Concept of immunology in ayurveda
Journal name: Ancient Science of Life
Original article title: Concept of immunology in ayurveda
The ANSCI is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focused on Ayurveda and traditional medicines. It publishes original research, reviews, and literary studies linking traditional knowledge with modern science, covering disciplines like botany, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical research.
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G.G. Gangadharan, R. Ram Manohar
Ancient Science of Life:
(A quarterly multi-disciplinary scientific research journal in Ayurveda)
Full text available for: Concept of immunology in ayurveda
Year: 1994
Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The article discusses the Ayurvedic perspective on immunology, emphasizing the concept of BALA, which is integral to maintaining health and enhancing immunity. The authors, G.G. Gangadharan and R. Ram Manohar, illustrate that while life is characterized by both a drive towards survival and the inevitability of death, the internal essence—BALA—plays a critical role in this dynamic. Through a holistic approach, Ayurveda seeks to restore health by balancing the doshas and enhancing BALA, which is the foundation for positive health and well-being.
The Concept of BALA
BALA is categorized into three types: SAHAJA BALA (inherent strength), YUKTIKRTA BALA (acquired through judicious use of external factors), and KALAKRTA BALA (varying with time and circumstance). These forms of BALA correspond to aspects of immunity—SAHAJA and KALAKRTA serving as innate immune factors, while YUKTIKRTA represents acquired immunity. OJAS, a material manifestation of BALA, signifies optimal health and immunity through the completion of transformative biological processes, notably the assimilation of food into the refined essence needed for vitality. When these processes are disrupted, AAMA (undigested food) accumulates, leading to disease. Thus, Ayurvedic treatment is aimed at detoxifying the body (SODHANA), correcting imbalances (SAMANA), and ultimately enhancing BALA (URJASKARA) to promote health.
Conclusion
The Ayurvedic approach to health and immunology necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the individual—considering the patient, the disease, and the relevant remedies. The prevailing modern research methodology often reduces Ayurveda to a fragmented view focused primarily on drug efficacy, compromising its holistic essence. To maintain the integrity of Ayurvedic principles, the emphasis should shift towards cultivating skilled practitioners who can aptly apply these ancient insights to the complexities of contemporary health issues, ensuring that Ayurveda remains a dynamic and innovative medical system rather than a mere repository of drug formulations.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the Ayurvedic concept of BALA?
BALA refers to the body's inherent strength and vitality, categorized into three types: SAHAJA (inherent strength), YUKTIKRTA (acquired strength), and KALAKRTA (strength that varies with time). It plays a crucial role in maintaining health and immunity.
How does OJAS relate to BALA in Ayurveda?
OJAS is considered the material manifestation of BALA. It is the refined essence produced through the transformation of food in the body. Healthy OJAS indicates strong BALA and overall well-being, while poor OJAS leads to a weakened immune response.
Why is the Ayurvedic approach to therapeutics unique?
Ayurveda emphasizes a holistic view, considering the patient, disease, and drug. Unlike modern medicine, Ayurveda focuses on understanding individual variations in disease, thus providing personalized treatment based on the principles of transformative processes and BALA.
What challenges does Ayurveda face in modern research?
Ayurveda often encounters ethnocentric bias, leading to misinterpretation within the framework of Western science. Current research activities may overlook Ayurvedic principles, focusing instead on drug-based approaches, hindering a comprehensive understanding of its therapeutic foundations.
Glossary definitions and references:
Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Concept of immunology in ayurveda”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.
1) Bala (Bāla, Balā, Bālā):
Bala refers to the strength or vitality within an individual, essential for maintaining health and resisting disease. It encompasses inherent strength (Sahaja Bala), acquired strength (Yuktikrta Bala), and strength manifesting at different times (Kalakrita Bala). In Ayurveda, boosting Bala is central to promoting overall wellness and longevity.
2) Ayurveda (Āyurveda, Ayus-veda):
Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine originating from India. It emphasizes a holistic approach to health, integrating body, mind, and spirit. Ayurvedic principles focus on balance among the three doshas, the importance of maintaining Bala, and understanding individual constitutions, making it a personalized system of healing.
