Study of Salacia reticulata and Areca catechu in diabetic rats.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Study of Salacia reticulata and Areca catechu in diabetic rats.”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Puga:
Puga, also known as Areca Catechu Linn, is mentioned in Vedic and ancient Ayurvedic literature. This drug is used for treating Prameha, including diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha). It is often purified (Suddha) before administration to remove its toxic Vikasi guna.

2) Drug:
In the context of the study, drug refers to the substances Saptacakra (Salacia reticulata) and Puga (Areca Catechu), used to evaluate their antidiabetic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The term encompasses both Ashodita (raw) and Suddha (purified) forms.

3) Blood:
Blood sugar level is a primary metric in this study to measure the efficacy of the drugs Saptacakra and Puga in diabetic rats. Changes in blood glucose levels were evaluated before and after the treatment to assess the hypoglycemic effect.

4) Shuddha (Suddha):
Suddha Puga refers to the purified form of Areca Catechu used in this study. Purification (Shodhana) is done using specific Ayurvedic methods to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and minimize the toxic effects of the drug.

5) Animal:
Wistar strain albino rats were used as animal models to study the pharmacological effects of Saptacakra and Puga in alloxan-induced diabetes. These animals were subjected to various treatments and observations to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs.

6) Sugar:
Sugar refers to blood glucose levels, which were measured to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of the drugs. The study observed significant decreases in blood sugar levels in diabetic rats treated with Saptacakra and Suddha Puga.

7) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the study of drug actions, particularly the antidiabetic effects of Saptacakra and Puga. This study involved pharmacological experiments to ascertain the efficacy and safety of these drugs in treating diabetes.

8) Krishna (Krsna):
Rama Krishna Allam, one of the authors of the study, is affiliated with Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. He played a significant role in conducting the pharmacological study of Saptacakra and Puga.

9) Varanasi (Varanashi):
Varanasi is referenced as the location of the publisher for several texts cited in the study, such as Sahasrayogam and Dravyaguna Vignanam. This city is significant for Ayurvedic literature and research.

10) Sanskrit:
Sanskrit is the language in which much of the ancient Ayurvedic literature, including the texts cited in this study (e.g., Susruta Samhita, Astanga Hridaya), is written. These texts provide the foundational knowledge for drug usage.

11) Prameha:
Prameha, which includes diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha), is a condition referenced in ancient Ayurvedic texts. Puga and Saptacakra are frequently mentioned as treatments for Prameha, highlighting their antidiabetic potential.

12) Allam:
Allam refers to Rama Krishna Allam, the senior author of the study who conducted the pharmacological evaluation of Saptacakra and Puga in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

13) Rama:
Rama refers to Rama Krishna Allam, the first author of the study conducted at Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. He is credited for his contributions to the research.

14) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that focuses on drug action on biological systems. This study involved pharmacological testing of Saptacakra and Puga on diabetic rats to evaluate their antidiabetic properties.

15) Tirupati (Thirupati, Tiruppati):
Tirupati is the location of Sree Vidyanikethan Pharmacy College, where the experimental pharmacological study of Saptacakra and Puga in diabetic rats was conducted.

16) India:
India is where the research was conducted, specifically in institutions like Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda in Chennai and Sree Vidyanikethan Pharmacy College in Tirupati, highlighting the country's role in Ayurvedic research.

17) Nighantu (Nighamtu):
Nighantu refers to Ayurvedic lexicons or glossaries, such as Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, which were reviewed to gather comprehensive knowledge about Puga and Saptacakra from ancient texts to recent research.

18) Samhita:
Samhita denotes ancient Ayurvedic scriptures like Susruta Samhita and Astanga Hridaya, which provide detailed information on various drugs, including Puga and Saptacakra, used for treating Prameha.

19) Sushruta-samhita (Susruta-samhita):
Susruta Samhita is an ancient Ayurvedic text referenced in this study, especially regarding the use of Puga in Prameha treatment. It offers foundational knowledge in Ayurvedic medicine.

20) Dravyaguna (Dravya-guna):
Dravyaguna is the department headed by one of the authors, Dixit Renu, at S.V. Ayurvedic Medical College, Tirupati. It focuses on the properties and actions of medicinal plants, which were crucial for this study.

21) Ayurveda (Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is the traditional Indian system of medicine referenced throughout the study, emphasizing the use of herbal drugs like Saptacakra and Puga in treating diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha).

22) Kramuka:
Kramuka is another name for Puga mentioned in Vedic and ancient Ayurvedic literature. This term frequently appears in texts describing the therapeutic use of Areca Catechu in treating Prameha.

