Review of Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) and its medicinal uses.
Journal name: Ayushdhara
Original article title: A review on padmaka (prunus cerasoides d. don): different species and their medicinal uses
AYUSHDHARA is an international peer-reviewed journal. It focuses on research in Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy, Allopathy, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
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*Chityanand Tiwari
M.D. Scholar, Department of Dravyagun, Rishikul Campus Uttarakhand Ayurved University Dehradun
Suresh Chubey
Professor, Department of Dravyagun, Rishikul Campus Uttarakhand Ayurved University Dehradun
Rajeev Kurele
Manager QC, QA and F & D, Person-In-charge, AYUSH DTL ( Govt. Approved Lab), Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limiited, Mohan, Distt. Almora Uttarakhand
Rakhi Nautiyal
M.D. Scholar, Department of Dravyagun, Rishikul Campus Uttarakhand Ayurved University Dehradun
Ayushdhara:
(A peer-reviewed, bi-monthly open-access journal)
Full text available for: A review on padmaka (prunus cerasoides d. don): different species and their medicinal uses
Year: 2017
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The article provides a comprehensive review of Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides D. Don), known as the Himalayan cherry tree, highlighting its ethno-botanical and therapeutic significance. Growing primarily in the Himalayan submontane and montane regions of India, it thrives at altitudes between 500 to 2000 meters. The stem bark of Padmaka is rich in various chemical constituents, leading to its traditional uses in treating health issues such as kidney stones, bleeding disorders, burn symptoms, and skin diseases. The review encompasses the plant's botanical classification, morphological features, pharmacological properties, and diverse medicinal uses.
Medicinal Uses and Constituents
Chemical Profile and Therapeutic Applications of Padmak
The stem, bark, leaves, and seeds of Prunus cerasoides contain an array of beneficial compounds such as Flavonone and Prunatin. Its medicinal applications are extensive; the plant is recognized for its anti-abortifacient properties, effectiveness in treating snake bites, and as an agent for bleeding management. In regions like Indo-China, the bark is utilized for dropsy, whereas, in Punjab, the fruits are acknowledged for their ascaricidal properties. The flower's diuretic and laxative effects contribute to its tradition in Ayurveda, meriting its application in managing prostate and urinary disorders.
Taxonomy and Morphological Description
Botanical Classification of the Prunus Genus
Prunus cerasoides belongs to the Rosaceae family and is classified under a large genus that includes other significant species like Prunus amygdalus, Prunus persica, and Prunus armeniaca, each having unique morphological traits and medicinal properties. The article outlines these species' characteristics, detailing their growth habits, leaf shapes, flowering periods, and fruit types. For instance, Prunus amygdalus is known for its laxative oil and the sweet kernels of Prunus armeniaca being used in culinary and cosmetic applications. This classification not only highlights diversity within the genus but underscores the broad utility of the Prunus species in herbal medicine.
Conclusion
The review underscores the urgency of conserving Prunus cerasoides and its various species due to their notable contributions to traditional medicine and environmental conservation. The environmental threats posed by deforestation necessitate strategies to protect these trees, which contribute significantly to forest biodiversity and provide valuable medicinal resources. As society increasingly turns to natural remedies for health issues, the preservation of such plants becomes critical, ensuring sustainable use while supporting ecological balance and providing a rich avenue for research into their therapeutic potentials.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is Padmaka and its significance in traditional medicine?
Padmaka, or Prunus cerasoides, is an important medicinal plant in Ayurveda, used for various ailments including skin diseases and urinary disorders. It has significant ethnobotanical importance and is valued for its therapeutic properties.
What are the main medicinal uses of Prunus cerasoides?
Prunus cerasoides is used to treat conditions like leprosy, skin issues, and urinary disorders. It acts as an anti-abortifacient, diuretic, and is beneficial for kidney stones and bleeding disorders.
How is Prunus cerasoides beneficial for bees and beekeepers?
