Analysis of the Emotional Identification Mechanism of Campus Edible Landscape...

[Full title: Analysis of the Emotional Identification Mechanism of Campus Edible Landscape from the Perspective of Emotional Geography: An Empirical Study of a Chinese University Town]

Citation: Lin, J.; Zhou, M.; Luo, H.; Zhang, B.; Feng, J.; Yi, Q. Analysis of the Emotional Identification Mechanism of Campus Edible Landscape from the Perspective of Emotional Geography: An Empirical Study of a Chinese University Town Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph 191811425 Academic Editor: Paul B. Tchounwou Received: 18 July 2022 Accepted: 8 September 2022 Published: 10 September 2022 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Copyright: © 2022 by the authors Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/) International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Analysis of the Emotional Identification Mechanism of Campus Edible Landscape from the Perspective of Emotional Geography: An Empirical Study of a Chinese University Town Jinping Lin 1,† , Meiqi Zhou 1,2,† , Huasong Luo 2 , Bowen Zhang 1 , Jiajia Feng 1 and Qi Yi 1, * 1 School of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China 2 Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China * Correspondence: yiqi@ynu.edu.cn † These authors contributed equally to this work Abstract: Against the background of “the emotional turn” in geography, the study of emotional identification is attracting increasing attention among researchers. Edible landscape resources can satisfy the emotional needs of teachers and students by enabling them to experience pastoral landscapes that carry cultural and landscape values to campus environments. Based on a questionnaire survey of 419 students and teachers at Chenggong University Town in China, this study improved the structural equation modeling (SEM) method to construct a model to analyze the emotional identification mechanism of the campus edible landscape. The research found that emotional identification played an intermediary role between perception and behavioral intention, manifested as an association mechanism in which surface values influence perception, perception influences emotional identification, and emotional identification influences behavioral intention. The emotional identification model revealed the relationship between teachers and students’ emotional identification and the value of campus edible landscape resources for the first time. It also uncovered the universality of the association mechanism in the research of emotional geography Keywords: edible campus; emotional geography; SEM; campus landscape; Chinese university town 1. Introduction Landscapes and food are both vital and necessary topics [ 1 ]. The edible landscape is a multifunctional landscaping method that has emerged recently. As a landscape composed of plant species that can be eaten by humans, it emphasizes the function and value of the landscape and is characterized by edibility, ornamentation, and economy [ 2 , 3 ]. In the 19 th century, the trend of modern pastoral cities emerged in landscape design and urban planning [ 2 ]. In the context of the conflict between urban landscape construction and agricultural production, the edible landscape takes into account the functions of both, and it meets the need for coordination between healthy and ecological urban agriculture and the living environment However, not all edible landscapes are justified. For example, the food safety of some edible landscapes planted next to roads may be questionable. The rational development of edible landscapes needs to meet the following principles. First, it needs to meet the principles of environmental friendliness and organic cultivation. The essence of an edible landscape is that it is ecological and sustainable, and its planning and planting must conform to the principles of environmental protection. In particular, edible landscapes on campuses should be cultivated organically to ensure food safety. Second, the diversified functions and values of edible landscapes should be fully developed, and multi-functional synergies should be realized in terms of ornamental and practical uses as well as popular science and education Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph 191811425 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 2 of 16 The United States is one of the world’s most advanced countries in the development and utilization of edible landscapes [ 4 – 6 ]. Relying on a well-organized urban agricultural system, it has developed representative edible landscape models such as rooftop farms and vertical farms [ 7 ]. British community orchards, German life gardens, French ecological farms, Japanese urban farms, and Dutch edible mobile huts are also examples of the rational development of edible landscapes in other countries [ 7 ]. In the 1990 s, the ecological campus project was initiated in China. The edible campus landscape represents an important breakthrough in combining agriculture, landscape, and education, which, through entertainment, contributes to popular science education and scientific research [ 8 – 10 ]. Since teaching activities are held on campus from Monday to Friday, teachers and students have more opportunities to interact with the campus landscape, especially edible landscapes. Campus edible landscapes integrate viewing, eating, and enjoyment, and they provide teachers and students with an opportunity for human–land interaction. Interacting with campus edible landscapes can meet students and teachers’ emotional needs for sightseeing, work, and rest, and it can help with mood adjustment. In this context, universities in various university towns have promoted the construction of campus edible landscapes to enhance the visibility of their campus tourism brands Teachers and students’ emotional identification is defined as the emotional experience of whether the objective reality meets their needs. On the one hand, college students have typically relocated from home [ 11 , 12 ]. The changing emotional characteristics of college students are important for analyzing the dynamics of their mental health, especially their identification with the university and the place to which they moved [ 13 ]. On the other hand, the career decision-making of college students is closely related to emotional identification [ 14 , 15 ]. Teachers and students at universities first form a formal identification by visiting campus edible landscapes. If there is a similarity between attitudes and perceptions of edible landscapes and related food, an idealized identification is generated. Formal and idealized identification affect behavioral intentions, showing the material identification of buying or enjoying relevant food and protecting edible landscapes [ 16 ]. This study explores the function and value of campus edible landscape resources from the perspective of teachers and students’ emotional identification. An improved structural equation modeling (SEM) method (improved in terms of case-site selection and model validation) is used to construct an emotional identification model. The empirical research is carried out in Chenggong University Town. Using the data, we revise and verify the emotional identification model and analyze the influence mechanism of the perception, emotional identification, and behavioral intention of teachers and students This study represents a novel approach to the study of emotional geography. The findings