Science, latest concepts
Latest Science concepts:
Total: 56674
2521 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Statistical analysis refers to: Statistical analysis is the process of applying statistical tests to evaluate data collected during clinical studies for determining treatment efficacy... The application of statistical methods to interpret data collected from the study to assess treatment effects quantitatively.
Statistical analysis refers to: Statistical analysis is the process of applying statistical tests to evaluate data collected during clinical studies for determining treatment efficacy... The application of statistical methods to interpret data collected from the study to assess treatment effects quantitatively.
1349 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical trial refers to: An investigational study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of treatments in patients with mental adjustment disorders... A research investigation conducted with participants to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Panchakarma procedures.
Clinical trial refers to: An investigational study designed to assess the safety and efficacy of treatments in patients with mental adjustment disorders... A research investigation conducted with participants to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Panchakarma procedures.
1276 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Medicinal plant refers to: Plants that have health benefits and are used in traditional medicine to treat diseases... Plants used for their therapeutic properties, often lacking proper standards that can lead to adulteration and ineffective treatments.
Medicinal plant refers to: Plants that have health benefits and are used in traditional medicine to treat diseases... Plants used for their therapeutic properties, often lacking proper standards that can lead to adulteration and ineffective treatments.
1097 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Antioxidant activity refers to: The ability of a substance to prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals... The ability of substances derived from leech saliva to scavenge free radicals, contributing to therapeutic benefits.
Antioxidant activity refers to: The ability of a substance to prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals... The ability of substances derived from leech saliva to scavenge free radicals, contributing to therapeutic benefits.
1076 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Antimicrobial activity refers to: The capacity of a substance to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, a necessary quality for effective endodontic irrigants... The ability of substances to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms, which is a key aspect studied in the context of the six ayurvedic herbs for their effectiveness in wound healing.
Antimicrobial activity refers to: The capacity of a substance to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms, a necessary quality for effective endodontic irrigants... The ability of substances to inhibit the growth of or kill microorganisms, which is a key aspect studied in the context of the six ayurvedic herbs for their effectiveness in wound healing.
1054 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Oxidative stress refers to: An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body leading to cellular damage... A condition resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, associated with various diseases including obesity.
Oxidative stress refers to: An imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body leading to cellular damage... A condition resulting from an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, associated with various diseases including obesity.
898 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Exclusion criteria refers to: The set of rules defining individuals who cannot participate in a clinical study, often due to the presence of comorbid conditions or specific age limits... Conditions that disqualify patients from participating in the study, ensuring appropriate patient selection.
Exclusion criteria refers to: The set of rules defining individuals who cannot participate in a clinical study, often due to the presence of comorbid conditions or specific age limits... Conditions that disqualify patients from participating in the study, ensuring appropriate patient selection.
841 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Inclusion criteria refers to: The specific conditions or characteristics that must be met by participants in a clinical study to ensure they are suitable for the treatment being tested... The specific set of conditions patients need to meet in order to be part of the study.
Inclusion criteria refers to: The specific conditions or characteristics that must be met by participants in a clinical study to ensure they are suitable for the treatment being tested... The specific set of conditions patients need to meet in order to be part of the study.
798 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Antibacterial activity refers to: The capability of a substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections... The ability of Rubia cordifolia extract to inhibit the growth of bacteria, specifically Propionibacterium acnes, which is involved in the development of acne.
Antibacterial activity refers to: The capability of a substance to inhibit the growth of bacteria, thus preventing infections... The ability of Rubia cordifolia extract to inhibit the growth of bacteria, specifically Propionibacterium acnes, which is involved in the development of acne.
741 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Quality of life refers to: A measure of an individual's overall well-being and satisfaction with life, particularly relevant in geriatric care... The overall impact of IBS on patients' daily living standards, considered while discussing the implications of the disorder.
Quality of life refers to: A measure of an individual's overall well-being and satisfaction with life, particularly relevant in geriatric care... The overall impact of IBS on patients' daily living standards, considered while discussing the implications of the disorder.
721 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Control group refers to: A group of patients treated with placebo to provide a comparative measure to the effects of the actual therapy... In the research study, this refers to the group of pregnant mice that were administered normal saline to compare results against those receiving treatment.
Control group refers to: A group of patients treated with placebo to provide a comparative measure to the effects of the actual therapy... In the research study, this refers to the group of pregnant mice that were administered normal saline to compare results against those receiving treatment.
