Where Has the Devil Gone? A Bibliography on Evangelization in Latin America
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Mais où est donc passé le diable ? A propos d'une bibliographie sur I'évangélisation en Amérique latine
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Jésus Garcia Ruiz
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)
Full text available for: Mais où est donc passé le diable ? A propos d'une bibliographie sur I'évangélisation en Amérique latine
Year: 1992
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
In the late 20th century, the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the "discovery-invasion-destruction" of Latin America emerged as a contentious and multifaceted issue. The historical interpretations of this legacy, particularly concerning the role of the Catholic Church, are critical to understanding current dynamics in Latin America. This bibliographic overview by Jesús Garcia Ruiz provides insight into the evolving conversation surrounding evangelization efforts and their implications, framed against the backdrop of socio-cultural changes and the Church's search for relevance amid modern challenges.
The Role of the Church in Conquest and Evangelization
One of the central themes in the text is the inseparable link between the Catholic Church’s evangelizing mission and the military conquest of the Americas. The Church's actions during the colonization served not only to spread Christianity but also to legitimize the imperial conquest. This dual role has led to an ongoing struggle for the church to define its contemporary mission in light of its historical involvement. The text emphasizes the need for critical reflection on the implications of past actions and their effects on present-day realities and identities in Latin America, particularly as the Church seeks to connect with contemporary societies grappling with modernity and secularization.
The New Evangelization
The concept of the "New Evangelization" is highlighted as a strategic response by the Church to reclaim its influence in a society increasingly dominated by various Protestant movements. The term represents a renewed effort to engage with the faithful and non-believers alike by providing relevant spiritual guidance. This initiative is perceived not just as a reassertion of Catholic doctrine but also as a response to the alleged failures of evangelization in Latin America over the past five centuries. The New Evangelization is framed as a challenge for the 21st century, especially as a significant portion of the global Catholic population resides in Latin America, coinciding with a rise in Protestant denominations.
Evangelization of Culture and Inculturation
Another important concept is the "Evangelization of Culture" and its corollary, "Inculturation." This approach reflects an effort by the Church to engage with and integrate diverse cultural expressions while spreading the Gospel. The apostolic exhortation "Evangelii Nuntiandi" (1975) is referenced, which emphasized the necessity of bridging the divide between the Gospel and local cultures. The text posits that for evangelization to be effective and relevant, it must acknowledge and incorporate the cultural practices, beliefs, and identities of the communities being addressed. This perspective marks a significant shift from earlier models that often imposed a universal Catholic culture on indigenous and local contexts.
The Persistence of Cultural Challenges
The discussion continues with a critique of the historical attempts to evangelize indigenous and black populations, suggesting that past efforts were more about cultural imposition than genuine engagement. The text argues that effective evangelization must counteract the colonialist mentality that equated non-Christian cultures with inferiority. It recommends a revision of the beliefs that inform these efforts, advocating for the recognition of multiple cultures as valid and central to the evangelizing mission of the Church. The evolving understanding of inculturation implies a dialogue between faith and cultural identity, fostering a more collaborative relationship rather than one of dominance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Jesús Garcia Ruiz's bibliographical overview addresses the complex and often contradictory legacy of evangelization in Latin America, highlighting the Church's historical entanglement in colonialism and its modern efforts to redefine its role. By examining key concepts such as the New Evangelization and the Evangelization of Culture, the text encourages a nuanced understanding of the Church's mission in contemporary society. It calls for critical engagement with the past and invites a reframing of the relationship between faith and culture, challenging the Church to adapt its approaches to resonate with the diverse realities of Latin American populations today.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the significance of the Fifth Centenary celebration?
The Fifth Centenary marks 500 years since the discovery and conquest of Latin America, provoking debates about historical meaning and the role of the Catholic Church in evangelization and its implications for contemporary Latin American society.
How did the Catholic Church influence the conquest of America?
The Catholic Church's evangelizing mission was closely tied to military conquest, serving as a legitimizing force for the Spanish colonizers and impacting the cultural landscape of indigenous populations in Latin America.
What are the three themes highlighted in the bibliography?
The bibliography covers the historical aspects of evangelization, the 'New Evangelization,' and the 'Evangelization of Culture' or 'Inculturation of the Gospel,' focusing on their significance in contemporary Latin American contexts.
How does the concept of 'Inculturation' differ from 'Acculturation'?
'Inculturation' refers to integrating Christianity into local cultures without erasing their identities, while 'Acculturation' implies altering indigenous cultures to fit Christian norms, often leading to superficial adaptations and loss of authenticity.
What challenges does the Catholic Church face in Latin America today?
The Church faces significant challenges, including a sizable shift towards Protestantism among Latinos, which is perceived as an indication of failure within the Catholic evangelization efforts since the 20th century.
What role do social sciences play in the Catholic Church's evangelization efforts?
The Church has increasingly relied on social sciences to understand the cultures and societies it engages with, resulting in a more nuanced approach to evangelization that acknowledges and incorporates local cultural contexts.