Prunus cerasoides provides a rich source of nectar and pollen during its flowering season, supporting honeybees in hilly regions, particularly when other flowers are scarce, thereby reducing the need for artificial feeding.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Review of Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) and its medicinal uses.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Tree:
A 'tree' is a perennial plant with an elongated stem or trunk, supporting branches and leaves. In the context of the article, Prunus cerasoides is described as a middle-sized or large tree with medicinal properties.
2) Padmaka:
'Padmaka' refers to Prunus cerasoides D. Don, which is known for its significant ethno-botanical and therapeutic importance in Ayurvedic medicine. It is used in treating conditions such as skin diseases, kidney stones, and bleeding disorders.
3) Prunus cerasoides:
'Prunus cerasoides' D. Don, commonly known as the Himalayan cherry tree, is valued for its medicinal properties. It aids in the treatment of various ailments such as skin diseases, urinary disorders, and bleeding.
4) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
'Nighantu' refers to a classical Ayurvedic lexicon containing medicinal plants and their uses. Prunus cerasoides is referenced in several Nighantu texts for its therapeutic benefits.
5) Drug:
A 'drug' is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases. In Ayurvedic texts, Prunus cerasoides is considered a drug with properties that address various health conditions.
6) Leucoderma:
'Leucoderma' is a condition characterized by white patches on the skin. Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) is mentioned as beneficial in the treatment of leucoderma.
7) Disease:
A 'disease' is a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant. Prunus cerasoides is used in the treatment of various diseases, including skin and urinary disorders.
8) Burning sensation:
A 'burning sensation' is a discomfort or pain that feels like burning. Prunus cerasoides is noted for treating burning sensations in various conditions.
9) Medicine:
'Medicine' refers to the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. Prunus cerasoides is recognized in Ayurveda as a valuable medicinal plant.
10) Pharmacological:
'Pharmacological' pertains to the study of drugs and their effects. The pharmacological properties of Prunus cerasoides include anti-abortifacient, diuretic, and skin disease treatments.
11) Samhita:
'Samhita' refers to a collection of verses or rules in textual format. Prunus cerasoides is mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic Samhitas like Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhita.
12) Guggulu:
'Guggulu' is an Ayurvedic preparation made from the gum resin of the Commiphora mukul tree. It's combined with other herbs, including Padmak, for treating conditions like asthma and hiccough.
13) Leprosy:
'Leprosy' is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The stem of Prunus cerasoides is used in curing leprosy.
14) Varṇya (Varnya):
'Varnya' refers to substances that enhance complexion in Ayurveda. Prunus cerasoides is cited for its Varnya properties, making it beneficial for skin health.
15) Forest:
A 'forest' is a large area covered chiefly with trees and undergrowth. The conservation of Prunus cerasoides, a medicinally significant tree, is important for creating evergreen forests.
16) Family:
'Family' in botanical taxonomy refers to a group of related plants. Prunus cerasoides belongs to the Rosaceae family.
17) Pitta:
In Ayurveda, 'Pitta' is one of the three doshas, associated with fire and water, responsible for metabolism. Prunus cerasoides is useful in conditions caused by vitiated Pitta.
18) Kapha:
In Ayurveda, 'Kapha' is one of the three doshas, associated with earth and water, responsible for stability and lubrication. Prunus cerasoides is used to balance Kapha disorders.
19) Campu:
[see source text or glossary: Campu]
20) India:
'India' is the country of origin and home to the rich tradition of Ayurvedic medicine, where Prunus cerasoides, a significant medicinal plant, thrives in the Himalayan region.
21) Ayus (Ayush):
'Ayush' is an acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy, which are traditional systems of medicine recognized in India.
22) Blood:
'Blood' is the circulating fluid in the body. Prunus species like Prunus cerasoides and others are used in treating blood diseases such as hemorrhages and blood disorders.
23) Cina:
'China' is a country in East Asia where traditional Chinese medicine practices also use Prunus species, such as peach kernels for treating blood diseases and rheumatism.