720 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Diabetes mellitus refers to: A chronic disease caused by the vitiation of tridosha, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and described in Ayurvedic texts as prameha... Diabetes is described as a chronic metabolic disorder where the homeostasis of glucose is impaired, leading to various acute and chronic complications, including hyperglycemia.
Diabetes mellitus refers to: A chronic disease caused by the vitiation of tridosha, characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and described in Ayurvedic texts as prameha... Diabetes is described as a chronic metabolic disorder where the homeostasis of glucose is impaired, leading to various acute and chronic complications, including hyperglycemia.
695 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Herbal medicine refers to: The classification under which Ayurvedic medicines are sold in the UK, emphasizing the natural plant-based components of Ayurveda... Natural products used for healing purposes, which may have therapeutic effects but also the potential for adverse interactions with other drugs.
Herbal medicine refers to: The classification under which Ayurvedic medicines are sold in the UK, emphasizing the natural plant-based components of Ayurveda... Natural products used for healing purposes, which may have therapeutic effects but also the potential for adverse interactions with other drugs.
656 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Risk factor refers to: Conditions or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing erectile dysfunction, such as heart disease or obesity... Conditions or attributes that increase the likelihood of developing a disease, in this case, factors contributing to the risk of stroke.
Risk factor refers to: Conditions or behaviors that increase the likelihood of developing erectile dysfunction, such as heart disease or obesity... Conditions or attributes that increase the likelihood of developing a disease, in this case, factors contributing to the risk of stroke.
611 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical feature refers to: Observable symptoms and signs associated with a particular disease or condition, used for diagnosis and assessment... The observable signs and symptoms associated with diseases like pothaki and trachoma, such as swelling, discharge, and itching.
Clinical feature refers to: Observable symptoms and signs associated with a particular disease or condition, used for diagnosis and assessment... The observable signs and symptoms associated with diseases like pothaki and trachoma, such as swelling, discharge, and itching.
588 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Bioactive compound refers to: Chemical substances found in plants, including flavonoids and alkaloids, that are responsible for their medicinal properties... Bioactive constituents in millets that contribute to various health benefits, including antioxidant properties.
Bioactive compound refers to: Chemical substances found in plants, including flavonoids and alkaloids, that are responsible for their medicinal properties... Bioactive constituents in millets that contribute to various health benefits, including antioxidant properties.
566 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Adverse effect refers to: Unintended and harmful effects observed in patients as a result of treatment during clinical studies... Unwanted or harmful effects that may arise from treatment, which need monitoring during the clinical study.
Adverse effect refers to: Unintended and harmful effects observed in patients as a result of treatment during clinical studies... Unwanted or harmful effects that may arise from treatment, which need monitoring during the clinical study.
521 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Chronic disease refers to: Long-lasting medical conditions that panchakarma therapy aims to provide radical relief from, enhancing the therapeutic results... Health conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension for which participants preferred using CAM for treatment.
Chronic disease refers to: Long-lasting medical conditions that panchakarma therapy aims to provide radical relief from, enhancing the therapeutic results... Health conditions such as diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension for which participants preferred using CAM for treatment.
468 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Antioxidant properties refers to: Features of certain nutrients or compounds that protect the body from oxidative damage; relevant in discussions about maintaining health during pregnancy... The ability of a substance to prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals.
Antioxidant properties refers to: Features of certain nutrients or compounds that protect the body from oxidative damage; relevant in discussions about maintaining health during pregnancy... The ability of a substance to prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals.
435 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Cardiovascular disease refers to: A major health issue characterized by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, significantly affected by conditions like dyslipidemia... Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the world’s largest cause of death, claiming 17.1 million lives a year, and thrombosis is identified as a prevalent cause of CVD.
Cardiovascular disease refers to: A major health issue characterized by disorders of the heart and blood vessels, significantly affected by conditions like dyslipidemia... Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the world’s largest cause of death, claiming 17.1 million lives a year, and thrombosis is identified as a prevalent cause of CVD.
427 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Informed consent refers to: A process through which patients are informed about a study's risks and benefits before agreeing to participate... Permission obtained from parents before the newborns were included in the study.
Informed consent refers to: A process through which patients are informed about a study's risks and benefits before agreeing to participate... Permission obtained from parents before the newborns were included in the study.