What is meant by 'New Evangelization'?
'New Evangelization' refers to a renewed effort by the Church to engage modern societies, aiming to revive faith and relevance amid contemporary challenges like secularization and cultural pluralism prevalent in today’s Latin America.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Where Has the Devil Gone? A Bibliography on Evangelization in Latin America”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Religion:
The framework of beliefs and practices surrounding faith, social rituals, and cultural identity that often shapes group dynamics and moral guidelines in contexts like those discussed regarding the importance of spirituality in the 'religion' of the indigenous people.
2) Theology:
The study of the divine and its relationship to humanity, often involving critical reflection on religious texts, traditions, and moral applications in various dimensions of society; each theological discourse has implications for identity and cultural discussions.
3) Conquest:
Referring to historical events, particularly the 'conquest' of Latin America, where religious institutions played a significant role in legitimizing actions against indigenous populations; it raises questions about authority and identity in theological debates.
4) Yala:
[see source text or glossary: #Yala#]
5) Reflection:
The act of contemplating on doctrines, practices, and implications of religious beliefs, especially important in understanding the historical and contemporary context of 'reflection' surrounding evangelization efforts in Latin America.
6) Faith:
The belief system central to many religious practices; in the context of Latin America, 'faith' not only shapes personal spirituality but also community identity and social cohesion among diverse cultural narratives.
7) Identity:
The concept that encapsulates the unique characteristics of individuals or groups, particularly pertinent in discussions surrounding the preservation and evolution of 'identity' through religious practices across different cultures.
8) Indian:
Refers to the indigenous populations of Latin America whose experiences are crucial in discussions about evangelization, culture, and personal and collective 'identity', affecting historical perceptions and future initiatives.
9) Pari:
[see source text or glossary: #Pari#]
10) Liberation:
A central theme in many religious movements, advocating for freedom from oppression; in Latin American theology, 'liberation' emphasizes social justice and the empowerment of marginalized communities through a faith-based approach.
11) Dialogue:
The process of exchange and discussion that is fundamental in theology, promoting understanding and cooperation among diverse beliefs; the significance of 'dialogue' is amplified in post-colonial discussions on faith and cultural integration.
12) Hundred:
[see source text or glossary: #Hundred#]
13) Debate:
The ongoing discourse among scholars and practitioners regarding contradictions in historical accounts, particularly those surrounding 'debate' on evangelization and its consequences for various cultures.
14) Future:
A focal point in planning and envisioning new strategies for faith application and cultural engagement; reflections on how past events influence the 'future' of religious practice in Latin America are critical.
15) Human:
Pertaining to the essential qualities of individuals that are explored through theological and philosophical discourse; determining what it means to be 'human' often intersects with discussions of identity and spirituality.
16) Celebration:
The act of commemorating significant religious and cultural events; in the context of the provided text, 'celebration' reflects both historical milestones and ongoing faith practices acknowledged across diverse communities.
17) Discussion:
The engagement in conversations about beliefs, practices, and historical events; 'discussion' around evangelization and its impact on identity is crucial for understanding contemporary faith challenges in Latin America.
18) Spiritual:
Referring to the non-material aspects of beliefs and practices; 'spiritual' dimensions in religious contexts allow for deeper engagement with communities and cultures.
19) Space:
The concept of 'space' encompasses both physical and conceptual realms where religious practices occur; understanding 'space' is essential for addressing the dynamics of faith expression in varied cultural contexts.
20) Light:
Symbolically associated with knowledge, enlightenment, and divine insight; in religious discussions, 'light' also reflects the quest for spiritual truth and moral clarity.
21) Rica (Rca):
[see source text or glossary: #Rica#]
22) Guideline:
Rules or principles that direct behavior; in theological contexts, a 'guideline' may refer to ethical teachings derived from faith traditions that influence social structures.
23) Agent:
Individuals or organizations that act to promote or facilitate change; the concept of 'agent' is crucial in understanding the role of the Church in social transformation.
24) Consciousness:
The state of awareness regarding one’s beliefs and values; in theological discourse, 'consciousness' influences the depth of understanding and engagement with spiritual teachings.
25) Enlightenment:
The process of gaining knowledge and insight, often in relation to spiritual understanding; 'enlightenment' in a faith context suggests a transformation toward greater awareness.
26) Communication (Communicating, Communicate, Communicated):
The exchange of information that is fundamental to teaching and sharing faith; effective 'communication' facilitates deeper connections among diverse cultural expressions of religion.
27) Education:
The process of imparting knowledge and values, critical in shaping cultural and religious identities; 'education' within religious contexts empowers communities by fostering understanding and faith.
28) Existence:
The state of being, particularly in relation to faith and spiritual fulfillment; discussions on 'existence' often reflect concerns for both material and spiritual well-being.
29) Language:
A vital tool for expression and communication of religious thoughts and cultural identity; understanding 'language' in the context of evangelization highlights challenges and opportunities for engagement.
