Durkheim's Religious Theory and Chinese Sociology
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: La théorie de la religion de Durkheim et la sociologie chinoise
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Alternative title(s): Durkheim's theory of religion and Chinese sociology
La teoría de la religión de Durkheim y la sociología china
Original source:
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Laurence Roulleau-Berger et Zhengai Liu
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)
Full text available for: La théorie de la religion de Durkheim et la sociologie chinoise
Year: 2012 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.24157
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The article explores the intersections between Émile Durkheim's theory of religion and Chinese sociology, particularly focusing on how Durkheim's concepts have been adapted and reinterpreted within the context of Chinese society. It discusses the historical diffusion of sociology in China, the development of a distinct sociology of religion, and the unique characteristics of religious practices in China in contrast to Durkheim's original formulations. The authors, Laurence Roulleau-Berger and Zhengai Liu, highlight both continuities and disjunctions between Chinese sociological thought and Durkheim's framework.
2) The Reception of Durkheim’s Theory in China
Durkheim's theory of religion first made its way to China before 1949 and saw renewed interest after 1979, coinciding with what is characterized as a "spring of religions" in the country. The reception of his theories involved multiple translations and adaptations, with early Chinese sociologists such as Yang Kun playing a significant role in contextualizing Durkheim's ideas.
3) Institutional Perspective on Religion
One of the key concepts discussed is the notion of religion as an institution, which Durkheim emphasized as essential for maintaining social cohesion. In Chinese sociology, this idea has been built upon but also modified to accommodate the plurality of religious forms present in contemporary China. Chinese sociologists contend that the boundaries between sacred and profane are less distinct than Durkheim suggested, reflecting a more nuanced understanding of religion that interweaves with various social practices.
4) Religion and Collective Mobilization
Another critical examination is Durkheim's view on the role of religion solely as a factor of social integration. Chinese sociologists argue that religion also serves as a vector for collective mobilization and social protest, a dimension that Durkheim largely overlooked. This reinterpretation reveals tensions between collective social values and individual beliefs, providing a richer analysis of how religion operates within the social fabric of Chinese society.
5) The Concept of Diffused Religion
The authors introduce the idea of "diffused religion," which describes a less institutionalized form of religious practice prevalent in rural China. Unlike Durkheim’s focus on highly organized and institutional religions, Chinese sociologists posit that religious beliefs and practices often coexist within daily life, intertwined with familial, communal, and civic activities. This concept challenges the traditional view of religion as separate from secular life.
6) Conclusion
In conclusion, the interaction between Durkheim's theories and the evolution of Chinese sociology underscores a dynamic process of knowledge exchange and transformation. While there are significant continuities in understanding religion as an institution, Chinese scholars have expanded upon Durkheim's ideas to account for the complexities of religious practices in China. This dialogue enriches both Western and Eastern sociological frameworks, offering new insights into how religion functions in various cultural contexts.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of Durkheim's theory of religion?
Durkheim's theory emphasizes religion as a fundamental institution that maintains social cohesion and produces a collective moral order within societies.
How was Chinese sociology influenced by Durkheim?
Chinese sociology has both embraced and critiqued Durkheim’s ideas, particularly regarding religion as an institution and the integration of individual beliefs within the broader social framework.
What changes occurred in Chinese sociology after 1949?
Following 1949, Marxism became the dominant ideology, leading to the suppression of sociology until its revival in 1979, which allowed for reevaluation of Western theories, including Durkheim's.
What are 'diffused religions' according to Chinese sociologists?
'Diffused religions' refer to religious practices integrated within daily life, lacking rigid institutional boundaries, reflecting the complex nature of Chinese religious beliefs and practices.
What is the significance of the term 'rituals of state'?
The term indicates the recognition of political rituals, demonstrating how the state influences social life through ceremonial practices, linking traditional rituals with modern governance.
How do Chinese sociologists view the role of religion?
They see religion as a vehicle for collective mobilization and social protest, emphasizing its multifaceted role in society beyond Durkheim’s focus on social integration.
What key transformations occurred in religion in China after 1979?
After 1979, China experienced a 'spring of religions', leading to increased visibility and acceptance of various religious practices and institutions, shaping contemporary sociological discourse.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Durkheim's Religious Theory and Chinese Sociology”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Religion:
Religion in China encompasses diverse belief systems including Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, influencing societal norms and structures. The sociology of religion examines how religious practices shape social interactions, community identities, and the moral fabric of society.
2) China:
China's sociological landscape has evolved significantly, especially since the 1980s. Sociological theories, particularly those of Durkheim, are recontextualized to understand the unique religious and social dynamics present in contemporary Chinese society.
3) Confucianism (Confucian tradition):
Confucian traditions significantly influence Chinese societal norms, ethics, and governance models. The study of Confucian values informs our understanding of how religion shapes social regulations and community interactions.
4) Space:
Space in the context of religion delves into how physical and social environments shape religious practices and identities. Religious spaces, like temples and community centers, serve as sites for cultural expression and social cohesion.
5) Daxue:
[see source text or glossary: #Daxue#]
6) Market:
The religious market in China is characterized by a variety of institutional and informal religious practices. Scholars analyze how competition among different beliefs affects trends in spirituality, societal values, and individual practices.
