Missed Encounters of Anthropology and Shamanism
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Les rendez-vous manqués de l'anthropologie et du chamanisme
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Renée de la Torre
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)
Full text available for: Les rendez-vous manqués de l'anthropologie et du chamanisme
Year: 2011 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.22798
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
This article conducts a comparative analysis of two nodes within the neo-Mexicanidad spiritual movement, which represents a hybridization of Mexican identity with New Age influences. It explores how these nodes articulate distinct circuits of spirituality, showcasing contrasting approaches to identity and tradition. The study identifies key cognitive bridges and tensions between these approaches, highlighting the complexities of cultural synthesis in a contemporary context marked by globalization and identity politics.
Syncretism and Spiritual Networks
One of the primary concepts examined in the article is the notion of syncretism, particularly within the context of the "reginos," a group that blends Catholicism with Indigenous cosmovision. This syncretic religiosity exists within a mystical spiritual network aligned with New Age beliefs. The reginos emphasize a synthesis of diverse spiritual traditions, utilizing rituals and practices that reflect both Indigenous heritage and contemporary spiritual practices. This blending showcases the dynamic interactions between different cultural and religious frameworks, resulting in a rich, multifaceted approach to spirituality.
The Quest for Ancestral Authenticity
In contrast to the reginos, another important concept discussed is the "mexicayotl" movement, which focuses on preserving pre-Hispanic traditions and authenticity. This movement explicitly opposes the syncretism typically associated with Catholicism and seeks to revive an essentialized version of Mexican identity rooted in Indigenous culture. By emphasizing the importance of "pure" Indigenous practices, the mexicayotl advocates an idealized view of the past while simultaneously opening itself to commercialization in New Age markets. This reflects a complex negotiation between authenticity and adaptation in a global landscape.
Cultural Hybridization
The article further explores the broader theme of cultural hybridization, arguing that both the reginos and the mexicayotl represent distinct responses to the dynamics of modernity and globalization. The neo-Mexicanidad movement is described as a “patchwork” of traditions, where different elements are stitched together to create a coherent identity. This hybridization process often leads to tensions, especially regarding interpretations of what constitutes "authentic" Indigenous practices versus more eclectic, synthesized forms of spirituality.
Tensions and Identity Construction
Additionally, the analysis highlights the ongoing struggles over identity construction in the context of the neo-Mexicanidad movement, which intersects with broader conversations surrounding mestizaje and post-colonialism. The interplay between traditional and contemporary practices raises questions about the authenticity and ownership of cultural expressions. For instance, while some practitioners embrace a pluralistic approach to spirituality, others insist on maintaining strict boundaries to preserve the sanctity of Indigenous traditions.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the article sheds light on the intricate landscape of neo-Mexicanidad, revealing how the interactions between syncretic and essentialist approaches contribute to the ongoing redefinition of Mexican identity in a globalized world. By examining both the reginos and the mexicayotl, the study provides valuable insights into the complexities of cultural synthesis, the negotiation of identity, and the ways in which contemporary spiritual movements draw upon historical legacies while responding to modern challenges. The findings underscore the need for a nuanced understanding of how spiritual practices evolve within the frameworks of global interconnectedness and local traditions.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of Renée de la Torre's article?
The article analyzes two contrasting nodes within the neo-mexicanidad movement, highlighting syncretic practices combining indigenous spirituality and Catholicism with New Age elements.
What are the two main movements within neo-mexicanidad discussed?
The two movements are 'los reginos', which syncretizes Catholicism and indigenous beliefs, and 'mexicayotl', focused on pre-Hispanic heritage opposed to Catholic syncretism but open to commercialization.
How does the article describe the term 'neo-mexicanidad'?
Neo-mexicanidad refers to a hybrid cultural expression resulting from combining Mexican identity with New Age spiritual practices, creating a dynamic cultural landscape.
What role does dance play in neo-mexicanidad?
Dance is a crucial ritual practice in neo-mexicanidad, serving as a means of spiritual expression, cultural identity, and connection to indigenous traditions.
What tense relationship exists between neo-mexicanidad and New Age elements?
Leaders in neo-mexicanidad often reject New Age as foreign while still incorporating its concepts, revealing underlying tensions in combining these spiritual practices.
What challenges does mestizaje present in this context?