412 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Holistic approach refers to: An integrated perspective advocating the inter-relationship between mind, body, and spirit in health and wellness management... A perspective in Ayurveda that emphasizes the connection between the body, mind, and spirit, and treats the individual as a whole.
Holistic approach refers to: An integrated perspective advocating the inter-relationship between mind, body, and spirit in health and wellness management... A perspective in Ayurveda that emphasizes the connection between the body, mind, and spirit, and treats the individual as a whole.
410 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Statistical Significance refers to: A mathematical indication that the results of a study are likely not due to chance, often evaluated using p-values... A measure utilized in the study to determine the validity of the improvement observed post-treatment based on statistical analysis.
Statistical Significance refers to: A mathematical indication that the results of a study are likely not due to chance, often evaluated using p-values... A measure utilized in the study to determine the validity of the improvement observed post-treatment based on statistical analysis.
407 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Adverse drug reaction refers to: Any harmful or unintended responses to a medical treatment, which were reportedly absent throughout the Madhutailika Basti treatment... Negative side effects or reactions resulting from prescribed medications, monitored during the study to ensure safety in treatment.
Adverse drug reaction refers to: Any harmful or unintended responses to a medical treatment, which were reportedly absent throughout the Madhutailika Basti treatment... Negative side effects or reactions resulting from prescribed medications, monitored during the study to ensure safety in treatment.
387 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Reactive oxygen species refers to: Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, known for their role in oxidative stress, which Guggulstersone helps to reduce... Highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen that can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
Reactive oxygen species refers to: Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, known for their role in oxidative stress, which Guggulstersone helps to reduce... Highly reactive molecules derived from oxygen that can cause oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
380 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Biochemical parameter refers to: Laboratory tests (like ESR, CRP, ASO titer) that measure biological markers used to assess the severity and presence of inflammatory diseases... Metrics used to assess the chemical and biological processes in the body, particularly to monitor lipid levels (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) in dyslipidemic patients.
Biochemical parameter refers to: Laboratory tests (like ESR, CRP, ASO titer) that measure biological markers used to assess the severity and presence of inflammatory diseases... Metrics used to assess the chemical and biological processes in the body, particularly to monitor lipid levels (such as cholesterol and triglycerides) in dyslipidemic patients.
364 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Ethanolic extract refers to: A concentrated solution obtained from the leaves of Lantana camara through a process that uses ethanol as a solvent... Extracts derived using ethanol as a solvent, often utilized to isolate bioactive compounds from plants for various medicinal purposes.
Ethanolic extract refers to: A concentrated solution obtained from the leaves of Lantana camara through a process that uses ethanol as a solvent... Extracts derived using ethanol as a solvent, often utilized to isolate bioactive compounds from plants for various medicinal purposes.
352 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Environmental factor refers to: Conditions related to urban living, such as pollution and lack of open spaces, which can trigger and worsen skin diseases like eczema... External conditions that can influence health and physiological responses, including the nature of the arterial pulse.
Environmental factor refers to: Conditions related to urban living, such as pollution and lack of open spaces, which can trigger and worsen skin diseases like eczema... External conditions that can influence health and physiological responses, including the nature of the arterial pulse.
352 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Dietary habit refers to: Patterns of food consumption that can influence overall health and contribute to issues such as infertility, especially when they lead to disturbances in digestion... Eating patterns that may influence the formation of urolithiasis, particularly regarding unhealthy or excessive foods.
Dietary habit refers to: Patterns of food consumption that can influence overall health and contribute to issues such as infertility, especially when they lead to disturbances in digestion... Eating patterns that may influence the formation of urolithiasis, particularly regarding unhealthy or excessive foods.
351 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Side effect refers to: Adverse reactions that can occur from treatments that were considered, but the study focused primarily on the efficacy of arka vati... Adverse reactions or harmful effects resulting from the use of an Ayurvedic formulation, which are important for understanding its safety.
Side effect refers to: Adverse reactions that can occur from treatments that were considered, but the study focused primarily on the efficacy of arka vati... Adverse reactions or harmful effects resulting from the use of an Ayurvedic formulation, which are important for understanding its safety.
349 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical examination refers to: A thorough assessment conducted to determine the condition of the patient, including inspection and palpation to identify symptoms and anatomical abnormalities... Clinical examination is the systematic assessment of a patient's health by a healthcare provider, crucial for developing a tailored treatment plan.
