Phyto – chemistry and pharmacology of shankapushpi – four varieties

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Journal name: Ancient Science of Life
Original article title: Phyto – chemistry and pharmacology of shankapushpi – four varieties
The ANSCI is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal focused on Ayurveda and traditional medicines. It publishes original research, reviews, and literary studies linking traditional knowledge with modern science, covering disciplines like botany, ethnomedicine, pharmacology, and clinical research.
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Original source:

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Author:

Gian Singh Aulakh, Sharada Narayanan, Geeta Mahadevan


Ancient Science of Life:

(A quarterly multi-disciplinary scientific research journal in Ayurveda)

Full text available for: Phyto – chemistry and pharmacology of shankapushpi – four varieties

Year: 1988

Copyright (license): CC BY-NC-SA


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Summary of article contents:

Introduction

The article reviews the pharmacognosy, pharmacology, and phytochemistry of four plants commonly referred to as "Shankapushpi" in the context of Ayurvedic medicine: Convolvulus pluricaulis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Canscora decussata, and Clitoria ternatea. Shankapushpi is reputed for its therapeutic properties, particularly as a brain tonic and alterative. It forms part of various Ayurvedic formulations and is recognized under several regional names. The review highlights the botanical characteristics, therapeutic uses, and chemical constituents of these plants, providing valuable insights into their medicinal potential.

Pharmacological Activities of Shankapushpi

One of the key aspects of Shankapushpi is its diverse pharmacological activities. The plants exhibit notable anti-microbial properties, with Evolvulus alsinoides and Canscora decussata demonstrating efficacy against various bacteria and fungi. For instance, extracts from C. decussata were found effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, showcasing potential as a therapeutic agent in infectious diseases. Additionally, the plants have shown central nervous system (CNS) effects, where some extracts produced sedative and hypotensive activities in animal studies, indicating their potential use in treating anxiety and hypertension. Significant anti-inflammatory and psychotropic effects were also reported, emphasizing the need for further exploration of these plants' roles in medical applications.

Conclusion

In summary, the review indicates that the four plants classified as Shankapushpi possess significant pharmacological properties that warrant further investigation. Their combined effects on the central nervous system, cardiovascular functions, and antimicrobial activities highlight their relevance in traditional medicine and potential in modern therapeutic applications. The article advocates for comparative studies to elucidate the chemical profiles and pharmacological mechanisms of these plants, ultimately contributing to a better understanding and utilization of Shankapushpi in health care practices.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is Shankapushpi and its significance in Ayurveda?

Shankapushpi is an important Ayurvedic drug known for its alterative, laxative, and brain tonic properties. It is included in various Ayurvedic formulations, aiding mental health and cognitive functions.

Which plants are considered Shankapushpi in traditional medicine?

The four plants identified as Shankapushpi are Convolvulus pluricaulis, Evolvulus alsinoides, Canscora decussata, and Clitoria ternatea, each exhibiting unique pharmacological activities.

What pharmacological activities are associated with Shankapushpi plants?

These plants show significant CNS and cardiovascular activities, including anti-anxiety, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects, making them beneficial in various health conditions.

Have any clinical studies been conducted on Shankapushpi?

Yes, clinical studies on C. pluricaulis have shown anti-anxiety effects and cognitive improvements in patients. It also demonstrated favorable results in treating thyrotoxicosis and hypertension.

Glossary definitions and references:

Scientific and Ayurvedic Glossary list for “Phyto – chemistry and pharmacology of shankapushpi – four varieties”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of Ayurveda and other topics.

1) Drug:
The term 'Drug' refers to substances used in the treatment, mitigation, or prevention of diseases. In this context, Shankapushpi represents a pivotal Ayurvedic drug derived from four plants, each contributing unique therapeutic properties, primarily known for their cognitive enhancement and other health benefits, lending to their multi-faceted applications in traditional medicine.

2) Activity:
Activity pertains to the biological effects exhibited by compounds, especially when it comes to their therapeutic action. The study highlights the significant pharmacological activities of the Shankapushpi plants, such as anti-microbial, CNS depressant, and anesthetic effects, emphasizing the relevance of plant extracts in enhancing health outcomes.

3) Pharmacology:
Pharmacology is the branch of medicine that studies the interactions between drugs and biological systems. In the context of Shankapushpi, it encompasses the analysis of its active compounds, their effects on human physiology, and elucidating how these plants confer benefits, particularly in mental health and neurological disorders.