30) Politics:
The power dynamics that influence religious practices and community structures; discussions of 'politics' in faith contexts reveal complex relationships between authority and believers.
31) Slavery:
The condition of being subjected to domination, often addressed in theological reflections on justice and liberation; the historical context of 'slavery' influences contemporary discussions on human rights.
32) Freedom:
The state of being free; in religious discourse, 'freedom' intersects with themes of liberation and ethical responsibilities within faith communities.
33) Speech:
[see source text or glossary: #Speech#]
34) Black:
[see source text or glossary: #Black#]
35) Woman (Women):
Integral to the discussions on identity and religious roles; highlighting the place of 'women' in faith practices is essential for a comprehensive understanding of cultural influences.
36) Vida:
[see source text or glossary: #Vida#]
37) Gera:
[see source text or glossary: #Gera#]
38) Casha (Casa):
[see source text or glossary: #Casa#]
39) Amde (Ande):
[see source text or glossary: #Ande#]
40) Face (Facing, Faced):
[see source text or glossary: #Face#]
41) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
A fundamental outcome of theological engagement, reflecting change in beliefs, practices, and communal identity; discussions of 'transformation' often address the impact of faith on societies.
42) Destruction:
The opposite of creation; theological discussions often consider the consequences of 'destruction' in spiritual and cultural terms, particularly in the aftermath of historical events.
43) Discipline:
The adherence to rules governing behavior; in religious practice, 'discipline' is crucial for maintaining community standards and nurturing spiritual growth.
44) Commitment:
The dedication one has towards their beliefs or religious community; discussing 'commitment' emphasizes the need for active participation and responsibility within faith contexts.
45) Dimension:
Referring to aspects of existence or understanding; exploring the 'dimension' of faith includes examining social, cultural, and spiritual layers that shape individual experiences.
46) Ignorance (Ignorant):
The lack of knowledge or awareness; theological critiques often address 'ignorance' as a barrier to understanding deeper spiritual truths and engaging with broader communities.
47) Mutation:
Referring to change or adaptation; 'mutation' in a cultural or religious context can involve shifts in practices and beliefs that respond to new societal realities.
48) Leonardo:
[see source text or glossary: #Leonardo#]
49) Critique:
The analysis and evaluation of beliefs, practices, or historical events; 'critique' of theological traditions encourages deeper examination of faith practices in modern contexts.
50) Universe:
The entirety of existence, often discussed in theological perspectives regarding creation and divinity; concepts of 'universe' challenge understanding of humanity's place within spiritual frameworks.
51) Sadness:
An emotional state often resulting from loss or despair; discussions of 'sadness' in religious reflection may address community struggles and the hopeful resilience found in faith.
52) Salina (Shalina):
[see source text or glossary: #Salina#]
53) Leaf (Leaves):
[see source text or glossary: #Leaves#]
54) Family:
The fundamental social unit often reflected in religious teachings; the notion of 'family' is critical in discussing the role of faith in nurturing community bonds.
55) Nature:
The physical universe and its workings; 'nature' often serves as a backdrop for spiritual contemplation and reflection on the divine creation.
56) Health:
A state of well-being that is often a focal point in spiritual and community discussions; issues of 'health' intersect with moral considerations and social responsibility.
57) Roman (Roma):
[see source text or glossary: #Roman#]
58) Mayan:
[see source text or glossary: #Mayan#]
59) Fruit:
Referring to the results or outcomes of processes; 'fruit' in spiritual contexts often signifies the benefits of faith and the community's engagement in practices that promote growth.
60) Drama:
A term that encompasses the emotional and spiritual struggles faced in religious contexts; 'drama' in a faith narrative highlights the tensions between beliefs and lived experiences.
61) Birth:
Symbolizing beginnings and creation; 'birth' in religious texts is frequently discussed in relation to new understandings, revelations, and community formations.
62) Heart:
Often associated with emotions, core beliefs, and love within religious discussions; 'heart' serves as a metaphor for spiritual devotion and commitment to faith.
63) Poma:
[see source text or glossary: #Poma#]
64) Soul:
The spiritual essence of a person; discussions of the 'soul' delve into the relationship between individual existence and divine connection.
65) Epic:
Referring to grand narratives and significant historical events; the 'epic' nature of evangelization reflects the larger-than-life stories shaping cultural identities and spiritual quests.
66) Hour:
A measure of time; in spiritual contexts, the 'hour' may indicate moments of transformation, contemplation, or significant events pertaining to faith.
67) City:
A representation of societal structure; the notion of 'city' within discussions of faith addresses the intersection of religious community and urban development.
68) Dawn:
Symbolizing new beginnings or insights; 'dawn' in spiritual contexts often reflects enlightenment, hope, and renewal.
69) Book:
A collection of written works; in religious contexts, 'book' refers specifically to holy texts that guide belief, ethical conduct, and cultural identity.
70) Gold (Golden):
[see source text or glossary: #Gold#]