offer insights on enhancing campus tourism brands and promoting the construction of ecological campuses. Moreover, this research expands researchers’ horizons and ideas and advances the deepening, systematization, and theorization of subsequent emotional geography research 2. Literature Review 2.1. Campus Edible Landscapes The planning and construction of edible landscapes promote the scientific and rational allocation of landscape resources in universities and enhance the value of campus landscapes in multiple ways, including aesthetic appeal, scientific research, ecology, and economy. A campus edible landscape refers to a landscape composed of plant species grown on campus that can be eaten by humans. Campus edible landscapes often have a large scale; low-density and scattered edible plants would be categorized as an ornamental rather than a cultivated edible landscape. The concept of a campus edible landscape originated in the West, resulting in a closer connection between the campus and outside world [ 17 – 20 ]. The construction of campus landscapes has changed the traditional rigidity of campus landscapes to landscapes characterized by openness, enabling better landscape gradation on campuses. Western university campuses have developed over the centuries.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 3 of 16 Accordingly, campus edible landscape construction has matured, with universities such as Michigan State University becoming models. With the constant collision of Chinese traditional culture and Western campus planning concepts, Chinese universities have transformed from ancient academies to university towns with clear functional divisions. The land area of universities continues to expand. Thus, determining how to allocate campus landscape resources scientifically and rationally has become an important research topic at modern universities. The research on campus edible landscapes in Western countries precedes that in China, which has a fresher experience in their construction and utilization. Research on campus edible landscapes is limited in China, focusing on qualitative description and analysis; the research content is also less extensive. Most studies have been limited to the planning and design of campus edible landscapes [ 21 – 23 ]. Research on the emotional interaction between the campus landscape and teachers and students is rare With the exception of Yang et al. [ 24 ], few scholars have made a preliminary examination of the emotional communication between campus edible landscapes and people from the perspective of perceptual interaction Different from the edible landscapes in cities and suburbs, campus edible landscapes are smaller in area, and more emphasis is placed on eliminating additives, ensuring food safety, and promoting public welfare, scientific research, and education. These landscapes mainly serve teachers and students, so the function of edible landscapes on campus is richer. Drawing on domestic and foreign studies on tourism resources evaluation [ 25 ], the value of campus edible landscape resources was condensed accordingly Campus edible landscapes have ornamental and recreational value. They comprise something tangible, colorful, and with body with perceptible vegetation and represent the characteristic combination of viewing and eating [ 26 ]. Campus edible landscapes have a recreational spatial form and social and cultural connotation, which trigger psychological reflections in terms of teachers and students’ tastes, imagination, and identification Campus edible landscapes have educational value and contribute to scientific research They can be used as a training and research base. Moreover, they have a unique science education value, in that they exhibit characteristics of agricultural culture and landscape culture [ 27 ]. They not only enrich the form of teaching activities, but they also compensate for the lack of general agricultural knowledge among contemporary university students They create an atmosphere of agricultural production, and they promote comprehensive education on morality, intelligence, physical fitness, aesthetics, and labor [ 28 ]. Campus edible landscapes have environmentally sustainable value. They have a good regional combination of resources and must consider the presence of pollution and public hazards to create a green, safe, and healthy campus landscape environment. Food safety takes precedence over everything else; thus, the university should follow the principle of ecology from pre-planning to post-care and uphold the sustainable development concept of ecological and environmental protection Campus edible landscapes have economic value. Edible plants are mostly cash crops, enriching the types of agricultural products available at the school and bringing economic benefits. Furthermore, the self-sufficiency model promotes the specialization of school food Campus edible landscapes have emotional identification value. The emotional identification of teachers and students is a virtuous closed emotion-landscape loop between their emotions and the campus edible landscape, that is, the virtuous cycle of the emotionlandscape relationship. The ornamental, experiential, and interactive features of campus edible landscapes provide teachers and students with the opportunity to interact with the scenery. Students and teachers emotionally accept, understand, and identify with the function and value of campus edible landscapes, generating positive environmental protection identification and service recognition, which manifest as love, attachment, and satisfaction, promoting positive behavioral intentions. Because of their unique combination of values, including appreciation, recreation, scientific research and education, ecology and sustainability, and economic value, campus edible landscapes can exert special emotional identification value.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 4 of 16 2.2. Emotional Identification The geographer Tuan created the important concept of place and believed that people’s emotions are closely related to place [ 29 ]. Emotional geography continues humanistic geography’s focus on place. Places contain a wealth of human emotions, such as topophilia, sense of place, and place attachment. In addition, emotional identification is also one of the important perspectives of emotional geography in place studies Emotional identification refers to the process of emotional sharing and convergence when objective things meet one’s own needs. Emotional identification is one of the main research fields of emotional geography, and it can be divided into material identification, idealized identification, and formal identification. Anderson and Smith introduced the concept of emotional geography in 2001, marking the beginning of emotional geography research [ 30 ]. Davidson et al.’s monograph, Emotional Geography , published in 2005, was a pioneering work that provided a detailed and systematic account of emotional geography [ 31 ]. The launch of Emotional Space and Society in 2008 opened a platform for the exploration of emotional spatiality and sociality, which successively reported systematic and comprehensive research results on emotional geography. Davidson and Smith and Parr et al. [ 32 , 33 ] proposed the study of emotional geography from the dimensions of space and society and space and time. Kearney divided emotional geography into emotional closeness and emotional alienation [ 34 ]. Subsequently, Kearney and Bradley