Mestizaje embodies contradictions between dominant Western civilization and subjugated indigenous culture, creating ongoing struggles for cultural identity and representation.
What kind of leadership emerges from the neo-mexicanidad movement?
Leadership is constructed through social engagement, combining spiritual practices with activism, as leaders advocate for indigenous rights and environmental consciousness.
How do the nodes in neo-mexicanidad engage with the community?
Both nodes interact with communities through cultural preservation activities, ceremonies, and promoting awareness of indigenous heritage while negotiating their identities.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Missed Encounters of Anthropology and Shamanism”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Spiritual:
The term 'spiritual' in this context relates to the experiences and practices that seek to connect individuals with the cosmos, nature, and the inner self emphasized in Neo-Mexicanity. Spirituality often intertwines with indigenous traditions, encompassing practices such as dance and rituals intended to elevate consciousness and foster deeper connections with the universe.
2) Network:
A 'network' refers to the interconnected groups and individuals engaged in the Neo-Mexicanity movement. This network facilitates the exchange of knowledge about spirituality, rituals, and cultural traditions, providing a platform for individuals to explore their religious and ancestral roots in a contemporary context.
3) Religion:
'Religion' is a structured system of beliefs and practices that guide adherents in understanding their existence and connection to the divine. In this analysis, it encompasses both formalized faith and alternative spiritual practices, reflecting the blend of indigenous beliefs and New Age philosophies central to Neo-Mexicanity.
4) Knowledge:
'Knowledge' signifies the accumulation of understanding and insights derived from both indigenous traditions and contemporary spiritual practices. In the context of the Neo-Mexicanity movement, knowledge is often shared through rituals, teachings from spiritual leaders, and cultural exchanges during gatherings and pilgrimages.
5) Indian:
'Indian' refers to the indigenous peoples of Mexico and their cultural and spiritual practices. Their teachings, cosmology, and rituals play a significant role in the Neo-Mexicanity movement, highlighting the importance of reclaiming and preserving indigenous traditions within a modern spiritual framework.
6) Identity:
'Identity' relates to how individuals or groups define themselves within the broader context of Neo-Mexicanity. This encompasses cultural, ethnic, and spiritual dimensions that shape personal and collective identity through historical narratives, rituals, and the integration of various cultural influences.
7) Earth:
'Earth' is viewed as a living entity within the spiritual frameworks of Neo-Mexicanity. It represents the physical world where these spiritual practices occur, and reverence for the Earth underscores the movement's emphasis on ecological consciousness, healing rituals, and the interconnectedness of all beings.
8) Consciousness:
'Consciousness' refers to the awareness and understanding of oneself and one's place in the universe. In Neo-Mexicanity, awakening consciousness is often tied to spiritual practices, aiming to promote individual and collective transformation through rituals that integrate indigenous wisdom and New Age elements.
9) Woman (Women):
'Woman' highlights the role of female practitioners and leaders within Neo-Mexicanity, emphasizing their contributions to spiritual traditions, community building, and the promotion of reverence for the sacred feminine.
10) City:
'City' reflects the urban environment where many practitioners of Neo-Mexicanity reside. Within the city, spiritual practices and cultural expressions emerge as a way to connect with heritage, providing spaces for gatherings, workshops, and the exploration of identity through rituals.
11) Pina:
'Piña' refers to Antonio Velasco Piña, a key figure in the Neo-Mexicanity movement known for his contributions to literature and spirituality that inspire a synthesis of various cultural and spiritual traditions, emphasizing the reconciliation of historical narratives with contemporary spiritual practices.
12) Pilgrimage:
'Pilgrimage' signifies the spiritual journeys undertaken by practitioners to sacred sites. These journeys are often imbued with rituals and collective healing intentions, serving as a means to connect with the land and the ancestral traditions of the indigenous peoples.
13) Peace:
'Peace' is a central theme in many spiritual practices within Neo-Mexicanity, often portrayed through rituals and marches aimed at healing individuals and the Earth. The quest for inner and outer peace is essential to the movement's vision for a harmonious coexistence among diverse cultures.
14) Image:
'Image' refers to the symbols and representations of cultural and spiritual significance within Neo-Mexicanity. These images often draw from indigenous mythology, contributing to the creation of collective identity and promoting the understanding of one's own roots through visual expressions.
