Pharmacognostic evaluation of market samples of Vidarikand in India

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Pharmacognostic evaluation of market samples of Vidarikand in India”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Lucknow:
Lucknow is referenced multiple times in the text. It is where the State Ayurvedic College and CSIR-NBRI laboratories are located, where much of the research on Vidarikand was conducted, and it is also one of the market locations from where samples were collected for this study.

2) Delhi:
Delhi is one of the cities where market samples of Vidarikand (Pueraria tuberosa) were collected for analysis. The study found that the sample from Delhi was not genuine and had been replaced with another drug.

3) Drug:
In this context, 'drug' refers to the raw herbal product Vidarikand, which is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. The study evaluates the quality, authenticity, and purity of Vidarikand as a drug from various markets in India.

4) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical analysis was conducted to identify and quantify the various biologically active compounds present in the Vidarikand samples. This analysis helps determine the pharmacological effectiveness of the herbal drug.

5) India:
India is where the study was conducted and where the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) standards are used to evaluate the quality of medicinal plants like Vidarikand. The market samples were collected from different cities across India.

6) Pharmacognostical:
Pharmacognostical evaluations involve studying the physical and chemical characteristics of the Vidarikand samples to verify their authenticity and quality, comparing market samples to the official standards.

7) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are one type of phytochemical identified in the water and methanol extracts of Vidarikand. These compounds have various health benefits, including antioxidant properties, and are crucial for determining the drug's efficacy.

8) Sharman (Sarma, Sharma, Sarman):
Sharma Saurav is one of the authors of the study, serving as a PG Scholar in the Dept. of Dravyaguna at the State Ayurvedic College in Lucknow. He contributed to the research and analysis of Vidarikand samples.

9) Powder:
The Vidarikand samples were powdered for microscopic and physicochemical analysis. The texture, color, and other characteristics of the powder were compared across different samples to identify any adulteration or substandard quality.

10) Sugar:
Reducing sugars were one of the phytochemicals tested in the Vidarikand samples. The presence of reducing sugars can affect the medicinal properties and quality of the drug.

11) Medicine:
Medicine refers to the traditional treatments derived from medicinal plants like Vidarikand in Ayurvedic practice. This study aims to ensure that the Vidarikand available in the market meets the quality standards for effective medicinal use.

12) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is the Ayurvedic branch dealing with the properties and actions of herbal drugs. The Department of Dravyaguna at the State Ayurvedic College in Lucknow was involved in this research.

13) Discussion:
The discussion section of the paper interprets the research findings, compares the different market samples, and assesses their quality against the official standards, highlighting issues like adulteration and lack of authenticity.

14) Science (Scientific):
Scientific methods, such as pharmacognostical, physicochemical, and phytochemical analyses, were used in this study to ensure accurate identification and quality assessment of Vidarikand samples.

15) Rupa:
Roopa refers to the shape of the Vidarikand samples, one of the organoleptic characteristics evaluated during the study to differentiate genuine samples from adulterated ones.

16) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa in Ayurveda refers to the taste. The Vidarikand samples were evaluated for their taste as one of the organoleptic properties to help identify the authenticity of the samples.

17) Burning sensation:
[see source text or glossary: Burning sensation]

18) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the therapeutic effects and health benefits of Vidarikand analyzed through phytochemical screening and pharmacognostical evaluation to ensure its efficacy as a medicinal drug.

19) Mutrakricchra (Mutrakrcchra, Mutra-kricchra):
Mutrakrcchra is an Ayurvedic term for dysuria, a condition that Vidarikand is used to treat. The study ensures that the sample's quality meets the standards required for treating such conditions.

20) Pittadosha (Pittadosa, Pitta-dosha):
Pitta-dosha is one of the three biological energies in Ayurveda. Vidarikand has therapeutic effects like Pittahara, balancing the Pitta dosha, which makes its quality and authenticity crucial for effective treatment.

21) Kshayakasa (Ksayakasa, Kshaya-kasa):
Ksaya-kasa refers to conditions like feeble body and cough that Vidarikand is traditionally used to treat. The quality of Vidarikand is essential for its efficacy in managing such ailments.