proposed that emotional geography should aim to explore how human emotions affect cultural groups [ 35 ]. In China, Lin introduced the concept of emotional geography as the study of the interrelationships and important influences among people, emotions, and places [ 36 ]. Jian et al. noted that the main goal of the emotional geography field is to explore the relationships among people, emotions, and space [ 37 ]. Although scholars do not have a uniform understanding of the concept of emotional geography, there is a consensus on three dimensions: people, affect, and place (space) [ 38 , 39 ]. Hargreaves, a Canadian educator who focuses on teachers’ emotions [ 40 ], argues that human emotional interactions depend on spatial proximity or distance and proposes a theoretical framework of emotional geography, namely, political distance, professional distance, moral distance, physical distance, and sociocultural distance [ 41 ]. Teaching activity sites are dynamic, interactive, and reflective pedagogical spaces [ 42 ] which have received considerable scholarly attention in recent years. Pyndiah uses events such as the Holocaust as case studies to teach, stimulate student curiosity, and lead them to engage in discussions. The study reveals the paths of emotional interaction and emotional transmission between teachers and students in the teaching space [ 42 ]. Emotional geography investigates the interrelationship between human emotions and places and explores the patterns, causes, and trends of temporal and spatial changes in emotions. The relationship between people and campuses is an important research topic in modern human geography. Emotion is an essential part of the relationship between teachers and students. The influence mechanism between the campus landscape and teachers and students’ emotions is a new research direction. In general, the emotional identification mechanisms of teachers and students are less analyzed, and it is relevant to explore the emotional identification model in the context of campus edible landscapes 2.3. Structural Equation Modeling Method At present, scholars primarily apply the SEM method in the research fields of influence factors, evaluation index systems, satisfaction, and competitiveness, and there are fewer studies on the construction of SEMs for emotional identification. Most research on emotional identification has focused on the relationship between consumer emotional experience, patriotic emotions, and identity [ 43 – 46 ], and some scholars have used emotional identification as one of the constructive dimensions of local identity [ 47 ]. However, research on the emotional identification of campus edible landscapes is scarce. Social identity and place theories provide the theoretical basis for emotional identification studies [ 48 , 49 ]. However, determining how to correlate the emotional identification of teachers

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 5 of 16 and students with the value of campus edible landscapes is a key scientific question to improve SEM methods 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Study Case Edible landscapes are common in urban communities, courtyards, and other small areas. However, large-scale edible landscape development in colleges and universities is rare. At present, the homogeneity of landscape planning and design in Chinese colleges and universities restricts the personalized and diversified development of campus edible landscapes. In the 1930 s, Tsinghua University planned and designed an edible landscape. Subsequently, Wuhan University, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Yunnan University, and others boldly implemented and innovated campus edible landscapes, forming an open campus tourism mode in China At the end of the 20 th century, the number of students in Chinese universities grew rapidly. After the first university town was born in Langfang, more than seventy university towns were built. Chenggong University Town is located in the biodiversity-rich Yunnan Province of China, with seven undergraduate and two vocational universities and an enrollment of approximately 150,000 students. A comfortable climate and sufficient reserve land resources have promoted the development of edible campus landscapes. Chenggong University Town has become one of the richest edible campus landscapes in China Located in Chenggong University Town, Yunnan University has been selected as one of the top 10 most beautiful universities in China several times. The topic “Yunnan University Cafeteria Launches Rose Banquet” has been on the Weibo hot search list many times, with 200 million readers and thousands of people actively participating in the discussion, generating positive social and emotional identification effects. By integrating Yunnan’s diverse culture and customs, historical heritage, and cultural accumulation with a European architecture and landscape environment, Yunnan University has formed an “elegant, refined, and scenic” edible campus, which is well-known throughout the country [ 50 ]. Edible landscapes at this scale and level of completeness at other universities are relatively scarce. The Damascus Rose Garden, Lavender Garden, and Vineyard provide laboratory space for students of different disciplines Yunnan University has built sewage treatment projects and fertilizer treatment stations, and it approves water usage according to different vegetation types such as trees, shrubs, and grasslands. The university has achieved recycling and zero discharge of campus wastewater, making efficient use of existing resources. It has formed characteristic landscape planning based on three axes (ritual axis, celebration axis, scholarly axis), three rings (outer ring, middle ring, inner ring), three gardens (scholar garden, star garden, moon garden), and three districts (teaching park, life park, sports park) In addition to Yunnan University, other universities in the university town also have edible plants of different scales. Chenggong University Town is rich in edible landscape vegetation types, which can be divided into edible, medicinal, and both edible and medicinal types (Table 1 ). The rose garden covers an area of 21.46 acres and is in full bloom in April and May every year, producing approximately 4 to 5 tons of roses, which are used to make rose dishes, flower cakes, and rose oil. There are approximately 2579 Baozhu pear trees, which mature in early October each year, with an annual output of 600 to 800 kg The roses and Baozhu pear provide the university with a special agricultural industry system, bringing direct economic benefits. Therefore, empirical research using Chenggong University Town as a case study has a certain representativeness.