Religion and Economy in Durkheim: Two Forms of Social Cohesion

| Posted in: Religion

Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Religion et économie chez Durkheim : deux formes de cohésion sociale ?
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Alternative title(s): Religion and Economy in Durkheim: Two Forms of Social Cohesion? Religión y economía en Durkheim: ¿dos formas de cohesión social?

Original source:

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Author:

Philippe Steiner


Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:

(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)

Full text available for: Religion et économie chez Durkheim : deux formes de cohésion sociale ?

Year: 2012 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.24204

Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions


Summary of article contents:

Introduction

Philippe Steiner's article examines the interplay between religion and economy in Émile Durkheim's seminal work, "Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse." Steiner focuses on Durkheim's nuanced treatment of economic activity within the framework of religious practices, arguing that while economic elements are largely overshadowed by the religious, they remain significant in understanding social cohesion. The article further explores the implications of Durkheim’s observations a century after the publication of his work and questions whether his dichotomy between religious cohesion and economic incohesion remains valid today.

The Discreet Presence of Economics

One of the central themes of Steiner's analysis is the "discreet presence of economics" in Durkheim's work. Although economic factors are not explicitly detailed in "The Elementary Forms," they subtly influence Durkheim's exploration of social life. Steiner points out that Durkheim contrasts sacred and profane elements, suggesting that economic activities contribute to societal fragmentation while religious practices foster social unity. This dichotomy exemplifies how Durkheim distinguishes between the collective experience generated through religious rituals and the solitary nature of economic pursuits, which he associates with a weaker social bond.

Durkheim's "Furtive Thesis"

Steiner identifies a significant yet often overlooked element in Durkheim’s conclusions, which he terms the "furtive thesis." This thesis posits that economic activity has not been explicitly linked to religion but is implied to have connections that warrant further exploration. Durkheim's assertion that economic value carries religious implications hints at a complex relationship between the two realms. Steiner discusses how this thesis has inspired scholarly inquiry into the economic dimensions of religion and vice versa, illuminating the potential for further research in this under-explored area.

The Cohesion of Religion vs. Economic Incohesion

The article delves into Durkheim’s assertion that religion represents a form of social cohesion while economic activity leads to social incohesion. Steiner examines how Durkheim uses the example of religious communities, which are bound by shared beliefs and rituals, as opposed to the transient and self-interested nature of economic transactions. He illustrates this through the contrast Durkheim draws between committed communities and the fleeting nature of exchanges driven by individual gain in marketplaces. This distinction raises questions about how social relations are constructed and sustained differently in religious versus economic contexts.

Revisiting Durkheim's Framework in Contemporary Contexts

Steiner argues that while Durkheim's framework posits a clear boundary between religious and economic spheres, contemporary analysis necessitates a reevaluation of these categories. The author highlights the evolution of economic institutions—such as the market—that blend utilitarian and social dimensions, complicating the initial opposition Durkheim established. Considering modern economic interactions often influenced by collective ideologies, this critique calls for an analysis of market dynamics as potential sites of social cohesion rather than purely sources of individualistic competition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Steiner's exploration of religion and economy in Durkheim’s work illuminates significant themes relevant to understanding social cohesion. By recognizing the subtle layers of economic activity within Durkheim's analysis and questioning the validity of his dichotomy, the article invites further scholarly inquiry. Steiner suggests that modern societal conditions necessitate a more integrated understanding of how religious and economic aspects interact, ultimately shaping the dynamics of cohesion and fragmentation in contemporary contexts.

FAQ section (important questions/answers):

What is the focus of Philippe Steiner's text about Durkheim?

Philippe Steiner's text examines the subtle presence of economic activity in Durkheim's work, "Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse," and explores the relationship between religion and economy, as well as the implications for social cohesion and incohesion.

How does Durkheim perceive the relationship between religion and economy?

Durkheim posits that while religion fosters social cohesion, economic activity often leads to social incohesion. However, he suggests a nuanced link between the two, indicating that they should not be entirely separated.

What role does economic activity play in Durkheim's analysis of religion?

In "Les Formes élémentaires," Durkheim discusses how rituals and beliefs intersect with economic practices, viewing them as influential but overshadowed by the prominence of religious phenomena.

What is the 'furtive thesis' in Durkheim's conclusions?