Clinical examination refers to: A thorough assessment conducted to determine the condition of the patient, including inspection and palpation to identify symptoms and anatomical abnormalities... Clinical examination is the systematic assessment of a patient's health by a healthcare provider, crucial for developing a tailored treatment plan.
344 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Wound healing refers to: The physiological process through which the body repairs damaged tissue, often impaired in individuals with diabetes... The biological process through which a wound repairs itself, often enhanced by the application of specific herbs or treatments.
Wound healing refers to: The physiological process through which the body repairs damaged tissue, often impaired in individuals with diabetes... The biological process through which a wound repairs itself, often enhanced by the application of specific herbs or treatments.
337 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Pain management refers to: Pain management is a medical approach aimed at reducing pain, often using medications like analgesics and steroids as well as alternative therapies such as those explored in this study... Strategies for alleviating pain, which in this case involved the use of painkillers and leech therapy.
Pain management refers to: Pain management is a medical approach aimed at reducing pain, often using medications like analgesics and steroids as well as alternative therapies such as those explored in this study... Strategies for alleviating pain, which in this case involved the use of painkillers and leech therapy.
332 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Age-group refers to: A demographic classification used in the study to analyze the prevalence of PID, particularly in women aged 31-35 years... Refers to all categories of patients, including infants, children, and adults who can benefit from gold administration.
Age-group refers to: A demographic classification used in the study to analyze the prevalence of PID, particularly in women aged 31-35 years... Refers to all categories of patients, including infants, children, and adults who can benefit from gold administration.
330 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Anti-inflammatory properties refers to: The ability to reduce inflammation in the body, often utilized in treating various medical conditions... The characteristics of certain drugs in Lodhrasevyadi yoga that help reduce inflammation caused by spider bites.
Anti-inflammatory properties refers to: The ability to reduce inflammation in the body, often utilized in treating various medical conditions... The characteristics of certain drugs in Lodhrasevyadi yoga that help reduce inflammation caused by spider bites.
326 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Body mass index refers to: A measurement that helps assess whether a person has a healthy weight, influencing fertility, as both underweight and overweight can contribute to anovulatory conditions... A measurement that evaluates weight in relation to height, reflecting total body fat and commonly used to define overweight.
Body mass index refers to: A measurement that helps assess whether a person has a healthy weight, influencing fertility, as both underweight and overweight can contribute to anovulatory conditions... A measurement that evaluates weight in relation to height, reflecting total body fat and commonly used to define overweight.
323 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Rheumatoid arthritis refers to: An autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of joints, showing symptoms consistent with the Ayurvedic diagnosis of Amavata... A systemic chronic inflammatory joint disorder affecting synovial joints, marked by pain, stiffness, swelling, and possible cardiac involvement.
Rheumatoid arthritis refers to: An autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of joints, showing symptoms consistent with the Ayurvedic diagnosis of Amavata... A systemic chronic inflammatory joint disorder affecting synovial joints, marked by pain, stiffness, swelling, and possible cardiac involvement.
322 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Minimum inhibitory concentration refers to: The smallest concentration of a drug that prevents detectable growth of a microorganism, a key measurement in antimicrobial studies... The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents the growth of a microorganism, used to evaluate the potency of antimicrobial substances.
Minimum inhibitory concentration refers to: The smallest concentration of a drug that prevents detectable growth of a microorganism, a key measurement in antimicrobial studies... The lowest concentration of an antimicrobial agent that prevents the growth of a microorganism, used to evaluate the potency of antimicrobial substances.
322 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical parameter refers to: Various measurable factors observed and assessed in patients, like Stambha, Ruk, Toda for evaluating treatment effectiveness... The health indicators and symptoms that were evaluated in the study to assess the effectiveness of the treatments used.
Clinical parameter refers to: Various measurable factors observed and assessed in patients, like Stambha, Ruk, Toda for evaluating treatment effectiveness... The health indicators and symptoms that were evaluated in the study to assess the effectiveness of the treatments used.
308 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Therapeutic effect refers to: The impact or influence of a treatment in alleviating symptoms or improving the condition of a disease, specifically in the context of Balaguducyadi Basti and Baluka Swedana for Amavata... The positive impact of leech application, stemming from both the bloodletting action and the substances in leech saliva.
Therapeutic effect refers to: The impact or influence of a treatment in alleviating symptoms or improving the condition of a disease, specifically in the context of Balaguducyadi Basti and Baluka Swedana for Amavata... The positive impact of leech application, stemming from both the bloodletting action and the substances in leech saliva.