22) Pittahara (Pitta-hara):
Pittahara denotes the property of a substance to pacify the Pitta dosha. Vidarikand has Pittahara qualities which are important for its use in Ayurvedic treatments aimed at balancing this dosha.

23) Vatadosha (Vatadosa, Vata-dosha):
Vatadosha is another Ayurvedic concept, one of the three doshas. Vidarikand has Vatahara properties, making its quality crucial for treating conditions associated with an imbalanced Vatadosha.

24) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is the traditional Indian system of medicine that uses natural herbs like Vidarikand. This study aligns with Ayurvedic principles to ensure the authenticity and efficacy of Vidarikand available in the market.

25) Ativisa (Ativisha):
Ativisha is mentioned as an example of a medicinal plant species that is near endangered due to unscientific and indiscriminate collection, similar to the concerns raised with Vidarikand.

26) Vatahara (Vata-ahara):
Vatahara describes Vidarikand’s ability to balance Vata dosha. Ensuring the authenticity of Vidarikand is crucial for its effectiveness in Ayurvedic treatments targeting Vata-related conditions.

27) Visarpa:
Visarpa refers to erysipelas, a condition for which Vidarikand is used in Ayurveda. The medicinal quality of Vidarikand must meet specific standards to treat such skin conditions effectively.

28) Sparsha (Sparsa):
Sparsha refers to the surface texture, an organoleptic characteristic evaluated in the Vidarikand samples to determine their quality and genuineness by touch.

29) Disease:
Disease refers to the various conditions that Vidarikand is used to treat in Ayurvedic medicine. The authenticity and quality of the Vidarikand samples are crucial for their effectiveness in disease management.

30) Varṇya (Varnya):
Varnya refers to enhancing complexion, one of the therapeutic effects of Vidarikand. Standardization ensures that the Vidarikand used for such benefits is authentic and of high quality.

31) Gandha (Gamdha):
Gandha relates to the odour of the Vidarikand samples, one of the evaluated organoleptic characteristics in determining the quality and authenticity of the herbal drug.

32) Bitter:
Bitter is one of the tastes (Rasa) that was noted in the genuine Vidarikand sample. Taste evaluation helps in authenticating the sample and distinguishing it from possible adulterants.

33) Purity:
Purity involves ensuring that the Vidarikand samples are genuine and free from adulterants or substandard materials, which is essential for their effective medicinal use.

34) Insect:
Insect damage can be an issue in plant materials with high moisture content. Proper evaluation ensures that Vidarikand samples are free from such contaminants, maintaining their quality.

35) Indian:
Indian refers to the regional context of the study, which evaluates the authenticity of Vidarikand sold in various Indian markets like Lucknow, Delhi, and Mumbai against the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India standards.

36) Dosha (Dosa):
Dosha refers to the three biological energies in Ayurveda: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Vidarikand's effects on balancing these doshas depend on its quality and authenticity.

37) Pitta:
Pitta is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda. Vidarikand has properties like Pittahara that specifically target the Pitta dosha, making its quality crucial for effective dosha balancing.

38) Taila (Thaila):
[see source text or glossary: Taila]

39) Hridya (Hrdya):
[see source text or glossary: Hrdya]

40) Kshaya (Ksaya):
[see source text or glossary: Ksaya]

41) Varna:
Varna in this context refers to the color of the Vidarikand samples, an important organoleptic characteristic evaluated to determine the quality and authenticity of the drug.

42) Balya:
Balya signifies strength-promoting properties, one of the therapeutic benefits of Vidarikand in Ayurveda. Authentic samples are essential for ensuring its efficacy in enhancing strength and stamina.

43) Ayus (Ayush):
[see source text or glossary: Ayush]

44) Glass:
Glass containers were used to preserve the powdered samples of Vidarikand to maintain their integrity and prevent contamination during the research study.

45) Kasa (Kasha):
[see source text or glossary: Kasa]

46) Shula (Sula):
[see source text or glossary: Sula]

47) Daha:
[see source text or glossary: Daha]

48) Pain:
[see source text or glossary: Pain]