The 'furtive thesis' suggests an unexamined relationship between religion and economic activity, indicating that while not overtly discussed, economic factors influence religious practices and vice versa.

What is the significance of the distinction between sacred and profane in Durkheim's work?

Durkheim categorizes experiences into sacred and profane, asserting that the sacred fosters deep bonds within communities, whereas profane or economic interactions often lack lasting social ties.

How does Durkheim differentiate between social exchange and economic exchange?

Durkheim contrasts social exchange, which fosters integration and solidarity, with economic exchange, which he describes as temporary and interest-based, lacking deeper social connections.

What contemporary frameworks connect Durkheim's ideas with current economic practices?

Contemporary thinkers like Foucault, Weber, and Agamben extend Durkheim's ideas by integrating concepts of governmentality, asceticism, and the role of market dynamics in shaping social structures.

Glossary definitions and references:

Theological and religious glossary list for “Religion and Economy in Durkheim: Two Forms of Social Cohesion”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.

1) Religion:
Religion plays a central role in Durkheim's analysis as a means of social cohesion. It is presented as an ideal force that integrates individuals into a community through shared beliefs and practices, promoting solidarity and a common identity. Through rituals and collective effervescence, religion provides meaning and connection, distinguishing itself from the utilitarian nature of economic activities.

2) Market:
[see source text or glossary: Market]

3) Pari:
[see source text or glossary: Pari]

4) Money:
Money is discussed as a social reality in the context of Durkheim's work on the links between economy and religion. It is perceived as a symbolic representation of collective beliefs that facilitate exchanges and maintain social cohesion through agreed values and rights, analogous to the functions of religious practices in society.

5) Wealth:
Wealth is addressed in Durkheim's exploration of the connections between religious and economic values. He notes that wealth can be seen as possessing a form of mana, or power, derived from religious origins, indicating that economic resources have social and moral implications tied to collective beliefs.

6) Nature:
In Durkheim's examination, nature is considered in relation to the minimal material needs of primitive societies, illustrating how their spiritual and religious practices are shaped around the rhythms of nature. This connection highlights the importance of environmental influences on social structures and beliefs.

7) Image:
The concept of image is relevant when discussing the representation of social ties and commitments. Durkheim suggests that common images emerge through collective participation in rituals and symbols, integrating individuals within a larger community identity, contrasting with mere market exchanges.

8) Salvation:
[see source text or glossary: Salvation]

9) Existence:
[see source text or glossary: Existence]

10) Glory:
Glory is a significant theme in the intersection of religion and economics, particularly through Durkheim's arguments about the divine principles that drive human action. Whether through religious devotion or economic endeavors, the pursuit of glory reflects deeper societal values and aspirations.

11) Pain:
Pain is noted by Durkheim as an essential element in the ascetic practices of religious life. It serves as a transformative force that elevates individuals above immediate desires, linking suffering to the pursuit of higher ideals and reinforcing social cohesion through shared experiences.

12) Reflection:
[see source text or glossary: Reflection]

13) Dimension:
The dimension of social cohesion in Durkheim's work encompasses both religious and economic spheres, suggesting that these dimensions impact individual behavior and societal structure. Understanding the interplay between these dimensions is crucial for grasping how societies maintain order and integration.

14) Critique:
[see source text or glossary: Critique]

15) Animal:
Animals, particularly in the context of totemic beliefs, are integral to understanding the economic activities of primitive societies. Durkheim illustrates how religious rituals connected to the economy reflect the interdependence between humans and the sacred aspects of the natural world.

16) Power:
Power is defined in Durkheim's discussion of the economic value associated with wealth and its religious origins. The link between religion and economic power suggests that social structures are influenced by both spiritual beliefs and material conditions.

17) Food:
Food production and consumption are central themes in the examination of religious rites among primitive societies. Durkheim argues that rituals surrounding totemic animals often serve economic functions, underpinning the relationship between religious practices and the sustenance of communities.

18) Face (Facing, Faced):
[see source text or glossary: Face]

19) Commitment:
Commitment plays a critical role in social cohesion, where Durkheim emphasizes the need for individuals to engage in shared practices that extend beyond immediate interests. Commitment solidifies bonds within a community, creating expectations that nurture social integration over time.

20) Sacrifice:
Sacrifice is highlighted in Durkheim's study of religious practices, particularly through asceticism, which emphasizes pain and renunciation. Such acts of sacrifice contribute to personal and community ideals, reinforcing social ties and collective identity.