7) Pari:
[see source text or glossary: #Pari#]
8) Discipline:
Sociology of religion as a discipline in China has been revitalized post-1979, becoming an essential field for exploring the intersections between faith, social structures, and cultural practices within the broader context of Chinese society.
9) Buddhism (Buddhist tradition):
Buddhism, as a major religion in China, has influenced social norms, values, and community cohesion. Its practices and beliefs contribute to the complexity of religious discourse and the understanding of social dynamics.
10) Village:
Villages in China often serve as the setting for religious activities, where traditional beliefs and practices intertwine with local governance and community life. The sociology of religion studies these interactions to understand collective identities.
11) Faith:
Faith is a fundamental aspect of religious life, shaping individuals' moral frameworks, community ties, and responses to societal changes. In the Chinese context, the study of faith examines its role in identity construction and social solidarity.
12) Education:
Education, particularly in sociology, has played a pivotal role in disseminating ideas about religion and social structures. The development of sociology courses has fostered deeper insights into the complexities of Chinese religious practices.
13) Existence:
Existence in the sociological study of religion focuses on the lived experiences of individuals within religious frameworks. This examination includes how ritual practices affect individual and communal identities.
14) Taoism (Taoist tradition, Daoist tradition, Daoism):
Taoism, as one of the major religions in China, emphasizes harmony with the Tao, or the natural way of the universe. Its rituals and beliefs significantly contribute to the sociological understanding of spirituality and social behaviors.
15) Civilization:
Civilization shapes the context in which religions develop. In China, the interaction between various religions and the historical legacy of civilization informs the sociological study of beliefs and practices.
16) Reflection:
Reflection within the sociology of religion involves critically examining how religious beliefs inform societal values and individual behaviors, often leading to transformative understandings of community and identity.
17) Family:
Family structures and dynamics are profoundly influenced by religious beliefs in China. The sociology of religion studies these influences to uncover how familial relationships shape and are shaped by religious practices.
18) Power:
Power dynamics play a crucial role in shaping religious practices and beliefs. The state’s relationship with religious institutions reflects broader sociopolitical structures and influences the sociology of religion in China.
19) Black:
[see source text or glossary: #Black#]
20) Chun:
[see source text or glossary: #Chun#]
21) Cult:
Cults, often marginalized within broader religious narratives, are significant for understanding alternative religious movements. Their study contributes to the analysis of diverse beliefs and practices within Chinese society.
22) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
Transformation in the context of religion refers to how societal changes affect religious practices and beliefs. In China, the shifts in political and social landscapes since 1979 have led to significant transformations in religious life.
23) Consciousness:
Consciousness in the sociology of religion examines how individuals perceive and internalize their beliefs. Sociologists explore the implications of collective consciousness in shaping community identity and cohesion.
24) Philosophy:
Philosophy underpins many religious traditions, including Confucianism and Taoism. The philosophical dimensions of these religions offer insights into the ethical and moral considerations influencing social behaviors in China.
25) Spiritual:
Spiritual practices in China encompass a wide range of beliefs and rituals, often blending traditional and contemporary elements. This spirituality plays a vital role in shaping individual and communal identities.
26) Dimension:
[see source text or glossary: #Dimension#]
27) Confucius:
Confucius, as a central figure in Confucianism, represents the integration of ethics and governance in religion. His teachings continue to inform modern sociological approaches to religion and society in China.
28) Politics:
Politics intersects significantly with religion in China, where state control and regulation shape religious practices. The sociology of religion addresses these dynamics to understand societal implications.
29) Identity:
Identity formation in the context of religion reflects how personal beliefs influence social affiliations and vice versa. In China, the interplay between religious and cultural identities is critical in sociological studies.
30) Hundred:
[see source text or glossary: #Hundred#]
31) Peking:
Peking (Beijing) serves as a major cultural and political hub in China, influencing the development of sociology and the study of religion. The city’s institutions play a significant role in shaping sociological discourse.
32) Debate:
Debate in the realm of sociology of religion involves discussions around differing interpretations of faith, practice, and societal implications, highlighting the dynamic nature of religious studies in contemporary China.
33) Temple:
Temples in China represent key sites for religious practice and community engagement. The study of temples helps sociologists understand the interplay between space, ritual, and social dynamics.
34) Lead:
[see source text or glossary: #Lead#]
35) Three turnings (Three stages):
The development of the sociology of religion in China is conceptualized in three stages: initial influences, revival post-1979, and a contemporary re-evaluation. Each stage reflects shifting sociopolitical contexts and evolving religious landscapes.
36) Strengthening:
Strengthening community bonds through religion is a key focus in sociology, illustrating how collective practices enhance social solidarity and shared identities in diverse contexts.
37) Non-violence (Nonviolence):
Non-violence, as a principle found in various religious teachings, influences social interactions and communal harmony. The study of non-violent traditions in Chinese religions reveals deeper insights into conflict resolution.
38) Destruction:
[see source text or glossary: #Destruction#]
39) Materialism (Materialist):
Materialism in the context of religion contrasts with spiritual beliefs, prompting discussions about the role of material conditions in shaping religious practices and experiences within Chinese society.