15) Space:
'Space' denotes the physical and metaphysical areas where spiritual practices occur. In Neo-Mexicanity, both sacred and communal spaces are important for rituals, gatherings, and cultural discussions that foster community engagement and spiritual growth.
16) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
'Transformation' signifies the personal and collective changes that participants undergo through their spiritual journeys. This concept is deeply embedded in the Neo-Mexicanity movement, which advocates for awakening consciousness and embracing cultural heritage as a vehicle for growth.
17) Wisdom:
'Wisdom' refers to the insights and knowledge passed down through generations of indigenous cultures. From shamanic traditions to philosophical teachings, wisdom is a foundational aspect of Neo-Mexicanity, helping practitioners navigate their spiritual paths.
18) Book:
'Book' often signifies the texts and narratives that explore and convey the teachings of Neo-Mexicanity. Works like 'Regina' by Antonio Velasco Piña serve as spiritual guides, integrating historical insights with contemporary understanding of identity and spirituality.
19) Civilization:
'Civilization' in this context examines the blending of various cultural practices and beliefs within Neo-Mexicanity. The movement reflects an ongoing dialogue about the value of indigenous cultures in modern civilization and their role in shaping new spiritual expressions.
20) Fire:
'Fire' symbolizes transformative energy in spiritual practices, often used within rituals to purify and connect with sacred elements. Within Neo-Mexicanity, the element of fire is integral to ceremonies and is seen as a representation of renewal and vitality.
21) Purification:
'Purification' is a crucial concept in many indigenous and New Age rituals, where participants seek to cleanse themselves physically, emotionally, and spiritually. This process is often linked to community healing practices and the reclamation of cultural identity.
22) Existence:
'Existence' addresses the broader questions of life, spirituality, and purpose that practitioners seek to explore through their participation in Neo-Mexicanity. Engaging with ancestral traditions provides individuals with frameworks to understand their existence in relation to the cosmos and society.
23) Child (Children):
'Children' signify the future of spiritual and cultural practices within the Neo-Mexicanity movement. Efforts to engage the younger generation ensure the transmission of knowledge, traditions, and the values of respect for the Earth and their ancestors.
24) Conquest:
'Conquest' reflects the historical context of colonization that impacted indigenous cultures and beliefs. Neo-Mexicanity seeks to reinterpret conquest not merely as a historical event but as a transformative process that shapes current identities and spiritual practices.
25) Family:
'Family' denotes the social connections and networks among practitioners of Neo-Mexicanity. Community engagement often resembles a familial bond, where support and shared values are fundamental in promoting spiritual exploration and cultural heritage.
26) Nature:
'Nature' represents the embodiment of the Earth and the universe within Neo-Mexicanity. Nature is revered as a living being, and practices often focus on reconnecting individuals with natural elements, fostering an understanding of ecological interdependence.
27) Literature:
'Literature' encompasses the narratives, writings, and texts that document and express the ideologies and philosophies of Neo-Mexicanity. These literary works provide insight into spiritual beliefs and cultural identities as they evolve within the movement.
28) Experience:
'Experience' signifies the personal and communal encounters that shape practitioners' spiritual journeys. Through rituals, workshops, and gatherings, individuals share experiences that contribute to the broader understanding of Neo-Mexicanity.
29) Education:
'Education' within the context of Neo-Mexicanity includes the transmission of knowledge about indigenous traditions and new spiritual practices. This educational component aims to create awareness and understanding of cultural heritage among participants.
30) Exercise:
'Exercise' refers to the active participation in spiritual practices, such as dance, rituals, and community events. Engaging in these exercises promotes physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being while fostering a strong connection to the traditions explored.
31) Universe:
'Universe' emphasizes the interconnectedness of all beings and the cosmos within Neo-Mexicanity. Practitioners view the universe holistically, believing that understanding one’s place in the universe leads to spiritual awakening and transformation.
32) Festival:
'Festival' signifies the celebratory gatherings that occur within the Neo-Mexicanity movement. These events reflect the rich cultural heritage through various rituals, performances, and communal activities that honor indigenous traditions and spirituality.