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 6 of 16 Table 1. Types of edible landscape plants in Chenggong University Town Edible Types Plant Species Edible Baozhu pears, Grapes, Oranges, Osmanthus fragrans ‘Latifolius’, Magnolia liliflora Desr., Cedar, Docynia delavayi, Musa basjoo Siebold, Ivy, Ophiopogon, Pumpkin, Kiwi, Houttuynia cordata, Persimmon, Bayberry Medicinal Kunming Pittosporum tobira, Cornus kousa subsp, Sapindus, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl., Deyeuxia langsdorffii (Link) Kunth, Itoa orientalis Hemsl, Erythrina variegata Linn, Magnolia delavayi Franch, Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don, Ficus concinna Miq, Cinnamomum japonicum Sieb, Manglietia insignis, Acer truncatum Bunge, Metasequoia, Michelia alba DC., Ilex microphyllam, Photinia serratifolia (Desfontaines) Kalkman, Camptotheca acuminata, Alnus cremastogyne, Casuarina equisetifolia L., Callistemon rigidus R. Br., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Cycas revoluta, Hawthorn, Ficus tikouaBur., Gypsophila paniculata L., Arrhenatherum elatius f. variegatum, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Baker., Viola phillipina, Ligustrum quihoui Carr, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb Both edible and medicinal Rosa rugosa Thunb, Lavender, Prunus paracerasus, Ginkgo, Rosa chinensis Jacq, Osmanthus fragrans, Leonurus japonicus Houtt, Mentha haplocalyx, Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Chrysanthemum, Chimonanthus praecox, Canna indica L., Prunus cerasifera f. atropurpurea, Lagerstroemia indica L., White magnolia, Catalpa ovata G. Don, Loquat, Schisandra chinensis, Cercis chinensis, Lonicera japonica Thunb 3.2. Data Type, Source, and Method of Data Collection The data were obtained from field research and questionnaires. The questionnaire was determined by modifying a commonly used standard questionnaire to make it more in line with research goals. The questionnaire was based on the classic questionnaire about “perception-identification-behavioral intention” commonly used by most Chinese scholars; we selected three latent variables of perception, emotional identification, and behavioral intention in this article. In the latent variable of perception, we added observed variables of functional perception and beauty perception. In the latent variable of emotional identification, we added an observed variable of likeness. In the latent variable of behavioral intention, we added an observed variable of consumer behavior. Then, we designed specific item contents around the research objectives. We finalized the questionnaire based on the above The respondents were teachers and students in Chenggong University Town, and a random sampling principle was used. Respondents were selected through random visits and sampling in various campuses in Chenggong University Town, and they filled out the questionnaire through one-to-one inquiries To obtain high-quality and effective questionnaire data, a pre-survey was first conducted. Sixty pre-study questionnaires were randomly distributed and collected, and the pre-study data were tested using SPSS 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Cronbach’s α value was 0.961 and the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) value was 0.860, which was significant at the level of 0.000. Thus, the scale design was scientific and effective. Combined with the factor analysis of the pre-survey questionnaire, some items were further optimized to form a formal questionnaire The formal questionnaire consists of three parts. The first part is demographic characteristics. The second is the campus edible landscape experience, and the third is the emotional identification scale (Table 2 ). Because of the different blooming seasons for the different types of campus edible landscapes in Chenggong University Town, the formal questionnaire survey was conducted in Chenggong University Town on five days from July to December 2021 (20 July, 25 August, 27 September, 20 October, and 5 December). A total of 460 questionnaires were distributed, and all were collected, excluding six invalid questionnaires with incomplete answers. A total of 454 valid questionnaires were obtained, with an effective rate of 98.7%.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 7 of 16 Table 2. Questionnaire scale Latent Variables Observed Variables and Codes Item Contents Perception GZ 1 Functional perception Campus edible landscape has the functions of leisure, stress relief, and mood adjustment Campus edible landscape has the functions of knowledge learning, science popularization, and skill training Campus edible landscape has the function of bringing economic benefits to the university Campus edible landscape has the function of improving the ecological environment Campus edible landscape has the function of promoting scientific research and teaching GZ 2 Cultural perception Campus edible landscape is vital to the construction of campus culture GZ 3 Brand perception Campus edible landscape has unique brand value GZ 4 Richness perception Chenggong University Town has rich and unique edible landscapes GZ 5 Layout perception The layout and planning of the campus edible landscape are reasonable GZ 6 Beauty perception Campus edible landscape is beautiful GZ 7 Service perception Variety of campus services, security thoughtful, and good service attitude Price of edible landscape series foods is reasonable Edible landscape series foods are rich in variety and delicious GZ 8 Quality perception The campus has good supporting infrastructure and environmental sanitation GZ 9 Environmental perception The environment in and around the campus is beautiful and the air is fresh Emotional identification RT 1 Environmental protection identification I agree with protecting campus edible landscapes RT 2 Service identification I agree with the service philosophy and public services RT 3 Likeness I love edible landscapes more than other types of landscapes I love the edible landscape of Chenggong University Town more than other places RT 4 Attachment When I look at edible landscapes, I am in a pretty good state of mind and feel very happy When I look at edible landscapes, my spiritual needs are easily met I have become obsessed with the edible landscape RT 5 Satisfaction I am very satisfied with visiting and experiencing the edible landscape on campus I am very satisfied with the edible landscape series of food Behavioral intention XW 1 Protective behavior I would like to participate in the preservation of the campus edible landscape environment and culture XW 2 Consumer behavior I would like to buy food and daily necessities related to the edible landscape on campus XW 3 Friendly referral behavior I would like to promote and praise the edible landscape in Chenggong University Town and recommend others to come Cronbach’s α in the overall scale is 0.935 and the KMO is 0.932, which is significant at the level of 0.000 (Table 3 ), indicating that the overall scale has a good level of reliability and validity. The sample data is suitable for factor analysis This study used principal component analysis to perform exploratory factor analysis and we extracted three components with feature values greater than 1, namely, emotional identification, perception, and behavioral intention. The variance loadings are 23.67%, 18.48%, and 17.48%, respectively, and the contribution rate of the cumulative explained