24) Genu:
[see source text or glossary: Genu]
25) Sour:
'Sour' refers to a taste that is acidic. The fruit of Prunus cerasus, another member of the Prunus family, is noted for its sour taste and associated medicinal properties.
26) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
'Susruta-samhita' is an ancient Ayurvedic text authored by Susruta, which mentions Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) in various medicinal contexts.
27) Caraka-samhita:
'Caraka-samhita' is one of the principal texts of Ayurveda, authored by Caraka. It refers to Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) for its therapeutic benefits.
28) Kashayaskandha (Kasayaskandha, Kashaya-skandha):
'Kasaya-skandha' refers to a group of astringent-tasting substances in Ayurveda. Prunus cerasoides is mentioned within this group for its medicinal properties.
29) Inflammation:
'Inflammation' is a biological response to harmful stimuli. Prunus cerasoides has properties that reduce inflammation, making it useful in treating conditions like erysipelas and wounds.
30) Discussion:
'Discussion' refers to the presentation or exploration of a subject. The article discusses the medicinal properties of Prunus cerasoides and its importance in various treatments.
31) Snake-bite:
A 'snake-bite' refers to the wound caused by the bite of a snake. The stem of Prunus cerasoides, combined with other drugs, is prescribed for treating snake bites.
32) Vatarakta (Vata-rakta):
'Vatarakta' is an Ayurvedic term for gout, caused by vitiation of Vata and Rakta. Prunus cerasoides is used in formulations like Padmakataila for treating Vatarakta.
33) Pittahara (Pitta-hara):
[see source text or glossary: Pittahara]
34) Vagbhata:
'Vagbhata' is an ancient Ayurvedic scholar whose texts mention Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) and its medicinal applications.
35) Shallaki (Sallaki):
'Shallaki' is the Sanskrit name for Boswellia serrata, whose gum-resin is used in Ayurvedic formulations with other substances like Padmak for conditions like asthma.
36) Sthapana:
[see source text or glossary: Sthapana]
37) Vomiting:
'Vomiting' is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's stomach. Prunus cerasoides is used to treat vomiting in Ayurvedic medicine.
38) Deafness:
'Deafness' refers to the partial or total inability to hear. Prunus armeniaca's seeds are used in treating deafness.
39) Language:
'Language' refers to a system of communication. The article lists various names of Prunus cerasoides in different languages like Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, and Marathi.
40) Scorpion:
'Scorpion' refers to an arachnid known for its venomous sting. The stem of Prunus cerasoides, in combination with other drugs, is prescribed for treating scorpion stings.
41) Skandha (Skamdha, Skamda):
'Skandha' in Ayurveda refers to groupings or collections of substances with similar properties. Prunus cerasoides is included in various skandhas in classical Ayurvedic texts.
42) Snigdha:
'Snigdha' refers to a quality in Ayurveda that signifies unctuousness or moistness. Prunus cerasoides has snigdha properties, making it beneficial in certain treatments.
43) Marathi:
'Marathi' is an Indian language spoken in the state of Maharashtra. In Marathi, Prunus cerasoides is known by names such as Padmaka and Padmakastha.
44) Bengali:
'Bengali' is an Indian language spoken in the state of West Bengal and Bangladesh. In Bengali, Prunus cerasoides is known by names like Padmak and Padmakashtha.
45) Jatyadi:
'Jatyadi' refers to an Ayurvedic formulation made from various herbs. Jatyadi tail is one such preparation that includes Prunus cerasoides for treating skin conditions.
46) Kashaya (Kasaya):
'Kasaya' refers to the astringent taste in Ayurvedic medicine. Prunus cerasoides exhibits the Kasaya taste and is included in various medicinal formulations.
47) Malaya:
'Malaya' refers to Malaysia, a country in Southeast Asia, where traditional medicine includes the use of Prunus species for treating ailments like cough and blood diseases.
48) Caraka:
'Caraka' is an ancient Ayurvedic scholar and author of the Caraka Samhita, which mentions Padmaka (Prunus cerasoides) for its therapeutic benefits.