33) Tibetan:
'Tibetan' refers to spiritual practices and teachings from Tibetan Buddhism that influence some aspects of Neo-Mexicanity. The integration of Tibetan philosophies contributes to the movement's emphasis on meditation, mindfulness, and a holistic worldview.
34) Caravan:
'Caravan' symbolizes the communal journeys taken by practitioners of Neo-Mexicanity to connect with nature and each other. These communal pilgrimages serve as a path for collective healing and the exploration of ancestral wisdom.
35) Rainbow:
'Rainbow' signifies hope, diversity, and the myriad of cultural influences found within Neo-Mexicanity. This symbol embodies the inclusive nature of the movement and its efforts to blend various traditions into a cohesive spiritual framework.
36) Capala:
'Chapala' refers to Lake Chapala, a significant site for spiritual rituals and pilgrimages within the Neo-Mexicanity movement. The lake functions as a space for communal healing and environmental stewardship, symbolizing the connection between spirituality and nature.
37) India:
'India' represents a point of cultural crossover where Eastern spiritual traditions influence Neo-Mexicanity. Concepts from Indian philosophies enrich the practices and beliefs interwoven into the fabric of Mexican spiritual expressions.
38) Light:
'Light' symbolizes knowledge, awakening, and spiritual clarity sought by practitioners of Neo-Mexicanity. The pursuit of light defines many spiritual experiences as participants strive to gain deeper understanding and connection with their truths.
39) Tibet:
'Tibet' signifies the cultural and spiritual traditions that influence practices within Neo-Mexicanity. The integration of Tibetan beliefs represents the diversity of spiritual expressions that inform the movement and promote holistic healing.
40) Guru:
'Guru' identifies spiritual teachers who guide others on their spiritual journeys. In Neo-Mexicanity, figures such as Tibetan monks or indigenous leaders act as mentors, imparting wisdom and knowledge to seekers.
41) Living Being:
'Living Being' refers to the recognition of the Earth, nature, and the universe as sentient and vital entities. This view shapes the practices of many within Neo-Mexicanity, emphasizing respect and reverence for the life forces present in all aspects of existence.
42) Manifest (Manifested, Manifestation, Manifesting):
'Manifestation' pertains to the ways spiritual beliefs and energies are expressed in daily life and rituals. It signifies the physical reality of spiritual practices in Neo-Mexicanity, where inner transformations are reflected outwardly in community rituals.
43) Communication (Communicating, Communicate, Communicated):
'Communicate' highlights the importance of sharing ideas, teachings, and cultural practices within the Neo-Mexicanity movement. Effective communication enhances connection and understanding among diverse participants.
44) Celebration:
'Celebration' refers to the joyous observance of rituals and festivals that honor spiritual beliefs and cultural heritage. Celebrations are integral to the rituals practiced within the Neo-Mexicanity movement, enhancing communal bonds.
45) Recognition:
'Recognition' denotes the acknowledgment of cultural and spiritual traditions within Neo-Mexicanity. This includes rediscovering indigenous practices, validating personal and collective identities, and honoring the wisdom of ancestors.
46) Meditation:
'Meditation' signifies practices aimed at achieving mental clarity and spiritual connection. Within Neo-Mexicanity, meditation often incorporates indigenous wisdom and Eastern philosophies, facilitating inner transformation and awakening.
47) Shamanism:
'Shamanism' is an essential element of the spiritual practices within Neo-Mexicanity, drawing on indigenous traditions that emphasize healing, spiritual journeying, and the connection to nature and ancestors.
48) Mysticism:
'Mysticism' focuses on the individual’s experience of the divine or sacred. In Neo-Mexicanity, mysticism encompasses practices aimed at attaining direct experience of spiritual realities through rituals, meditations, and personal explorations.
49) Dimension:
'Dimension' indicates the varying levels of spiritual reality that practitioners of Neo-Mexicanity seek to explore. This includes understanding metaphysical realms and the interconnectedness of all aspects of existence.
50) Imagining:
'Imagining' represents the creative process of envisioning new spiritual concepts and practices. In the context of Neo-Mexicanity, imagining aids in the integration of diverse cultural influences into personal spiritual paths.
51) Imaginary:
'Imaginary' refers to the collective understanding or perception of spiritual practices and identities that shape the Neo-Mexicanity movement. It highlights the role of cultural narratives in constructing identities and spiritual paths.