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 8 of 16 variance is 59.62%. Among them, there is a factor load in the maximum variance rotation analysis that is greater than 0.5 in both perception and behavioral intentions. Excluding this item, the results show that all meet the load requirements Table 3. Reliability and validity test of scale Variable N Cronbach’ s α KMO Sig. Perception 15 0.880 0.885 0.000 Emotional identification 9 0.895 0.883 0.000 Behavioral intention 3 0.785 0.706 0.000 Overall scale 27 0.935 0.932 0.000 3.3. An Improved SEM Method The structural equation modeling (SEM) method is a multivariate statistical analysis method used to verify the influence relationship between independent variables and dependent variables [ 51 – 53 ]. This method involves the steps of structural model setting, parameter estimation, and evaluation of model fit degree [ 54 ], which is applicable to human geography, psychology, sociology, and other disciplines [ 55 ]. Therefore, this research aimed to improve the SEM method in terms of case-site selection and model validation. In the case study, a typical university town in China with a high reputation should be chosen as a typical case. Thus, in this research, Chenggong University Town in Kunming, Yunnan Province, was chosen as a case study. In terms of model validation, first, index factors were selected to construct the initial theoretical model of emotional identification from the three dimensions of perception, emotional identification, and behavioral intention, and hypotheses were formulated on the relationships among the relevant variables. Second, the SEM method was used to explore the fit validity of each factor in each dimension, perform standardized path analysis, verify the hypothesis results and the rationality of the initial model, and carry out model correction. Finally, a theoretical model of affective identification was constructed to explain the hypothetical paths and analyze the internal mechanisms and causes (Figure 1 ). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 16 Figure 1. SEM flow chart. 3.4. Initial Model When teachers and students visit the edible landscape area of campus, they form a preliminary perception of the layout, beauty, and richness of the edible landscape. The campus environment, infrastructure conditions, public security, and services further affect the perceptions of teachers and students and determine the function and value of campus edible landscapes. The more positive the teachers and students’ perceptions of campus edible landscapes, the more likely they are to produce positive emotional identification. Based on this, we hypothesized H 1. Hypothesis 1 (H 1). Perception significantly and positively affects emotional identification. The environmental protection identification, service identification, liking degree, attachment feeling, and satisfaction degree of the edible landscape are the main contents of emotional identification. Positive emotional identification promotes positive behavioral intentions [56,57]. Based on this, we hypothesized H 2. Hypothesis 2 (H 2). Emotional identification significantly and positively affects behavioral intention. In addition, the perceptions generated by teachers and students in the process of visiting and experiencing the edible landscape of the campus may directly affect the behavioral intention to protect the environment, the behavioral intention to consume campusproduced food, and the behavioral intention to give friendly recommendations about the edible landscape [58]. Based on this, we hypothesized H 3. Hypothesis 3 (H 3). Perception significantly and positively affects behavioral intention. Figure 1. SEM flow chart.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 9 of 16 3.4. Initial Model When teachers and students visit the edible landscape area of campus, they form a preliminary perception of the layout, beauty, and richness of the edible landscape. The campus environment, infrastructure conditions, public security, and services further affect the perceptions of teachers and students and determine the function and value of campus edible landscapes. The more positive the teachers and students’ perceptions of campus edible landscapes, the more likely they are to produce positive emotional identification. Based on this, we hypothesized H 1 Hypothesis 1 (H 1). Perception significantly and positively affects emotional identification The environmental protection identification, service identification, liking degree, attachment feeling, and satisfaction degree of the edible landscape are the main contents of emotional identification. Positive emotional identification promotes positive behavioral intentions [ 56 , 57 ]. Based on this, we hypothesized H 2 Hypothesis 2 (H 2). Emotional identification significantly and positively affects behavioral intention In addition, the perceptions generated by teachers and students in the process of visiting and experiencing the edible landscape of the campus may directly affect the behavioral intention to protect the environment, the behavioral intention to consume campus-produced food, and the behavioral intention to give friendly recommendations about the edible landscape [ 58 ]. Based on this, we hypothesized H 3 Hypothesis 3 (H 3). Perception significantly and positively affects behavioral intention Based on the internal attributes, external scale, and quantity of edible landscape resources on campus, the perception dimension was constructed through nine indicators: function, culture, brand, richness, beauty, service, quality, environment, and layout. Combined with the characteristics of teachers and students’ emotional identification, the emotional identification dimension was constructed through five indicators: environmental protection identification, service identification, likeness, attachment, and satisfaction. From the perspective of teachers and students’ experiences, the behavior intention dimension was constructed through three indicators: protective behavior, consuming behavior, and friendly referral behavior. Based on the value characteristics of edible landscape resources on campus, this study established an initial model of emotional identification (Figure 2 ). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 16 Based on the internal attributes, external scale, and quantity of edible landscape resources on campus, the perception dimension was constructed through nine indicators: function, culture, brand, richness, beauty, service, quality, environment, and layout. Combined with the characteristics of teachers and students’ emotional identification, the emotional identification dimension was constructed through five indicators: environmental protection identification, service identification, likeness, attachment, and satisfaction. From the perspective of teachers and students’ experiences, the behavior intention dimension was constructed through three indicators: protective behavior, consuming behavior, and friendly referral behavior. Based on the value characteristics of edible landscape resources on campus, this study established an initial model of emotional identification (Figure 2). Figure 2. Hypothetical theoretical model. 4. Results 4.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample In the sample of teachers and students surveyed, women (61.3%) accounted for slightly higher proportions than men. Most of them were unmarried (92.8%). The sample covered 16 ethnic groups, of which the “Han” sample accounted for 87.4%. The age structure of the sample was dominated by 18 to 25 year-olds, accounting for 88.5% of the total sample, and the occupation was dominated by “full-time students from all provinces in China,” accounting for 91.2%. The overall educational level of the sample was relatively high, with “undergraduate” accounting for 73.5%, “master’s degree and above” accounting for 23.4%, and “undergraduate and below” accounting for 3.1%. The sample as a whole conformed to the principle of random sampling, and the reliability of the questionnaire was high. 4.2. Model Modification and Verification In this study, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the rationality of each impact factor and the fit of the theoretical model, and the variables of each dimension were adjusted according to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. Because four observation variables—layout perception (GZ 5), service perception (GZ 7), quality perception (GZ 8), and environmental identification (RT 1)—had large correction modification Figure 2. Hypothetical theoretical model.