49) Vipaka:
'Vipaka' refers to the post-digestive effect of a substance in Ayurveda. Prunus cerasoides has a katu (pungent) Vipaka, influencing its medicinal actions.
50) Punjab:
'Punjab' is a region in India where the locals believe the fruit of Prunus cerasoides to be useful as an ascaricide.
51) Nausea:
'Nausea' is a sensation that often precedes vomiting. Prunus domestica is used to treat nausea and related digestive conditions.
52) Bitter:
Bitter is one of the six tastes in Ayurvedic medicine, known for its detoxifying properties. Several parts of Prunus cerasoides, including the stem, are bitter and used for medicinal purposes.
53) Insect:
[see source text or glossary: Insect]
54) Thirst:
'Thirst' is the sensation of needing or wanting to drink. Prunus cerasoides helps alleviate thirst and is used in treating conditions like vomiting and diarrhea.
55) Indian:
'Indian' pertains to India, where Prunus cerasoides is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine for its therapeutic properties.
56) Karma (Karman):
'Karma' in Ayurveda refers to the actions and effects of a substance on the body. Prunus cerasoides is noted for its various karma, including Vednasthapana (pain relief) and Garbhasthapana (anti-abortifacient).
57) Laghu:
'Laghu' in Ayurveda refers to lightness. Prunus cerasoides exhibits this quality, making it beneficial in treatments that require lightness of action.
58) Taila:
'Taila' refers to oil-based preparations in Ayurveda. Various medicinal oils like Mahabhringraj tail and Jatyadi tail include Prunus cerasoides for their therapeutic effects.
59) Tikta:
'Tikta' refers to the bitter taste in Ayurveda, known for its detoxifying effects. Prunus cerasoides has Tikta properties, beneficial in various treatments.
60) Aguru:
'Aguru' in Ayurveda refers to Aquilaria agallocha or its resin, used in many formulations. It's mixed with Padmaka and other substances for treating asthma and other conditions.
61) Priya:
[see source text or glossary: Priya]
62) Virya:
'Virya' refers to the potency or active principle in Ayurveda. Prunus cerasoides has a Seeta (cool) Virya, making it useful in cooling and anti-inflammatory treatments.
63) Sugar:
'Sugar' is a sweet-tasting soluble carbohydrate. The juice of Prunus amygdalus mixed with sugar is used to treat cough.
64) Ulcer:
An 'ulcer' is an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane. Prunus cerasoides is used in treating ulcers due to its anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
65) Hindi (Himdi):
'Hindi' is an Indian language in which Prunus cerasoides has several names such as Padmakastha and Paya.
66) Bala:
'Bala' refers to an Ayurvedic herb, Sida cordifolia, known for its strengthening properties. Bala tail is a formulation that includes Prunus cerasoides for medicinal purposes.
67) Guna:
'Guna' refers to the qualities or attributes in Ayurveda. Prunus cerasoides possesses Laghu and Snigdha guna, making it suitable for treating various conditions.
68) Stha (Shtha):
[see source text or glossary: Stha]
69) Payas (Paya, Payash):
In Hindi, 'Paya' is one of the vernacular names for Prunus cerasoides.
70) Bird:
Bird cherry is one of the English common names for Prunus cerasoides, highlighting its usage and identification in various regions.
71) Hair:
'Hair' is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis. Padmaka is part of formulations like Mahabhringraj tail, which is beneficial for hair health.
72) Pain:
'Pain' is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Prunus cerasoides has analgesic properties that help alleviate pain.
73) Ghi (Ghee):
'Ghee' is clarified butter used in Ayurvedic medicine. Prunus cerasoides is sometimes mixed with Guggulu and ghee for treating conditions like hiccough and asthma.
Other Science Concepts:
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Different species, Traditional medicine, Pharmacological properties, Medicinal use, Morphological features, Ayurvedic properties, Botanical classification, Therapeutic importance, Chemical constituent, Ethno-medicinal use, Environmental problem, Diuretic and laxative, Himalayan wild cherry, Artificial Feeding.
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