52) Hinduism:
'Hinduism' serves as a source of spiritual inspiration within Neo-Mexicanity, offering philosophical concepts and practices that resonate with participants seeking a deeper connection to spirituality.
53) Medicine:
'Medicine' denotes healing practices rooted in both traditional indigenous knowledge and new age therapies. In Neo-Mexicanity, medicine is often intertwined with shamanic rituals, emphasizing holistic well-being.
54) Language:
'Language' signifies the ways that cultural and spiritual concepts are communicated within the Neo-Mexicanity movement. It encompasses the terminology and narratives used to convey beliefs and participate in rituals.
55) Politics:
'Politics' refers to the socio-cultural dynamics influencing spiritual movements like Neo-Mexicanity. Political contexts shape how identities are expressed and how spiritual practices interact with broader societal issues.
56) Dialogue:
'Dialogue' emphasizes the conversation and interaction between diverse cultural and spiritual traditions. Within Neo-Mexicanity, dialogue is essential for mutual understanding and the creation of shared meanings.
57) Devotion (Devoted):
'Devotion' denotes the commitment and reverence practitioners express toward their spiritual practices and traditions. It encompasses the passion and dedication with which individuals engage in rituals and the veneration of deities.
58) Buddhism (Buddhist tradition):
'Buddhist' represents the influence of Buddhism on spiritual practices in Neo-Mexicanity, particularly in mindfulness and approaches to consciousness that enhance personal transformation.
59) Serpent:
'Serpent' represents a significant symbol within indigenous cosmology, often embodying duality, transformation, and continuity. In Neo-Mexicanity, its imagery plays a role in spiritual narratives that highlight connection to the ancestral wisdom.
60) Hundred:
[see source text or glossary: #hundred#]
61) Release:
'Release' signifies the act of letting go of negative energies or emotional burdens through rituals and spiritual practices. This theme is central in healing ceremonies that aim to promote individual and community transformation.
62) Duality:
'Duality' underscores the concept of balance between opposing forces, a central theme in many indigenous and spiritual teachings. In Neo-Mexicanity, understanding duality allows practitioners to reconcile different aspects of identity and cosmology.
63) Student:
'Student' reflects individuals engaged in learning and absorbing knowledge from spiritual leaders and traditions. In Neo-Mexicanity, students often seek wisdom from various cultural sources to advance their personal growth.
64) Saman (Shaman):
'Shaman' refers to a person who acts as a mediator between the spiritual and material worlds in indigenous cultures. In Neo-Mexicanity, shamans play an essential role in guiding spiritual practices and healing ceremonies.
65) Ashrama (Asrama):
'Ashram' denotes a spiritual retreat or community where individuals gather for spiritual learning and practice. In the context of Neo-Mexicanity, ashrams may serve as spaces for cultural exchange and spiritual development.
66) Heroic:
[see source text or glossary: #heroic#]
67) Glance:
[see source text or glossary: #glance#]
68) Planet:
'Planet' acknowledges the Earth as a vital life force within Neo-Mexicanity. Recognizing the planet's interconnectedness enhances awareness of environmental stewardship and the protection of nature.
69) Mayan:
'Mayan' relates to the ancient civilization and traditions that influence aspects of Neo-Mexicanity. The incorporation of Mayan cosmology provides additional layers of understanding in rituals and spiritual practices.
70) Birth:
'Birth' signifies new beginnings and the emergence of spiritual consciousness. In Neo-Mexicanity, themes of birth often relate to the revival of traditions and the fostering of new generations of practitioners.
71) Heart:
'Heart' embodies the emotional and spiritual core of practitioners within Neo-Mexicanity, symbolizing love, connection, and the centrality of compassion in spiritual journeys.
72) White:
[see source text or glossary: #white#]
73) Agent:
'Agent' reflects individuals who actively participate and influence the Neo-Mexicanity movement. Agents of change play vital roles in connecting various networks and promoting the growth of spiritual traditions.
74) Nadi (Nadin):
[see source text or glossary: #nadi#]
75) Casha (Casa):
'Casa' refers to the homes or spiritual centers where community gatherings, rituals, and teachings occur. Such spaces foster a sense of belonging and connection to ancestral traditions within Neo-Mexicanity.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 158]