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 10 of 16 4. Results 4.1. Demographic Characteristics of the Sample In the sample of teachers and students surveyed, women (61.3%) accounted for slightly higher proportions than men. Most of them were unmarried (92.8%). The sample covered 16 ethnic groups, of which the “Han” sample accounted for 87.4%. The age structure of the sample was dominated by 18 to 25 year-olds, accounting for 88.5% of the total sample, and the occupation was dominated by “full-time students from all provinces in China,” accounting for 91.2%. The overall educational level of the sample was relatively high, with “undergraduate” accounting for 73.5%, “master’s degree and above” accounting for 23.4%, and “undergraduate and below” accounting for 3.1%. The sample as a whole conformed to the principle of random sampling, and the reliability of the questionnaire was high 4.2. Model Modification and Verification In this study, a confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the rationality of each impact factor and the fit of the theoretical model, and the variables of each dimension were adjusted according to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. Because four observation variables—layout perception (GZ 5), service perception (GZ 7), quality perception (GZ 8), and environmental identification (RT 1)—had large correction modification index (MI) values, and the standardized path coefficient was not ideal, the minimum discrepancy per degree of freedom (CMIN/DF), adjusted goodness-of-fit index (AGFI), normed fit index (NFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), incremental fit index (IFI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) values of the initial assumption model did not reach the adaptation range (Table 4 ). Furthermore, we attempted to increase the path of mutual influence between variables with larger MI values and explore the relationship between some observed variables. The adjusted standardized path coefficient was not significant, indicating that the correlation between GZ 5, GZ 7, GZ 8, and RT 1 was not obvious, and the influence of the four observed variables was not significant. Thus, we deleted GZ 5, GZ 7, GZ 8, and RT 1. Our field research revealed that, owing to the good environmental protection of Chenggong University Town, teachers and students pay less attention to the layout, service, and quality of the edible landscape on campus, and the perception is weak. The environmental protection recognition is not strong, and the impact of GZ 5, GZ 7, GZ 8, and RT 1 is very small Table 4. Confirmatory factor analysis model fitting comparison Fit Index CMIN/DF RMR AGFI NFI GFI IFI CFI RMSEA Adaptation value 1–3 <0.05 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 <0.08 Initial model 4.192 0.035 0.827 0.863 0.870 0.892 0.870 0.087 Revised model 2.806 0.030 0.911 0.927 0.939 0.952 0.952 0.066 After adjusting the observation variables, the CMIN/DF value of the modified model was reduced to the adaptation range, the AGFI, NFI, GFI, IFI, and CFI values were greater than 0.9, and the RMSEA value also reached the adaptation range. The fit degree of the emotional identification model after the above correction reached a fitting state In this study, confirmatory factor analysis was performed on the latent variables of the revised model (Table 5 ). The critical ration (CR) values of the combined reliability of the three dimensions were all greater than 0.7, and the combined reliability was good The average variance extracted (AVE) value of the convergent validity of the emotional identification and behavioral intention dimensions were both greater than 0.5, and the convergent validity was excellent. The convergent validity of the perception was between 0.3 and 0.5, which is acceptable. In summary, the model has convergent validity. The revised model and standardized path coefficients are shown in Figure 3 .

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 11 of 16 Table 5. The revised confirmatory factor analysis Latent Variable Observed Variable Parameter Significance Estimation Factor Loading Topic Reliability Combination Reliability Convergence Validity Unstd. S.E. T-Value p Std. SMC CR AVE Perception GZ 1 Functional perception 1.000 0.735 0.540 0.809 0.418 GZ 2 Cultural perception 1.232 0.107 11.502 *** 0.636 0.404 GZ 3 Brand perception 1.203 0.110 10.946 *** 0.601 0.361 GZ 4 Richness perception 1.548 0.126 12.278 *** 0.698 0.487 GZ 6 Beauty perception 1.411 0.114 12.388 *** 0.689 0.475 GZ 9 Service perception 0.883 0.098 8.962 *** 0.490 0.240 Emotional identification RT 2 Service identification 1.000 0.601 0.361 0.842 0.575 RT 3 Favor 1.263 0.106 11.882 *** 0.746 0.557 RT 4 Attachment 1.217 0.099 12.244 *** 0.894 0.799 RT 5 Satisfaction 1.123 0.095 11.866 *** 0.764 0.584 Behavioral intention XW 1 Protective behavior 1.053 0.089 11.898 *** 0.733 0.774 0.874 0.699 XW 2 Consumer behavior 1.062 0.089 11.895 *** 0.732 0.774 XW 3 Friendly recommendation behavior 1.000 0.763 0.548 *** p < 0.001 (very significant) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 16 *** p < 0.001 (very significant). Figure 3. Revised emotional identification model of the edible landscape on campus. First, the p -value of perception on emotional identification and emotional identification on behavioral intention reached a very significant level. H 1 and H 2 were verified because the results show that perception significantly and positively affects emotional identification, and emotional identification significantly and positively affects behavioral intention. Second, the p -value of emotional identification on behavioral intention reached a significant level. H 3 was verified, and perception significantly and positively affects behavioral intention (Table 6). Table 6. Model path and verification. Hypothetical Path Standardization Factor p Value Verification Result H 1: Perception influences emotional identification 0.81 *** very significant H 2: Emotional identification influences behavior intention 0.56 *** very significant H 3: Perception influences behavior intention 0.27 0.008 ** significant ** p < 0.01 (significant), *** p < 0.001 (very significant). 5. Discussion 5.1. Surface Value Affects Perception By combining the revised emotional identification model with the value of campus edible landscape resources and analyzing its internal connection, the study demonstrates that campus edible landscapes have a dual value. The first level is the surface value, that is, popular viewing and recreation, scientific research and education, ecology and Figure 3. Revised emotional identification model of the edible landscape on campus First, the p -value of perception on emotional identification and emotional identification on behavioral intention reached a very significant level. H 1 and H 2 were verified because the results show that perception significantly and positively affects emotional identification, and emotional identification significantly and positively affects behavioral intention. Second, the p -value of emotional identification on behavioral intention reached a significant level. H 3 was verified, and perception significantly and positively affects behavioral intention (Table 6 ).