23) Disease:
Disease in the context of this study mostly refers to diabetes mellitus (Madhumeha), a condition in which the drug effects of Saptacakra and Puga were evaluated for their antidiabetic properties.

24) Kashaya (Kasaya):
Kasaya is a taste or rasa associated with certain medicinal plants used in Ayurveda, including many of the drugs used for Shodhana (purification) of Puga in the study.

25) Vikasin (Vikasi, Vikashin):
Vikasi guna pertains to the unpurified property of Puga that necessitates its Shodhana (purification) before use, as it can otherwise destabilize the dhatus (tissues) leading to adverse effects.

26) Curna:
Curna refers to the powdered form of the drugs Saptacakra and Puga. The study evaluated these drugs in their curna (powder) form to understand their effects on diabetic rats.

27) Varga:
Varga refers to classification or categorization, such as Phala-varga (fruit group) under which Puga is classified in Ayurvedic texts like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.

28) Guna:
Guna represents qualities or attributes in Ayurvedic medicine. Both Saptacakra and Puga have various gunas, including their antidiabetic properties, that were examined in this study.

29) Gana:
Ganas are groups or classifications of medicinal plants in Ayurvedic texts. Puga is mentioned in Salasaradi and Asanadi ganas, which are prescribed for Prameha in Susruta Samhita and Astanga Hridaya respectively.

30) Sutrasthana (Sutra-sthana):
Sutrasthana refers to the first section of Ayurvedic classics like Ashtanga Hridaya, which provides fundamental principles of Ayurveda. It is cited in the study to offer a traditional context for the drugs used.

31) Phalavarga (Phala-varga):
Phala-varga is a classification category found in Ayurvedic texts like Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, under which Puga (Areca Catechu) falls. This classification helps in understanding the medicinal uses of various fruits.

32) Bhaishajya (Bhaisajya):
Bhaishajya Ratnavali is an ancient Ayurvedic text referenced in the study for its recommendations on using Puga in Kshoudrameha, a type of Prameha. It outlines the medicine formulations and treatments.

33) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamilnadu is where Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda is located, where one of the authors, Rama Krishna Allam, conducted part of the pharmacological study.

34) Shodhana (Sodhana):
Shodhana is the purification process used in Ayurveda to detoxify crude drugs. In this study, Puga was purified using a process involving multiple herb decoctions to enhance its safety and efficacy.

35) Bhaskara:
Bhaskara refers to K.V.V. Bhaskara Reddy, another author of the study, who is affiliated with the Dept. of Shalya at S.V. Ayurvedic Medical College, Tirupati.

36) Calcutta:
Calcutta (now Kolkata) is mentioned as the city of the publisher of the text Sarangadhara Samhita, which is referenced in the study. This text includes details on Ayurvedic medicinal properties.

37) Medicine:
Medicine in this study pertains to the herbal formulations of Saptacakra and Puga tested for their antidiabetic properties. These traditional Ayurvedic medicines were analyzed for their efficacy through pharmacological methods.

38) Khadira:
Khadira (Acacia catechu) is one of the herbs used in the purification (Shodhana) process of Puga as mentioned in Bhavaprakash Nighantu. It is also referenced in Susruta Samhita for its medicinal properties.

39) Chennai:
Chennai is the city where Dr. A. Lakshmipathi Research Centre for Ayurveda is located. Senior Research Fellow Rama Krishna Allam, one of the study's authors, conducted part of the research here.

40) Kvatha:
Kvatha refers to decoctions in Ayurvedic medicine. In the study, various kvathas like Katakakhadiradi kvatha contain Saptacakra and are recommended in texts for Prameha treatment.

41) Gutika:
Gutika means a type of Ayurvedic pill or tablet. Niruyadigutika, which contains Saptacakra, is recommended in the study's referenced texts for treating Madhumeha (diabetes).

42) Powder:
Powder form (Curna) of the drugs Saptacakra and Puga was used in this study for evaluating their antidiabetic effects. The powders were prepared and administered to the diabetic rats.

43) Phala:
Phala (fruit) in the context of Ayurveda and this study refers to Puga, which is the fruit of Areca Catechu. It is used in various formulations for treating metabolic disorders like Prameha.

44) Karma (Karman):
Karma in Ayurveda refers to the action or therapeutic effect of a drug. The karma of Saptacakra and Puga on diabetes was the primary focus of this pharmacological study.