4) Bitter:
The term 'Bitter' describes one of the primary taste sensations, often associated with medicinal properties in Ayurvedic traditions. The Shankapushpi plants are categorized under the bitter drugs group, signaling their potential roles in digestive health, detoxification, and their wider therapeutic applications within the Ayurvedic framework.

5) Pharmacological:
Pharmacological refers to the aspects relating to the effects of drugs on biological systems. The research detailed various pharmacological effects of Shankapushpi-related plants, signifying their therapeutic efficacy and how their constituents interact with the body’s systems, particularly focusing on brain health and cognitive functions.

6) Debility:
Debility refers to physical weakness or lack of strength and vitality. In the context of Ayurvedic medicine, Shankapushpi is often recommended for individuals experiencing nervous debility or mental fatigue, showcasing its traditional use as an adaptogen to support mental and physical resilience.

7) Epilepsy:
Epilepsy is a neurological condition marked by recurrent seizures. The use of Shankapushpi in traditional practices suggests its applications as a brain tonic, which could aid in managing epilepsy symptoms. Its herbal constituents may contribute to stabilizing neuronal activity and enhancing cognitive function.

8) Kambu (Kambū):
'Kambu' is a synonym for Shankapushpi in Ayurvedic texts. Its mention emphasizes the diverse naming conventions used across various regions in India, showcasing the cultural significance and the shared knowledge of traditional herbal remedies, particularly for mental health and cognitive enhancement.

9) Snake poison (Snake venom):
The term 'Snake poison' refers to toxins derived from snakes that can cause severe physiological harm. In Ayurvedic medicine, certain plants, including Shankapushpi, may counteract the effects of snake venom, emphasizing their role as antidotes and their potential therapeutic application in treating venomous bites.

10) Antibiotic (Antibacterial):
Antibiotic describes substances that prevent the growth of or kill microorganisms, particularly bacteria. The findings related to the antibacterial properties of Shankapushpi imply potential use cases in developing natural antibiotics from its extracts, presenting avenues for research in essential oils and phytochemicals.

11) Vanavilasini (Vanavilāsinī, Vana-vilasini):
Vana-vilasini, another synonym for Shankapushpi, reflects the plant's connection to nature and its use in herbal medicine. The term highlights cultural ties and traditional herbal knowledge, as well as the richness of natural medicinal resources utilized for enhancing mental function and well-being.

12) Phytochemical:
Phytochemical refers to the chemical compounds produced by plants, many of which have health benefits. The study emphasizes various phytochemicals present in Shankapushpi plants, underscoring their roles in providing therapeutic action, particularly in psychological and neurological well-being.

13) Kambumalini (Kambumālinī, Kambu-malini):
'Kambu-malini' is another term associated with Shankapushpi, representing its diverse naming in Ayurveda. Such nomenclature illustrates the multifaceted uses of the plant while fostering cultural identity and traditional herbal medicine practices that have persisted through generations.

14) Tuberculosis:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection often affecting the lungs. The article highlights anti-tuberculous activities of xanthone derivatives from C. decussata, showcasing the potential of Shankapushpi components in combating severe bacterial infections, thus positioning it as a significant plant in therapeutic contexts.

15) Kambupushpi (Kambupuṣpī, Kambu-pushpi):
'Kambu-puspi' is yet another synonym for Shankapushpi, reinforcing the intricate relationships between herbal nomenclature in Ayurveda. It illustrates the cultural and historical significance of the plant across different regions and its usage in enhancing cognitive abilities and general health.

16) Depression:
Depression refers to a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest. Shankapushpi is reputed for its anti-depressant properties within Ayurvedic medicine, suggesting that its use could be beneficial in managing mood disorders and improving overall mental health.

17) Drowsiness:
Drowsiness is a state of feeling sleepy or lethargic, often related to sedation effects from certain compounds. The research notes the sedative ability of Shankapushpi's constituents, indicating their application in calming effects and possibly aiding conditions of anxiety or stress.

18) Guducyadi (Guḍūcyādi, Guducya-adi):
Guducyadi indicates a specific group of Ayurvedic drugs associated with immune enhancement, detoxification, and overall health improvement. Shankapushpi falls within this classification, emphasizing its multi-functional role in promoting well-being, particularly for mental and cognitive health.