3) Drug:
In Ayurveda, a drug is not merely a chemical compound aimed at curing disease but encompasses natural substances from plant, animal, and mineral sources. The therapeutic efficacy of a drug is determined by its application within a holistic treatment approach, considering the unique constitution of the patient.
4) Medicine:
Medicine in the Ayurvedic context refers to the comprehensive system of treatment. It incorporates dietary guidelines, lifestyle changes, herbal preparations, and therapies designed to restore balance within the body. The ultimate goal of Ayurvedic medicine is to enhance the individual’s Bala and promote overall health.
5) Ojas:
Ojas represents the vital essence derived from the body's transformations, signifying health, vitality, and immunity. In Ayurveda, quality Ojas is crucial for maintaining strength and resilience against diseases. Ojas is the result of balanced digestion and proper metabolic processes, critical for overall wellbeing.
6) Agni:
Agni denotes the digestive fire or metabolic energy within the body, fundamental for transforming food into energy and essence. In Ayurveda, a strong Agni ensures proper digestion and assimilation of nutrients, which is vital for producing Ojas and maintaining a healthy balance among the doshas.
7) Science (Scientific):
In the context of Ayurveda, science is viewed not merely as empirical findings but as a comprehensive understanding of biological laws and natural phenomena. Ayurvedic knowledge is rooted in classical texts that provide insights into health, healing, and the interconnectedness of body and mind.
8) Akasha (Ākāśa, Ākāsa, Ākāsa, Ākaṣa, Akāśa, Akāsa):
Akasa refers to the space element in Ayurveda, representing the subtlest form of existence. It is associated with sound and is considered foundational for perception and the existence of the physical body, playing a role in the channeling of energies and the balance of the doshas.
9) Substance:
Substance in Ayurveda refers to any material that can influence health—food, medicines, or herbal preparations. The effectiveness of a substance as medicine is evaluated based on its properties, its interaction with the doshas, and its ability to support the individual’s health and vitality.
10) Rasayana (Rasa-ayana, Rasāyana, Rāsāyana):
Rasayana is a specialized branch of Ayurveda focused on rejuvenation and the enhancement of Bala. It comprises therapies that promote longevity, vitality, and the production of high-quality Ojas. Rasayana emphasizes lifestyle changes and herbal formulations aimed at restoring health and preventing aging.
11) Prithvi (Pṛthvī):
Prithvi, interchangeable with Prthvi, signifies the foundational earth element that forms the basis of physical existence. It is crucial for creating body structures and maintaining the solidity and integrity of bodily functions, playing a vital role in balancing health and combating diseases.
12) Shodhana (Śodhana, Sodhana):
Sodhana refers to the process of purification in Ayurveda, aimed at eliminating accumulated wastes or toxins (ama) from the body. By cleansing the body's channels, Sodhana prepares the system for effective treatment, allowing for the rebalancing of doshas and enhancement of overall health.
13) Samana (Śamana, Samāna, Samaṇa, Samanā, Śāmana, Sāmana, Shamana, Samānā):
Samana is the Ayurvedic principle of balancing the functions of the doshas within the body. It emphasizes restoring harmony among bodily systems, particularly in the context of digestion and metabolic activities, thereby facilitating proper nutrient absorption and enhancing overall health.
14) Vayu (Vāyu):
Vayu denotes the air element in Ayurveda, associated with movement and functions of the body such as respiration, circulation, and nerve impulses. It is one of the three doshas and plays a crucial role in life processes. An imbalance of Vayu can result in various health issues.
15) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transform refers to the fundamental Ayurvedic concept of change, particularly in the context of digestion and metabolism. This process is essential for converting food into energy and health-sustaining substances. Proper transformation signifies balance and harmony within the body, crucial for maintaining health and vitality.
16) Dosha (Dosa, Doṣa, Dosā, Doṣā, Ḍosā):
Doshas are the three primary energies (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) in Ayurveda, representing distinct physiological functions within the body. Each individual has a unique dosha constitution, and maintaining balance among these doshas is essential for health. Imbalances can lead to diseases and health challenges.
17) Yuktikritabala (Yuktikṛtabala, Yuktikrita-bala):
Yuktikrta-bala refers to the acquired strength through judicious use of external factors in Ayurveda. It represents the enhancement of immunity and vitality resulting from lifestyle choices, diet, and therapeutic interventions. It emphasizes the importance of external influences on overall health.
