing to pharmacological studies. The contributions of individuals named Arya in exploring plant extracts’ effects facilitate advancing knowledge, underscoring their potential applications in developing natural remedies and supporting the integration of traditional practices into medical protocols.
40) Beta:
'Beta' might refer to beta cells in the pancreas, which produce insulin. Understanding beta cell function is crucial in diabetes research, as their dysfunction leads to inadequate insulin production. Exploring treatments to protect or restore beta cell function aims to improve glycemic control in diabetic patients.
41) Rami:
'Rami' likely reflects an author or researcher with contributions to pharmacological or phytochemical studies. The work of individuals named Rami in plant-based research illuminates the significance of traditional medicine practices and fosters innovation in developing new pharmacological applications for natural compounds.
42) Diet:
'Diet' refers to the kinds of food a person habitually consumes. It plays a crucial role in managing health conditions like diabetes. Understanding the interplay between diet and disease helps in developing dietary recommendations that can synergize with pharmacological treatments to optimize patient outcomes.
43) Post:
'Post' relates to actions or events following a specific occurrence, such as post-treatment evaluations in clinical studies. In diabetes research, monitoring post-treatment effects of interventions is crucial for assessing efficacy and refining protocols, ensuring the continued improvement of health outcomes for patients managing chronic conditions.
44) Cow milk (Cow's milk):
'Cow's milk' is a commonly consumed dairy product rich in nutrients. Its role in traditional practices, especially in combination with medicinal plants, can highlight cultural dietary norms. Understanding the effects of cow's milk on health, particularly in conjunction with medicinal plants, can provide insights into dietary interventions for diabetes management.
45) Piper longum:
'Piper longum' refers to a medicinal plant known for its use in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. Investigating this plant’s pharmacological properties, especially its potential antihyperglycemic effects, plays a vital role in discovering new, effective treatments derived from natural sources, contributing to integrative healthcare solutions.
46) Peer review:
'Peer review' is a process where experts evaluate scholarly work before publication. This method ensures quality and credibility in research, fostering trust in scientific findings. Peer review is critical in validating studies on medicinal plants, ensuring rigorous methodologies and reliable conclusions about their pharmacological effects.
47) Purification:
'Purification' refers to the process of isolating specific compounds from mixtures. In herbal research, purification techniques are critical for identifying active ingredients responsible for therapeutic effects. Effective purification enhances the understanding of plant pharmacology and helps in developing standardized extracts for consistent and safe therapeutic use.
48) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
'Accumulation' denotes the gradual gathering or build-up of substances. In pharmacological research, understanding the accumulation of bioactive compounds can explain their long-term effects on health, especially in contexts like plant-based treatments where establishing adequate dosages for effective therapeutic outcomes is crucial.
49) Discussion:
'Discussion' in research contexts refers to the section where findings are interpreted and contextualized within the broader scientific landscape. It allows for the elaboration of results, limitations, implications for practice, and suggestions for future studies, contributing to the continuous evolution of knowledge in targeted areas.
50) Anxiety:
'Anxiety' refers to a psychological state characterized by feelings of worry or fear. Understanding the interplay between anxiety and physical health, including conditions like diabetes, informs holistic treatment strategies. Research into natural remedies for anxiety emphasizes the importance of mental health in managing chronic diseases effectively.
51) Mahila:
'Mahila' is a term often used in India meaning 'woman.' It highlights the cultural context in which women’s health and traditional practices are discussed. Understanding women's roles in herbal medicine promotes awareness of gender-specific health concerns and encourages inclusivity in the scientific exploration of health interventions.
52) Family:
'Family' denotes the fundamental unit of society and can also refer to biological classifications in scientific contexts. Understanding familial and cultural roles in health practices, especially regarding traditional medicine, enriches the exploration of plant-based treatments, enhancing the relevance of research in real-world settings.
53) Purity:
'Purity' indicates the absence of contaminants or extraneous substances. In herbal research, purity is crucial for ensuring product safety and efficacy. Establishing and maintaining purity in extracts supports the integrity of results, allowing for reliable evaluations of natural products in therapeutic contexts.
54) Nature:
'Nature' encompasses the physical world and its ecosystems, including plants that provide medicinal properties. Understanding the intrinsic values of nature is vital for sustainable research practices, promoting biodiversity and emphasizing the importance of preserving plant species for future therapeutic discoveries and holistic health practices.
55) Botany:
'Botany' is the scientific study of plants, vital for understanding their properties and uses in traditional medicine. Knowledge of botany assists researchers in classifying plant species and discovering their pharmacological potentials, particularly in examining the health benefits offered by medicinal plants on conditions like diabetes.
56) Gupta:
'Gupta' is likely the name of a researcher involved in pharmacological or medicinal plant research. Individual authors like Gupta contribute significantly to advancing knowledge through their studies, providing valuable insights that bridge traditional practices and contemporary scientific understanding in the field of herbal medicine.
57) Glass:
'Glass' may refer to laboratory glassware used in scientific experiments. Quality and type of glassware are critical for experimentation accuracy and safety in chemical analyses. Understanding the role of glass in conducting research emphasizes the importance of proper equipment in obtaining reliable results in plant studies.
58) Sugar:
'Sugar' refers to sweet, soluble carbohydrates that are significant in energy metabolism. Understanding sugar metabolism is crucial in diabetes research, guiding dietary recommendations and therapeutic approaches. Investigating how plant extracts influence sugar levels can lead to better management strategies for individuals with diabetes.
59) Death:
'Death' signifies the cessation of biological functions or the ultimate outcome of chronic diseases if not managed. In the context of diabetes research, understanding mortality rates associated with the disease emphasizes the importance of effective management strategies, particularly the potential role of herbal medicines in improving health outcomes.
60) Cage:
'Cage' likely refers to the housing for laboratory animals used in research. Proper housing conditions are essential for ensuring the ethical treatment and well-being of research subjects, influencing the validity of studies investigating the effects of treatments like medicinal plant extracts in animal models.
61) Rich (Rch):
'Rich' denotes abundance or high concentration. In pharmacological contexts, a plant rich in bioactive compounds may demonstrate significant medicinal potential. Understanding phytochemical richness is essential to evaluate the therapeutic effects and justify further research into specific plant species regarding their health benefits.
62) Milk:
'Milk' refers to a nutrient-rich liquid produced by mammals. Its inclusion in traditional remedies underscores the significance of dietary practices in health management. Exploring the interaction of milk with herbal treatments can provide insights into enhancing the bioavailability of active compounds for therapeutic purposes.
63) Pir:
'Peer' relates to colleagues or professionals operating in the same field of study. The peer relationship fosters collaboration and the exchange of ideas which enhances research quality. Engaging in peer discussions is crucial for advancing scientific understanding, particularly in evaluating traditional medicinal practices with modern evidence.
64) Pur:
'Poor' can refer to limited resources or conditions. In health research, understanding socioeconomic factors like poverty is essential as they significantly affect access to healthcare and treatment options. Addressing these disparities is crucial in developing inclusive health strategies and ensuring effective interventions for all populations.
65) Male:
'Male' denotes the sex of an organism and can be crucial in studies that examine gender differences in health outcomes. Understanding male-specific responses to treatments is vital in medical research, particularly in pharmacological studies related to diabetes to ensure gender-inclusive healthcare approaches.
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