21) Theology:
[see source text or glossary: Theology]

22) Devotion (Devoted):
Being devoted to religious ideals and communal practices is essential for fostering social cohesion. Durkheim suggests that this devotion can compete with individualistic pursuits inherent in economic activity, highlighting the tension between these two aspects of human life.

23) Book:
[see source text or glossary: Book]

24) Creation:
Creation is viewed within the framework of collective social forces and ideals that emerge from religious practices. Durkheim theorizes that the religious imagination shapes social reality, fostering a shared identity and purpose within society.

25) Merchant:
[see source text or glossary: Merchant]

26) Politics:
Politics is intertwined with the discussion on religion and economy. Durkheim examines how social organization and political structures can reflect religious beliefs, with significant implications for the cohesion of communities amidst competing interests.

27) Festival:
Festivals serve both religious and economic functions, marking times of celebration that reinforce social bonds. Durkheim posits that these communal gatherings embody collective effervescence, a key mechanism for sustaining social integration.

28) Worship:
Worship is central to understanding Durkheim's conception of religion as a cohesive force within society. It embodies collective beliefs and values, serving as a communal activity that strengthens ties among individuals.

29) Future:
The consideration of future implications is implicit in Durkheim's exploration of social processes. The rituals and commitments made in the present are seen as foundations for sustaining community values and cohesiveness in the evolving social landscape.

30) Magic:
Magic is contrasted with religion in Durkheim's analysis, highlighting the differences between communal worship and individualistic practices. Magic represents a lack of social cohesion compared to the integrated and cohesive nature of religious life.

31) Faith:
Faith is essential for sustaining the social fabric, as Durkheim argues that shared beliefs and trust in collective ideals contribute to social cohesion. It binds individuals to a common identity and purpose.

32) Lead:
[see source text or glossary: Lead]

33) Renunciation:
Renunciation, particularly in the context of ascetic practices, is emphasized as a significant aspect of religious life in Durkheim's work. It reflects the individual's effort to transcend material desires, contributing to personal growth and collective solidarity.

34) Celebration:
Celebration characterizes the communal aspects of religious life that foster social cohesion. Durkheim highlights how collective rituals and festivals enhance shared experiences, solidifying bonds within communities.

35) Environment:
The environment is integral when examining how the sacred and profane influence social behavior. Durkheim reflects on how external factors shape religious practices and economic activities among communities, relating to their survival and thriving.

36) Prosperity:
Prosperity is linked to religious practices as Durkheim suggests that economic abundance can arise from collective rituals that honor totems and ensure community well-being, demonstrating the connection between economic success and religious beliefs.

37) Discussion:
[see source text or glossary: Discussion]

38) Relaxed (Relaxation, Relaxing):
Relaxation of social norms is crucial in moments of collective effervescence, where Durkheim posits that such times create opportunities for social bonding through shared celebrations, expressing communal ideals and rejuvenating social ties.

39) Separation (Separateness, Separate, Separated):
Separation between the sacred and profane is a fundamental theme in Durkheim's analysis. He asserts that this distinction underpins the functioning of religious practices, facilitating the creation of a structured social life.

40) Knowledge:
Knowledge plays a pivotal role in Durkheim's exploration of religion and the economy. Understanding the mechanisms of social cohesion involves examining how collective knowledge and shared beliefs influence social structures and practices.

41) Unstable:
Unstable relationships are a characteristic of market interactions, as opposed to the stable bonds fostered by religious practices. Durkheim underscores the temporary nature of economic exchanges, contrasting them with the enduring connections found within religious communities.

42) Amartya:
Amartya Sen's work on rationality critiques traditional economic assumptions, suggesting a framework where altruism and social commitments intertwine with economic considerations, echoing some themes in Durkheim's analysis of social integration.

43) Hunting:
Hunting is referenced in the context of the economic activities of primitive tribes. Durkheim illustrates how these activities relate to their social and religious practices, emphasizing the interplay between subsistence and social cohesion.

44) Worldly:
Worldly concerns intersect with spiritual life in Durkheim's work, particularly in discussions on asceticism and the balance between material pursuits and spiritual ideals. This interplay is critical to understanding societal functioning.