18) Sahajabala (Sahaja-bala):
Sahaja-bala denotes the inherent strength that individuals possess from birth. This intrinsic vitality forms the foundation of health and resilience. It is influenced by genetics and early life experiences, playing a crucial role in determining an individual’s overall health and predisposition to illness.
19) Urjaskara (Ūrjaskara):
Urjaskara represents the process of rejuvenation and energizing the body in Ayurveda. It is aimed at increasing Bala and promoting vitality through various therapies. This term signifies the holistic approach to enhancing strength and health, crucial for maintaining wellness and preventing disease.
20) Knowledge:
Knowledge in Ayurveda encompasses an understood integration of health principles, diagnostic techniques, and treatment methodologies based on individual constitution. It is imperative for physicians to possess profound understanding and wisdom to tailor therapies, ensuring effective treatment and promoting lasting wellness among patients.
21) Evolution:
Evolution refers to the changes and adaptations within Ayurvedic practices and knowledge over time. This concept acknowledges that Ayurveda continually grows and adapts to changing health contexts, challenges, and understandings, allowing for innovative applications while staying rooted in ancient principles.
22) Samhita (Saṃhitā, Saṃhita):
Samhita denotes the classical texts of Ayurveda that compile profound insights on medicinal practices, philosophy, and healing methodologies. These ancient scriptures, such as Caraka Samhita and Susruta Samhita, provide foundational knowledge essential for the practice and advancement of Ayurvedic medicine.
23) Quality:
Quality in Ayurveda pertains to the characteristics and efficacy of substances and treatments. It denotes the effectiveness of herbs, formulations, and therapies in promoting health and well-being. High-quality products and practices are crucial for achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes and enhancing Bala.
24) Sahaja (Sahajā, Saha-ja):
Sahaja means innate or natural, referring to qualities or strengths present from birth. In Ayurveda, it emphasizes the inherent vitality or Bala that individuals carry, underscoring the importance of recognizing and supporting this natural strength in therapeutic practices to maintain health.
25) Kapha:
Kapha is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, composed of earth and water elements. It symbolizes stability, structure, and lubrication in the body. A balanced Kapha supports bodily functions, immunity, and overall health. Imbalance can lead to various health issues, underscoring its importance.
26) Rheumatoid arthritis:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints. In Ayurveda, it is viewed as an imbalance of the doshas, particularly Vata and Kapha. Treatment emphasizes balancing doshas, detoxification, and restoring functions through personalized therapies and herbal remedies.
27) Sushruta-samhita (Suśruta-saṃhitā):
Susruta-samhita is a foundational Ayurvedic text attributed to Sushruta, focusing on surgical and practical aspects of medicine. It extensively covers anatomy, surgical techniques, and treatments for various ailments. This text is vital for understanding Ayurvedic principles and practices in surgery and healing.
28) Sthanasamshraya (Sthānasaṃśraya, Sthana-samshraya):
Sthanasamsraya refers to the stage where disease localizes in the body. In Ayurvedic diagnosis, understanding this stage is crucial for effective treatment, as it relates to how and where diseases manifest. Interventions aim to address these localized conditions to restore balance and health.
29) Caraka-samhita (Caraka-saṃhitā):
Caraka-samhita is a revered Ayurvedic text that outlines principles of diagnosis, treatment, and pharmacology. Authored by Caraka, it serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding health, diseases, and therapies in Ayurveda, emphasizing holistic approaches and the importance of individual constitution.
30) Svasthavritta (Svasthavṛtta, Svastha-vritta):
Svastha-vrtta describes a lifestyle conducive to maintaining health in Ayurveda. It encompasses dietary practices, daily routines, and ethical behaviors aligned with natural rhythms. Following Svastha-vrtta principles enhances Bala, promotes well-being, and helps prevent diseases through harmonious living and self-care.
31) Purification:
Purification in Ayurveda refers to the process of cleansing and detoxifying the body to remove accumulated wastes and toxins (ama). This fundamental practice, known as Sodhana, prepares the body for effective treatment, restoring balance among the doshas and enhancing overall vitality and health.
