EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RAJATA BHASMA andamp; RAJATA YOGA

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF RAJATA BHASMA andamp; RAJATA YOGA”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Rajata:
Rajata refers to silver, which is used in the preparation of Rajata Bhasma, a metallic preparation in Ayurveda. Silver foils undergo purification processes and are incinerated to create Rajata Bhasma, which showed significant antioxidant activity in the study.

2) Yoga:
In the context of Ayurveda, Yoga refers to a blend or formulation of various ingredients. Rajata Yoga in the study consists of Rajata Bhasma mixed with Trijataka churna, which includes powders of Twak, Ela, and Patra, showing enhanced antioxidant properties.

3) Bhasma (Bhasman):
Bhasma refers to an ash or powder obtained from the incineration of metals or minerals in Ayurvedic medicine. Rajata Bhasma is made from silver and has demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, making it applicable in managing conditions like Prameha.

4) Prameha:
Prameha is a term used in Ayurveda to describe a group of disorders, including Diabetes Mellitus, characterized by abnormalities in metabolic conditions, especially those affecting the urinary system. The study links diabetes management through formulations like Rajata Yoga.

5) Rasa (Rasha):
Rasa can refer to different concepts in Ayurveda, including the taste of herbs, but it often relates to medicinal preparations (Rasa-shastra) involving minerals and metals. Rajata Yoga is a preparation mentioned in Rasa Tarangini, an important text in Ayurvedic literature.

6) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Shodhana is the process of purification, essential in preparing Ayurvedic medicines involving metals or minerals. Samanya Shodhana and Visesha Shodhana were used to purify silver foils to prepare Rajata Bhasma in the study.

7) Bhavani:
Bhavani is part of the author’s name, M. Durga Bhavani, who conducted the study mentioned in the document. Bhavani’s research evaluates antioxidant activities through Ayurvedic formulations.

8) Disease:
The term disease in the context of the study primarily refers to Diabetes Mellitus, a major health condition linked with oxidative stress and managed using Ayurvedic formulations like Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga.

9) Durga (Dur-ga):
Durga is part of the author’s name, M. Durga Bhavani, who conducted the research study on the antioxidant activities of Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga.

10) Patra:
Patra in Ayurveda typically refers to leaves. In the study, Patra Churna is part of the Trijataka churna used in preparing Rajata Yoga, contributing to its antioxidant properties.

11) Blood:
Blood is not heavily detailed but indirectly relates to diabetes as the document discusses blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) and their oxidative stress impacts, managed by Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga.

12) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasa-shastra is a branch of Ayurveda focusing on the preparation of medicines involving metals and minerals. The study mentions this through preparations described in Rasa Tarangini, employing Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga.

13) Purification:
Purification, or Shodhana, is crucial in Ayurvedic preparations involving metals. The study details Samanya Shodhana and Visesha Shodhana processes used to clean silver foils before creating Rajata Bhasma.

14) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaisajya refers to medicine or therapeutics in Ayurveda. The research department, Bhaisajya Kalpana, involves the creation and testing of medicinal formulations like Rajata Yoga and Rajata Bhasma for antioxidant properties.

15) Trijataka (Tri-jataka):
Trijataka churna is a combination of three ingredients: Twak churna, Ela churna, and Patra churna. This mixture is part of Rajata Yoga, contributing to its enhanced antioxidant activity against oxidative stress.

16) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati is the location of S.V. Ayurvedic College, where the research was conducted. The place is mentioned as part of the institutional affiliation of the authors of the study.

17) Shastra (Sastra):
Shastra means scripture or science in Sanskrit. In Ayurvedic context, Rasa-shastra refers to the science of making specialized medicinal preparations involving metals.

18) Kalpana:
In Ayurveda, Kalpana refers to formulation or preparation methods. Bhaisajya Kalpana is the department managing the creation of medicinal mixes such as Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga in the study.

19) Andhra (Amdhra):
Andhra Pradesh is the Indian state where S.V. Ayurvedic College is located. The research was conducted in this region, detailing the antioxidant activities of Ayurvedic formulations.

20) Silver:
Silver, known as Rajata in Ayurveda, is the primary metal used in the formulation of Rajata Bhasma, which exhibited significant antioxidant activity, making it applicable in managing diseases like diabetes.

21) India:
India is the country where the study is conducted, specifically at S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, reflecting its rich tradition in Ayurvedic medical practices.

22) Cinnamomum tamala:
Cinnamomum tamala, a botanical ingredient known for its antioxidant properties, is part of Patra churna used in Rajata Yoga. Its antioxidants phenol, ascorbate, and carotenoids contribute to the formulation’s effectiveness.

23) Human body:
The text discusses the human body’s exposure to oxidative stress due to various factors contributing to conditions like diabetes, addressed through antioxidant-rich formulations like Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga.