19) Flavonoid:
Flavonoids are a class of phytonutrients known for their antioxidant properties. Their presence in plant extracts, such as those of Shankapushpi, indicates potential health benefits, including cognitive enhancement and neuroprotection, vital in the context of herbal pharmacology and therapeutic applications.

20) Sharada (Śāradā, Śārada, Śaradā, Sāradā, Sārada, Sarada, Sara-da):
'Sharada' is a term synonymously linked to mental capabilities and intellectual enhancement—in this context, highlighting Shankapushpi's role in promoting cognitive functions. It represents the cultural recognition of the need for mental fortitude and the use of herbal remedies in achieving it.

21) Anxiety:
Anxiety is a common mental health issue characterized by excessive worry or fear. Shankapushpi's documented effects on reducing anxiety symptoms emphasize its significance in traditional medicine for treating stress-related conditions, enhancing mental clarity and emotional balance.

22) Science (Scientific):
Science involves systematic study and knowledge acquisition through experiments and observations. The pharmacological investigations into Shankapushpi reflect the application of scientific methods to validate traditional medicine claims, bridging the gap between ancient health practices and modern biomedical understanding.

23) Vaidya:
'Vaidya' refers to a traditional healer or practitioner of Ayurveda. The association with Vaidya underlines the cultural heritage of Indian medicine, illustrating the expertise inherent in herbal practices and the continued relevance of Shankapushpi within Ayurvedic healing traditions.

24) Medhya (Medhyā, Meḍhyā):
Medhya characterizes substances or practices associated with enhancing intellect and memory. Shankapushpi's classification as a Medhya herb highlights its historical use in improving cognitive functions, reinforcing its place in Ayurvedic tradition as a brain tonic.

25) Nausea:
Nausea is an uncomfortable sensation that often precedes vomiting. The research alludes to Shankapushpi's potential in alleviating post-operative nausea, implying its utility in enhancing recovery experiences through its traditional use applied in modern medical contexts.

26) Edema (Oedema):
Oedema denotes swelling caused by excess fluid retention in body tissues. The anti-inflammatory properties of compounds in Shankapushpi suggest therapeutic applications in managing oedema conditions, highlighting their clinical relevance and the importance of understanding plant-based remedies.

27) Medha (Medhas, Medhā):
Medha signifies a keen intellect or perceptive ability. Shankapushpi's recognition as enhancing Medha reflects its esteemed role in Ayurvedic philosophy as a brain tonic, fundamentally aimed at increasing concentration, memory, and overall cognitive health.

28) Pushpi (Puṣpī, Puṣpi):
'Puspi' translates to flowering or flourishing, symbolically expressing the health benefits associated with Shankapushpi. This term indicates the plant's intrinsic value in promoting mental vitality and wellness, linking it to themes of growth and cognitive enhancement.

29) Blood:
Blood is vital for transporting oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Shankapushpi's potential effects on emotional and mental health highlight its relevance in overall physiological well-being, acknowledging the interconnectedness of bodily functions and mental states.

30) Vana (Vaṇa, Vāna, Vāṅa):
'Vana' refers to 'forest' in Sanskrit, connecting with the natural origins of many Ayurvedic plants, including Shankapushpi. This term reflects the ecological aspect of sourcing medicinal herbs and their cultural significance in traditional healing practices.

31) Shala (Sālā, Sāla, Śala, Śālā, Śāla, Sala):
'Sala' can signify a place of learning or community, indicating the traditional knowledge sharing within Ayurvedic practices. Shankapushpi's inclusion within medicinal gardens highlights the collaborative effort in preserving and enhancing increasing the awareness of herbal remedies.

32) Post:
'Post' generally refers to an occurrence following a certain event. In this context, the term connects to post-operative care, wherein Shankapushpi was noted for its role in alleviating symptoms like nausea, reinforcing the plant's therapeutic applications in medical practices.

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Discover the significance of concepts within the article: ‘Phyto – chemistry and pharmacology of shankapushpi – four varieties’. Further sources in the context of Science might help you critically compare this page with similair documents:

Therapeutic use, Comparative studies, Brahmarasayana, Anti-inflammatory effect, Anti-microbial activity, CNS depressant activity, Psychotropic effect, Chemical constituent, Cardiovascular activity, Sedation effects.

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