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 12 of 16 Table 6. Model path and verification Hypothetical Path Standardization Factor p Value Verification Result H 1: Perception influences emotional identification 0.81 *** very significant H 2: Emotional identification influences behavior intention 0.56 *** very significant H 3: Perception influences behavior intention 0.27 0.008 ** significant ** p < 0.01 (significant), *** p < 0.001 (very significant) 5. Discussion 5.1. Surface Value Affects Perception By combining the revised emotional identification model with the value of campus edible landscape resources and analyzing its internal connection, the study demonstrates that campus edible landscapes have a dual value. The first level is the surface value, that is, popular viewing and recreation, scientific research and education, ecology and sustainability, and economic benefits, which are conventional values. The second level is the deep value, that is, emotional identification, which is a derivative value The value of recreation significantly affects teachers and students’ perceptions of the richness, beauty, and environmental perception of campus edible landscapes. The value of scientific research and education shapes functional, cultural, and brand perceptions The economic value attached to the campus edible landscape is conducive to the formation of campus brand perception. Ecology and sustainability values further enhance the perception of richness, beauty, environment, and function. Therefore, in the process of teacher-student interaction, the superficial value of campus edible landscapes affects the perception (Figure 4 ). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 16 sustainability, and economic benefits, which are conventional values. The second level is the deep value, that is, emotional identification, which is a derivative value. The value of recreation significantly affects teachers and students’ perceptions of the richness, beauty, and environmental perception of campus edible landscapes. The value of scientific research and education shapes functional, cultural, and brand perceptions. The economic value attached to the campus edible landscape is conducive to the formation of campus brand perception. Ecology and sustainability values further enhance the perception of richness, beauty, environment, and function. Therefore, in the process of teacher ‒ student interaction, the superficial value of campus edible landscapes affects the perception (Figure 4). Figure 4. The association mechanism model. 5.2. Perception Influences Deep Value (Emotional Identification) Teacher–student emotions have individual and complex characteristics of changeable time processes, and their understanding of campus edible landscapes has its advantages, leading to the complexity and instability of emotional identification. Teachers and students’ positive emotional identification is composed of service identification, favor, attachment, and satisfaction. Because perception extremely and significantly affects emotional identification, the standardization coefficients of functional perception, richness perception, and beauty perception are higher than 0.7 in the verification of the emotional identification SEM, confirming that it is the main influencing factor of emotional identification. Therefore, although perception has a direct and significant driving effect on behavioral intention, the path of “perception influences emotional identification, and emotional identification influences behavioral intention” is more significant. More precisely, emotional identification plays a highly significant mediating role between perception and behavioral intention. The surface value serves as the basic condition for the formation of deep value (emotional identification). The surface value affects teachers and students’ perception in the “emotion ‒ landscape” interaction, thereby affecting the emotional identification of Figure 4. The association mechanism model 5.2. Perception Influences Deep Value (Emotional Identification) Teacher–student emotions have individual and complex characteristics of changeable time processes, and their understanding of campus edible landscapes has its advantages,

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 13 of 16 leading to the complexity and instability of emotional identification. Teachers and students’ positive emotional identification is composed of service identification, favor, attachment, and satisfaction. Because perception extremely and significantly affects emotional identification, the standardization coefficients of functional perception, richness perception, and beauty perception are higher than 0.7 in the verification of the emotional identification SEM, confirming that it is the main influencing factor of emotional identification. Therefore, although perception has a direct and significant driving effect on behavioral intention, the path of “perception influences emotional identification, and emotional identification influences behavioral intention” is more significant. More precisely, emotional identification plays a highly significant mediating role between perception and behavioral intention The surface value serves as the basic condition for the formation of deep value (emotional identification). The surface value affects teachers and students’ perception in the “emotion-landscape” interaction, thereby affecting the emotional identification of teachers and students. Emotional identification, as the connection point between perception and behavioral intention, forms a positive behavioral intention and promotes a virtuous circle in which surface values influence perception, perception influences deep value (emotional identification), and deep value (emotional identification) influences behavioral intention Based on the association mechanism model of campus edible landscape resources and emotional identification, a virtuous cycle model of “emotional identification-protection” is formed. The association mechanism model fully reflects the special emotional effect between the surface value and the deep value of campus edible landscapes. It also highlights the function of campus edible landscapes serving teachers and students and the effect of “emotion-landscape” integration and symbiosis. This research enhances campus identification and provides a scientific basis for subsequent studies on the value of campus landscape resources 6. Conclusions During model modification and verification, the influence of some