24) Inflammation:
Inflammation is an underlying cause of oxidative stress. The study explores antioxidant activities of Ayurvedic preparations, potentially reducing inflammation-induced oxidative damage in conditions like diabetes.

25) Discussion:
The discussion covers the implications of oxidative stress in diseases like diabetes and evaluates the antioxidant efficacy of Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga, highlighting their potential therapeutic roles.

26) Gridhrasi (Gridhrashi, Grdhrasi):
Gridhrasi, also known as sciatica, is one of the conditions for which Rajata Bhasma is used in Ayurveda. The study focuses on its antioxidant properties that may help manage oxidative stress-related diseases.

27) Samprapti:
Samprapti refers to the pathogenesis or development of a disease. The study discusses the disease mechanism of Prameha (diabetes) in Ayurvedic terms, linking it to oxidative stress.

28) Substance:
The term substance refers to any material with specific properties. Antioxidants like Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga are described as substances capable of mitigating oxidative stress.

29) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda, the traditional Indian system of medicine, forms the foundation of this study. It utilizes herbal and mineral formulations like Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga to manage diseases like diabetes.

30) Lakshana (Laksana):
Lakshana refers to characteristics or symptoms. Bhasma lakshanas denote specific physical attributes that Rajata Bhasma must meet, such as Rekhapurnatwa and Varitaratwa, ensuring its quality.

31) Toxicity:
Toxicity refers to harmful effects of substances. The study highlights the importance of Shodhana (purification) processes for metals like silver to prevent toxicity in Ayurvedic preparations.

32) Kajjali:
Kajjali, a black sulfide of mercury, is mixed with purified silver and used in the Marana (incineration) process to create Rajata Bhasma, contributing to its therapeutic properties.

33) Bhavana (Bha-vana):
Bhavana involves triturating a substance with a liquid to enhance its efficacy. In the study, Kumari Swarasa (Aloe Vera juice) is used as Bhavana Dravya to process Rajata during the Marana process.

34) Samanya:
Samanya Shodhana refers to general purification techniques used in Ayurveda. For instance, silver foils undergo Samanya Shodhana before being processed into Rajata Bhasma in the study.

35) Mineral:
Minerals such as silver are crucial in Ayurvedic formulations like Rajata Bhasma. The study explores the antioxidant properties of this mineral preparation in managing oxidative stress-related conditions.

36) Dravya:
Dravya refers to substances used in Ayurvedic medicine. Bhavana Dravya, like Kumari Swarasa, plays a significant role in preparing metallic bhasmas such as Rajata Bhasma.

37) Tamala:
Tamala refers to the plant Cinnamomum tamala, used in Patra churna of Rajata Yoga. It contains antioxidants such as phenol and ascorbate, contributing to the formulation's effectiveness.

38) Vihara:
Vihara refers to lifestyle behaviors in Ayurveda. Improper Ahara (diet) and Vihara (lifestyle) leading to Kapha and Medo accumulation are causative factors in Prameha (diabetes).

39) Marana:
Marana is the process of incineration used in Ayurveda to convert metals and minerals into ash (Bhasma). The study details the Marana process to make Rajata Bhasma using silver foils.

40) Kumari:
Kumari, or Aloe Vera, is used as Bhavana Dravya in the preparation of Rajata Bhasma. Its juice aids in the trituration and effectiveness of the final medicinal preparation.

41) Powder:
Powder forms of substances, such as the fine powder obtained after incineration (Bhasma), are used in Ayurvedic medicine. The study discusses the preparation of Rajata Bhasma powder.

42) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda blamed for imbalances that cause diseases like Prameha (diabetes). Managing Kapha through Ayurveda principles like diet and medicines is essential in controlling such conditions.

43) Ahara:
Ahara refers to diet in Ayurveda. Inappropriate Ahara can contribute to the development of diseases like Prameha by causing imbalance in doshas such as Kapha and Meda.

44) Ayus (Ayush):
AYUSH is an acronym in India standing for Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy. The study falls under Ayurvedic research published in AYUSHDHARA, a journal focusing on traditional medicine.

45) Sugar:
Elevated levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia) characterize Diabetes Mellitus, which is a focus of the study. The antioxidant properties of Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga aim to manage high blood sugar levels.

46) Puta:
Puta refers to the cycles of incineration in Ayurvedic Bhasma preparation. Silver foils in the study underwent 25 Putas during the Marana process to obtain Rajata Bhasma.

47) Nadi (Nadin):
Nadi refers to nerves in Ayurveda. Conditions like Nadi Sula (nerve pain) are among disorders Rajata Bhasma is used to manage, showcasing its therapeutic versatility.

48) Beta:
Beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for insulin production. The study discusses oxidative stress leading to the dysfunction of beta cells, contributing to diabetes.

49) Drug:
Drug refers to medicinal substances. Ayurvedic drugs, such as Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Yoga, are evaluated for their antioxidant properties to manage conditions like diabetes.