40) Monotheism:
Monotheism represents a contrasting religious model in China, where multiple belief systems coexist. The comparative study of monotheism and polytheism informs the sociology of religion in the Chinese context.
41) Discussion:
[see source text or glossary: #Discussion#]
42) Cosmology:
Cosmology influences religious beliefs, shaping individuals' understanding of existence and their place in the universe. The study of cosmological perspectives in China's religions contributes to broader sociological insights.
43) Knowledge:
Knowledge production in the sociology of religion involves developing theories and methodologies to analyze the interplay between faith and society. This scholarly pursuit fosters deeper understandings of religious phenomena.
44) Evolution:
Evolution of religious thought in China reflects broader societal changes, highlighting how belief systems adapt to new cultural and political contexts. This evolution continues to shape contemporary religious practices.
45) Sensation:
Sensation emerges as a vital component in understanding how individuals experience and express their faith. The sensory aspects of religious life contribute to the richness of spiritual practices in China.
46) Dialogue:
Dialogue among various religious traditions in China fosters mutual understanding and cultural exchange. The sociology of religion examines these dialogues to explore integration and coexistence within Chinese society.
47) Critique:
Critique of sociological theories, including those of Durkheim, allows scholars to re-evaluate the applicability of Western concepts within the Chinese context, promoting nuanced discussions about religion and society.
48) Peaceful:
Peaceful coexistence among various religious traditions is a hallmark of the Chinese religious landscape. Sociological studies highlight how these peaceful interactions shape social harmony and community integrity.
49) Deity (Deities):
The concept of a deity in Chinese religions encompasses various representations and attributes that reflect cultural values and communal beliefs. Sociologists explore how these deities influence social interactions and governance.
50) Gesture:
Gestures in religious practices serve as significant expressions of faith and community identity. Through gestures, individuals connect with the sacred and their social environment, reinforcing collective bonds.
51) Feeling:
Feeling in the context of religion captures the emotional dimensions of faith. Sociological approaches examine how emotional experiences shape individuals' engagement with religious traditions and their communities.
52) Charity:
Charity often emerges as a central tenet in many religious traditions, including the popular practices in China. Sociologists explore how charitable acts contribute to community resilience and moral frameworks.
53) Network:
Network dynamics among individuals and communities reflect how social ties influence religious practice. The sociology of religion examines these networks to understand how beliefs and practices spread and evolve.
54) Student:
Students of sociology engage critically with religious studies to understand the intricate relationships between belief systems, cultural practices, and social structures in contemporary China.
55) Sichuan:
[see source text or glossary: #Sichuan#]
56) Flower:
[see source text or glossary: #Flower#]
57) Prayer:
Prayer serves as a fundamental practice in many Chinese religions, facilitating individual and communal connections with the divine. Sociological studies examine its role in shaping spiritual experiences and social cohesion.
58) Memory:
Memory within the context of religion highlights how communal and personal recollections of rituals and traditions sustain identity and cultural heritage, informing sociological inquiries into belief systems.
59) Gold (Golden):
[see source text or glossary: #Golden#]
60) Desire:
Desire plays a critical role in guiding religious pursuits and shaping individual spirituality. The interplay between desire and faith provides insights into the motivations behind religious practices in China.
61) Heart:
The heart is often seen as the center of feelings and moral values in religious discourse. In Chinese thought, understanding the heart's role helps contextualize emotions within religious practices.
62) Dream (Dreaming):
Dreams in various religious traditions can symbolize aspirations, fears, or guiding messages. In sociological studies, dreams are explored to understand their significance within cultural and religious frameworks.
63) Light:
[see source text or glossary: #Light#]
64) Human:
Human experiences and social behaviors are central to the study of religion. Understanding human agency within religious contexts helps sociologists analyze the complexities of belief and practice.
65) Union:
Union in religious contexts reflects the interconnectedness of various beliefs and practices within communities. Sociological studies emphasize the importance of this union in fostering a sense of belonging and identity.
66) Ying:
[see source text or glossary: #Ying#]
67) Mana:
Mana, while not a concept originally from Chinese religion, can be adapted to understand the perceived power or spiritual essence attributed to certain practices or symbols. This adaptation informs comparative studies in religious sociology.
68) Soul:
The soul is a significant concept in religious studies, representing the essence of an individual. In sociological discussions, understanding the soul provides deeper insights into beliefs about life, death, and the afterlife.
69) Peng:
[see source text or glossary: #Peng#]
70) Void:
Void as a philosophical and religious concept raises questions about existence, creation, and purpose. In the Chinese context, discussions of the void are integral to understanding various spiritual beliefs.
71) Book:
Books serve as essential repositories of religious knowledge, teachings, and practices. Sociologists engage with texts to analyze their impact on shaping beliefs and communal practices.
72) Mind:
Mind relates to the cognitive and emotional dimensions of religious experience. In the sociology of religion, understanding the mind facilitates discussions on belief formation and spiritual engagement.
73) Face (Facing, Faced):
[see source text or glossary: #Face#]