306 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Natural product refers to: Compounds derived from natural sources, including herbs, which may vary widely in their composition and effects... Products derived from natural sources, such as plants, that are embraced in Ayurveda for their effectiveness in health and healing.
Natural product refers to: Compounds derived from natural sources, including herbs, which may vary widely in their composition and effects... Products derived from natural sources, such as plants, that are embraced in Ayurveda for their effectiveness in health and healing.
306 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Preventive measure refers to: Strategies outlined in Ayurveda to strengthen health against diseases, including proper diet, exercise, and herbal remedies... Preventive measures against food adulteration involve awareness, proper testing, and legislation to ensure food safety.
Preventive measure refers to: Strategies outlined in Ayurveda to strengthen health against diseases, including proper diet, exercise, and herbal remedies... Preventive measures against food adulteration involve awareness, proper testing, and legislation to ensure food safety.
306 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Free Radical refers to: Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage, often countered by antioxidant-rich compounds in Amalaki... Unstable atoms that can cause damage to cells and are suggested to have pathological correlations with Ama, creating oxidative stress in the body.
Free Radical refers to: Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage, often countered by antioxidant-rich compounds in Amalaki... Unstable atoms that can cause damage to cells and are suggested to have pathological correlations with Ama, creating oxidative stress in the body.
303 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Phytochemical constituents refers to: Bioactive compounds present in EET, including carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, and tannins that may contribute to its pharmacological effects... Naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants that contribute to their medicinal properties.
Phytochemical constituents refers to: Bioactive compounds present in EET, including carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, and tannins that may contribute to its pharmacological effects... Naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants that contribute to their medicinal properties.
302 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Follow-up refers to: Subsequent assessments conducted after treatment to track progress and response to the therapy administered... Assessments conducted at intervals after the initial treatments to monitor health outcomes.
Follow-up refers to: Subsequent assessments conducted after treatment to track progress and response to the therapy administered... Assessments conducted at intervals after the initial treatments to monitor health outcomes.
282 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Essential oil refers to: Highly concentrated aromatic compounds extracted from plants, used for various purposes including aromatherapy, perfumery, and medicinal applications... Concentrated plant extracts containing volatile compounds, which have therapeutic use, found in the aerial parts of Mundi.
Essential oil refers to: Highly concentrated aromatic compounds extracted from plants, used for various purposes including aromatherapy, perfumery, and medicinal applications... Concentrated plant extracts containing volatile compounds, which have therapeutic use, found in the aerial parts of Mundi.
282 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Staphylococcus aureus refers to: A type of bacteria often implicated in wound infections, used in the study to test the antimicrobial efficacy of Curcuma longa... A common bacterium used in the study, identified as highly sensitive to the extracts of Panchashirisha Agada.
Staphylococcus aureus refers to: A type of bacteria often implicated in wound infections, used in the study to test the antimicrobial efficacy of Curcuma longa... A common bacterium used in the study, identified as highly sensitive to the extracts of Panchashirisha Agada.
281 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical evaluation refers to: Clinical evaluation is the systematic assessment of a patient's condition and therapeutic response, integral to the study of mamajjaka ghanavati in prameha... The assessment of a treatment's effectiveness and safety through systematic studies and trials.
Clinical evaluation refers to: Clinical evaluation is the systematic assessment of a patient's condition and therapeutic response, integral to the study of mamajjaka ghanavati in prameha... The assessment of a treatment's effectiveness and safety through systematic studies and trials.
274 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Statistically Significant refers to: A term indicating that the results of a study are unlikely to have occurred by chance, suggesting a real effect of the intervention being tested... A term indicating that the results obtained from the study demonstrate a meaningful difference or effect, validated through statistical analysis.
Statistically Significant refers to: A term indicating that the results of a study are unlikely to have occurred by chance, suggesting a real effect of the intervention being tested... A term indicating that the results obtained from the study demonstrate a meaningful difference or effect, validated through statistical analysis.
268 concepts in 1 Scientific topics and 9 sources.
Clinical studies refers to: Research efforts aimed at validating the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic treatments and products through rigorous scientific methodology... Research activities conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of leech therapy in treating various conditions.
Clinical studies refers to: Research efforts aimed at validating the effectiveness and safety of Ayurvedic treatments and products through rigorous scientific methodology... Research activities conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of leech therapy in treating various conditions.