variables in the perception and identification dimensions is unstable, such as layout perception, service perception, quality perception, and environmental protection identification. Some variables have volatility and need to be deleted based on the actual situation to obtain the best model. The association mechanism and influence path in the emotional identification model based on the improved SEM method are typical, representative, and applicable to Chinese universities Hypothetical paths H 1 and H 2 are more significant than H 3. Thus, teacher–student emotional identification plays an intermediary role between the perception and behavioral intention of campus edible landscapes, manifested as the extremely significant “perception influences emotional identification, and emotional identification influences behavioral intention” effect and a significant “perception influences behavior intention” driving path In the “emotion-landscape” interaction, the key scientific issue of emotional identification research from the perspective of campus edible landscapes is the association mechanism in which surface values influence perception, perception influences emotional identification, and emotional identification influences behavioral intention. Surface values, such as recreation, ecology and sustainability, economic benefit, and research and education, are the basic conditions for generating emotional identification Looking forward to the research progress of campus edible landscapes and emotional geography, domestic and foreign research on edible landscapes has focused primarily on planning and design. The attempt to explore the emotional identification mechanisms of campus edible landscapes from the perspective of emotional geography is relatively new. From the perspective of university towns, this study enriched the research content of edible landscapes by exploring the emotional identification mechanisms of campus edible landscapes. At the same time, this study was also an exploration of the research paradigm regarding emotional geography with the hope of increasing the importance of human emotion and landscape research.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022 , 19 , 11425 14 of 16 Regarding practical application, universities should adapt measures to local conditions and improve plans to create a participatory campus edible landscape base. Relying on the natural and cultural resources and infrastructure of the campus, the habitats of edible plants should be fully considered, and abandoned land should be fully used to plant ornamental edible plants to serve teachers and students. This will enhance the emotional identification of teachers and students and improve the efficiency of land use. Combined with the function and value of campus edible landscapes, students can participate in the process of planning, planting, cultivating, and picking edible plants, and they can help to make food from them. Students can also put forward their own suggestions and ideas for the construction of campus edible landscapes. In the whole process, students gain a sense of happiness, which enhances their sense of belonging and attachment to the university Thus, it is helpful to cultivate students’ practical abilities and, through training, this can create a good emotional effect and build the characteristic college brand Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.L. and M.Z.; methodology, M.Z.; software, B.Z.; validation, H.L. and Q.Y.; formal analysis, M.Z.; investigation, M.Z. and J.F.; resources, Q.Y.; data curation, J.L.; writing—original draft preparation, M.Z.; writing—review and editing, J.L.; visualization, H.L.; supervision, J.F. and B.Z.; project administration, Q.Y.; funding acquisition, Q.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 41761109, 41861032) Institutional Review Board Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest References 1 Zeunert, J.; Waterman, T. (Eds.) Routledge Handbook of Landscape and Food ; Routledge: Milton Park, UK, 2018. [ CrossRef ] 2 Cui, C. Supplying the City. Master’s Thesis, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 2010 3 Zheng, W.J. Survey and Planning of Edible Landscapes in Residential Areas in Chengdu. Master’s Thesis, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, China, 2010 4 Willis, K.G.; Whitby, M.C. The value of green belt land J. Rural. Stud 1985 , 1 , 147–162. [ CrossRef ] 5 Black, S.E.; Lynch, L.M. Human-capital investments and productivity Am. Econ. Rev 1996 , 86 , 263–267 6 Bailkey, M.; Nasr, J. From brownfields to greenfields: Producing food in North American cities Community Food News 2000 , 6 , 6–8 7 Kourik, R Designing and Maintaining Your Edible Landscape Naturally ; Permanent Publications: Hampshire, UK, 1986 8 Plantinga, A.J.; Miller, D.J. Agricultural land values and the value of rights to future land development Land Econ 2001 , 77 , 56–67. [ CrossRef ] 9 Nuissl, H.; Haase, D.; Lanzendorf, M.; Wittrner, H. Environmental impact assessment of urban land use transitions-a contextsensitive approach Land Use Policy 2009 , 26 , 414–424. [ CrossRef ] 10 Ma, L.; Long, H.; Tu, S.; Zhang, Y.; Zheng, Y. Farmland transition in China and its policy implications Land Use Policy 2020 , 92 , 104470. [ CrossRef ] 11 Xiang, B. How far are the left-behind left behind? A preliminary study in rural China Popul. Space Place 2007 , 13 , 179–191 12 Sun, D.J. People in a hometown: The construction of local identity of university students studying in different places J. Changchun Inst. Ed 2012 , 28 , 63–65 13 Guo, W.L.; Zhong, S.X.; Liu, Y.F.; Yang, Y.Y. Research on the dimensionality of university students’ local identity based on grounded theory and exploratory factor analysis: Taking Wuhan university as an example Trop. Geogr 2018 , 38 , 726–736 14 Huang, F.; Wang, Y.Q.; An, Y.; Tian, D.M. The leaving and leaving of frontier college students: The push and pull of risk perception and place identity Psychol. Sci 2015 , 38 , 355–360 15 Liang, Q.; Wang, Y.; Lei, X.H. Research on the influence mechanism of urban identity on entrepreneurship willingness Reg. Res Dev 2017 , 36 , 71–77 16 Taloko, J.L.; Putra, M.S.; Hartanto, Y. Emotional geographies experienced by an Indonesian doctoral student pursuing her PhD in New Zealand during the COVID-19 pandemic J. Int. Stud 2020 , 10 (Suppl. S 3), 126–141. [ CrossRef ] 17 Daniels, T. Smart growth: A new American approach to regional planning Plan Pract. Res 2001 , 16 , 271–279. [ CrossRef ]

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