32) Accumulation (Accumulating, Accumulate):
Accumulated refers to the buildup of wastes or toxins (ama) in the body due to improper digestion or lifestyle choices. In Ayurveda, managing this accumulation is vital for preventing diseases, and treatments aim to cleanse the body and restore its natural functions to promote health.
33) Saptadhatu (Saptadhātu, Sapta-dhatu, Saptan-dhatu):
Saptadhatu refers to the seven essential tissues of the body in Ayurveda: Rasa (plasma), Rakta (blood), Mamsa (muscle), Meda (fat), Asthi (bone), Majja (marrow), and Sukra (reproductive tissue). The health and quality of these tissues are vital for overall well-being, emphasizing the need for proper nourishment.
34) Discussion:
Discussion highlights the importance of dialogue and exchange of ideas within Ayurveda. It fosters deeper understanding and integration of Ayurvedic principles in contemporary practices. Open discussions facilitate critical thinking and the evolution of Ayurvedic knowledge, bridging traditional wisdom with modern health challenges.
35) Anubandha (Anubamdha):
Anubandha signifies the relationship or connection among the elements within Ayurveda's theoretical framework. It entails understanding the interactions between the patient, drug, and disease, guiding effective treatment approaches tailored to individual needs, emphasizing the interconnectedness of health and therapeutic practices.
36) Tridosha (Tridoṣa, Tri-dosha):
Tridosha represents the three fundamental energies (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that govern physiological processes in Ayurveda. Understanding the interplay of Tridosha is essential for diagnosing imbalances and administering effective treatments to restore harmony within the body and promote health.
37) Visarpa:
Visarpa indicates a specific condition characterized by spreading skin lesions in Ayurveda. It encompasses various forms of skin ailments and emphasizes the need for precise diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies, reflecting Ayurveda’s holistic approach and its capacity to address unique health challenges.
38) Prakopa:
Prakopa refers to the stage in disease development when doshas become aggravated and vitiated. Recognizing this stage is crucial for intervention in Ayurveda, as it guides treatment approaches aimed at restoring balance and preventing further progression of health issues associated with doshic imbalance.
39) Prasara:
Prasara describes the stage of disease progression where the imbalance spreads throughout the body. In Ayurvedic diagnosis, understanding this phase helps healthcare providers design effective treatment plans to contain the spread and restore health, emphasizing the need for timely and appropriate interventions.
40) Darshana (Darśana):
Darsana in Ayurveda relates to philosophical understanding and perception of health, disease, and treatment. It encompasses the cognitive and experiential aspects of Ayurvedic principles, guiding practitioners in applying knowledge in a way that aligns with the holistic nature of the system for patient care.
41) Svastha (Sva-stha):
Svastha denotes a state of health and well-being in Ayurveda, representing physical, mental, and spiritual balance. It emphasizes the importance of maintaining harmony among the doshas and adhering to a lifestyle that supports vitality, ultimately contributing to a long and healthy life.
42) Rasnadi (Rāsnādi):
Rasnadi refers to a specific herbal formulation used in Ayurveda for treating various ailments, particularly those related to immunity and vitality. Its effectiveness depends on its application within the context of Ayurveda’s holistic principles, emphasizing personalized treatment and understanding of underlying health conditions.
43) Nityaga:
Nityaga signifies the concept of continual movement towards destruction or death inherent in life. In Ayurveda, acknowledging this aspect of existence drives the emphasis on vitality and health preservation, guiding individuals to adopt practices that enhance Bala and promote longevity.
44) Sancaya (Sañcaya, Saṃcaya, Samcaya, Samcaya):
Sancaya refers to the accumulation stage of doshas in Ayurveda. Understanding this phase helps practitioners assess the onset of imbalances, guiding appropriate interventions for detoxification and restoration of health before conditions worsen, aligning with Ayurveda’s holistic approach to treatment.
45) Channel:
Channel in Ayurveda pertains to the pathways and systems facilitating the movement of energies, nutrients, and wastes throughout the body. Understanding these channels is crucial for assessing health and implementing treatments aimed at restoring balance and ensuring optimal physiological functioning.
46) Caraka (Cāraka, Cārāka):
Caraka represents a key figure in Ayurvedic medicine and the author of the Caraka Samhita, a foundational text outlining principles of diagnosis and treatment. His contributions have shaped Ayurvedic practices, emphasizing individualized approaches to healing and the importance of holistic patient care.