45) Ayus (Ayush):
AYUSH is the acronym for Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy systems in India. The study is published in an AYUSH journal, focusing on traditional medicinal research.

46) Glass:
Glass slides were used in histopathological studies to examine the liver and pancreas tissues of the rats treated with Saptacakra and Puga. These slides helped in evaluating cellular changes under a microscope.

47) Veda:
Veda refers to ancient Indian scriptures that contain the earliest references to medicinal herbs like Puga. These texts form the foundational knowledge base for Ayurvedic medicine.

48) Renu:
Renu refers to Dixit Renu, another author of the study, who is a P.G. Lecturer in the Dept. of Dravyaguna at S.V. Ayurvedic Medical College, Tirupati.

49) Human body:
Human body is referenced when discussing the pharmacodynamics of drugs, aiming to correlate findings from animal studies to potential impacts on human health.

50) New Delhi:
New Delhi is where Chaukhambha Publications, the publisher of Raj Nighantu, is located. This text was referenced in the study for its descriptions of the medicinal properties of herbs like Puga.

51) Bhavaprakashanighantu (Bhavaprakasanighantu, Bhavaprakasha-nighantu):
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu is an Ayurvedic lexicon cited in this study, providing detailed properties and medicinal uses of Puga, which was a focal point in evaluating its antidiabetic effects.

52) Ashtangahridaya (Astangahrdaya, Ashtanga-hridaya):
Ashtanga Hridaya is a classical Ayurvedic text referenced in this study. It includes formulations containing Puga, which are recommended for treating Prameha (diabetic conditions).

53) Khadirasara (Khadira-sara):
Khadira-sara is one of the components used in the Ayurvedic purification process (Shodhana) for Puga, enhancing its therapeutic properties and reducing adverse effects.

54) Amradivarga (Amradi-varga):
Amradi-varga (fruit group) is a classification under which Puga (Areca Catechu) is listed in Ayurvedic texts like Raj Nighantu and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu.

55) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
Maharashtra is the location mentioned for the supplier of rat feed (Nava Maharashtra Chakan oil mills) used to maintain the Wistar rats in the pharmacological study.

56) Rasashastra (Rasa-shastra, Rasasastra):
Rasashastra is the department concerned with the preparation and purification of Ayurvedic medicines. The Suddha Puga in this study was purified in the department of Rasashastra at S.V. Ayurvedic College, Tirupati.

57) Paribhasha (Paribhasa):
Paribhasha refers to definitions or terminologies in Ayurveda. In the study, the term Vikasi guna is mentioned in the context of Paribhasha, defining the undesirable properties of Apakva-Adrapuga.

58) Salasaradi (Salasara-adi):
Salasaradi refers to a Gana or group mentioned in Susruta Samhita, which lists Puga as a remedy for Prameha (diabetes), showcasing its traditional usage.

59) Shaithilya (Saithilya):
Shaithilya refers to the state of laxity or abnormal relaxation of tissues. Puga is used in Ayurveda to address diseases like Prameha (diabetes) which involve Shaithilya abaddhatva of dhatus.

60) Science (Scientific):
Scientific experiments were conducted to evaluate the antidiabetic efficacy of Saptacakra and Puga through pharmacological methods, showcasing the scientific approach applied in Ayurvedic research.

61) Niruryadi:
Niruyadigutika is an Ayurvedic pill that contains Saptacakra and is indicated for treating Madhumeha (diabetes) in the Sahasrayogam text, cited in the study.

62) Knowledge:
Knowledge from ancient Ayurvedic texts and recent research was compiled to understand the pharmacological effects of Saptacakra and Puga in diabetic treatments.

63) Parashara (Parasara):
Parasara refers to Sri Radha Krishna Parasara, the author of Sarangadhara Samhita, a key Ayurvedic text that discusses the medicinal properties of Kramuka (Puga).

64) Ashtanga (Astanga, Ashtan-anga):
Astanga refers to Astanga Hridaya, a key Ayurvedic text mentioned in the study. It includes recipes like Asanadi gana containing medicinal herbs for treating Prameha (diabetes).

65) Hridaya (Hrdaya):
Hridaya in this context refers to Ashtanga Hridaya, a classical Ayurvedic text that lists Puga in its medicinal formulations for Prameha (diabetic conditions).

66) Bharati:
Bharati Academy is the publisher referenced in the study for bringing out editions of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, which lists medicinal properties of Puga and other herbs.

67) Chandra:
Chandra refers to Krishnachandra Chunekar, the commentator of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, providing insights into the medicinal uses of Puga.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 97]