45) Family:
[see source text or glossary: Family]

46) Egoism:
Egoism is analyzed in relation to economic interactions, where Durkheim highlights the dangers of purely utilitarian motivations that can lead to social fragmentation. He advocates for a balance of self-interest with social commitment.

47) Praxis:
Praxis is integral to understanding the application of religious and economic principles in daily life. Durkheim emphasizes the importance of collective actions that embody shared values, shaping social dynamics.

48) White:
[see source text or glossary: White]

49) Space:
[see source text or glossary: Space]

50) Human:
The human experience is central to Durkheim's analysis, emphasizing the duality within individuals between their innate tendencies and their social roles. This duality shapes their relationship with both the economic and religious dimensions of life.

51) Mana:
Mana represents a form of spiritual power tied to both religious values and the concept of wealth. Durkheim connects this idea to the understanding of economic value as reflecting deeper societal beliefs and spiritual significance.

52) Hair:
[see source text or glossary: Hair]

53) Way of life:
The way of life in primitive societies reflects a profound connection between religious practices and economic activities, where rituals are not just spiritual expressions but also serve material purposes, illustrating the intertwined nature of these domains.

54) Highest reality:
The highest reality in Durkheim's analysis refers to the collective ideal represented through religion, which provides individuals with a sense of purpose and belonging beyond mere material existence, reinforcing social cohesion.

55) Primary meaning:
The primary meaning of social practices in Durkheim's framework is often rooted in their collective significance, connecting individuals to wider social and religious contexts, shaping their actions and beliefs.

56) Material World:
[see source text or glossary: Material World]

57) Consciousness:
Consciousness in Durkheim's work relates to the collective awareness shaped by shared beliefs and practices. Understanding this consciousness is key to grasping the social dynamics that bind communities.

58) Deliverance:
Deliverance is seen through the lens of religious practices that aim to elevate individuals above their immediate material concerns. Durkheim suggests that this transcendental aspect fosters social integration and personal growth.

59) Suppression:
[see source text or glossary: Suppression]

60) Materialism (Materialist):
[see source text or glossary: Materialist]

61) Realization (Realisation):
Realization in Durkheim's analysis concerns the actualization of social agreements and commitments that go beyond mere economic interests. It involves the manifestation of social values through collective practices.

62) Mathematics (Mathematical):
The mathematic principles underlying rational behavior within economic systems mirror certain theological concepts of divine governance. Durkheim's exploration reflects how mathematical logic can frame human interactions in both religious and economic spheres.

63) Delusion(s):
Delusions in the context of economic behaviors refer to the misconceptions and misinterpretations that can influence market actions. Durkheim argues that these delusions can be informed by collective beliefs and social contexts.

64) Detachment:
Detachment is crucial to the ascetic practices discussed by Durkheim, as it entails the renunciation of immediate desires and material interests in pursuit of higher ideals, reinforcing social bonds through shared commitment.

65) Philosophy:
Philosophy informs Durkheim's examination of religious and economic life, emphasizing critical thinking about the social functions of both domains and their interplay in shaping human experience.

66) Recreation:
[see source text or glossary: Recreation]

67) Experience:
Experience in Durkheim's work is shaped by participation in collective rituals and social practices. This shared experience fosters community bonds and provides individuals with a sense of identity and belonging.

68) Fisherman (Fishermen):
Fishermen exemplify the economic activities of primitive societies, illustrating how material pursuits are intertwined with religious practices. Durkheim uses such examples to demonstrate the social dimensions of economic life.

69) Spiritual:
Spiritual aspects of life are central to Durkheim's analysis, emphasizing the role of beliefs and rituals in fostering social cohesion. Spirituality addresses the higher ideals that complement economic pursuits.

70) Greatness:
Greatness is associated with the ideals reflected in religious practices. Durkheim suggests that pursuing greatness often involves collective aspirations and values, enhancing social solidarity among individuals.

71) Hinduism:
[see source text or glossary: Hinduism]

72) Exercise:
[see source text or glossary: Exercise]

73) Weakness:
Weakness in the context of Durkheim's exploration relates to the simplicity and minimal material needs of primitive societies, which allows them to thrive on cohesion derived from shared beliefs rather than economic complexity.

74) Delusion (Deluded):
[see source text or glossary: Delusion]

75) Identity:
Identity in Durkheim’s framework is shaped by collective experiences and shared beliefs. The social identity formed through religious practices contrasts with the fragile identities created through economic transactions.

[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 97]

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