47) Kvatha (Kvātha):
Kvatha refers to a type of herbal preparation in Ayurveda, typically a decoction aimed at extracting the medicinal properties of herbs. It serves as an effective medium for delivering therapeutic benefits, highlighting the significance of preparation methods in achieving desired health outcomes.
48) Vyakti:
Vyakti indicates the manifestation stage of disease in Ayurveda when symptoms become apparent. Understanding this phase allows practitioners to implement targeted treatments, addressing the specific symptoms and root causes while considering the individual's unique constitution and health status.
49) Jivita (Jīvita):
Jivita translates to the concept of life or living in Ayurveda, encompassing the essence of existence and the vital processes that sustain health. It emphasizes the importance of preserving life through holistic practices and maintaining a balance among the doshas to prevent illness and promote longevity.
50) Thirst:
Thirst represents a basic physiological need and symptom indicating the need for hydration in Ayurveda. Addressing this need is crucial for maintaining bodily functions and overall health, emphasizing the importance of balanced fluid intake and dietary practices to support Agni and preserve Bala.
51) Pitta (Pītta, Piṭṭā):
Pitta is one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, predominantly associated with fire and transformation. It governs metabolic processes, digestion, and energy production within the body. Balancing Pitta is essential for maintaining health, as an imbalance can lead to various digestive and inflammatory disorders.
52) Satva (Saṭvā, Shatva):
Satva refers to the quality of clarity, harmony, and mental balance in Ayurveda. It is associated with purity and promotes good health and well-being. Maintaining high levels of Satva is essential for mental health, decision-making, and overall quality of life.
53) Ranga (Raṅga, Ramga):
Ranga denotes the idea of context or stage in Ayurvedic treatment. It relates to understanding the specific environment and circumstances surrounding a health condition, helping practitioners create effective treatment plans tailored to individual needs and unique situations, emphasizing the personalized approach in Ayurveda.
54) Vritta (Vṛtta, Vṛttā):
Vrtta signifies lifestyle or routine in Ayurveda, encompassing the daily habits and practices that influence health. Adopting a balanced Vrtta is crucial for maintaining dosha equilibrium, promoting wellness, and enhancing Bala, aligning with the holistic principles of Ayurvedic medicine.
55) Bheda (Bheḍā, Bheḍa):
Bheda refers to the complicative stage of disease in Ayurveda. Understanding this phase is crucial for addressing complex health issues, as it highlights the need for skilled diagnosis and tailored treatment strategies that consider the various factors contributing to the patient’s condition.
56) Dharin (Dhārin, Dhari):
Dhari translates to 'support' or 'sustain' in Ayurveda. It emphasizes the role of various factors that uphold life and health, such as nutrition, lifestyle, and herbal support, guiding practitioners in their therapeutic approaches to enhance overall well-being and resilience.
57) Dasa (Dāsa, Daśā, Dasā, Daśa, Dāśa, Daśan, Dasha, Dashan):
Dasa signifies the tenets or foundational principles guiding Ayurvedic practice. It encompasses the holistic understanding required for effective diagnosis and treatment, emphasizing the importance of integrating various elements of health, disease, and therapy to achieve optimal patient care.
58) Shada (Śāda, Sadā, Sada, Śada, Ṣaḍa, Sadas):
Sada means 'always' or 'to be steadfast' in Ayurveda. It emphasizes the importance of consistency in applying Ayurvedic principles to achieve and maintain health. Adopting steadfast practices promotes resilience against diseases and supports the long-term enhancement of Bala and overall well-being.
59) Vata (Vāṭa, Vaṭa, Vāta, Vaṭā):
Vata, one of the three doshas in Ayurveda, embodies the air and space elements. It governs movement, circulation, and neurological functions within the body. A balanced Vata is essential for maintaining health; an imbalance may lead to issues such as anxiety, dryness, and digestive disorders.
60) Hand:
Hand symbolizes the action of therapy and healing in Ayurveda. It represents the practitioner's role in implementing treatments and interacting with patients. Hands are vital in various Ayurvedic practices, from preparation of remedies to performing therapies, highlighting the connection between healing and human touch.
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