Benazir in the Aura of Sanctity
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Benazir en odeur de sainteté
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Subtitle: Naissance d’un lieu de culte au Pakistan
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Michel Boivin et Rémy Délage
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)
Full text available for: Benazir en odeur de sainteté
Year: 2010 | Doi: 10.4000/assr.22412
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The article “Benazir en odeur de sainteté” by Michel Boivin and Rémy Délage explores the emergence of a cult surrounding Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan following her assassination in December 2007. It examines the evolution of her family's mausoleum, located in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh, from a familial burial site to a significant regional memorial for political martyrs, linking this transformation to broader social and political dynamics within the country.
The Role of Martyrdom
One of the key concepts discussed in the article is the role of martyrdom in forging charismatic capital necessary for the emergence of a cult dedicated to Benazir Bhutto. The authors analyze how the deaths of both Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir's father, and Benazir herself have provided a powerful narrative of sacrifice that resonates with political supporters. This martyrdom not only glorifies their legacies but also serves to legitimize the political aspirations and leadership of the Bhutto family in Pakistani society.
The Influence of Sufism
Another important concept is the interplay between Sufism and political identity within the Bhutto family narrative. The article explains how the Bhuttos, particularly through their association with the local Sufi saint La‘l Shahbaz Qalandar, have utilized Sufi traditions to bolster their political messages and establish a spiritual connection with the Sindhi populace. By embedding their identity within the framework of Sufism, the Bhuttos position themselves not only as political leaders but also as spiritual figures worthy of reverence.
The Architectural Significance of the Mausoleum
The authors highlight the architectural evolution of the family mausoleum as a crucial site for the burgeoning cult. Initiated by Zulfiqar, the mausoleum has transformed into an elaborate structure reflective of Indo-Muslim architectural heritage, which juxtaposes political power with spiritual devotion. This physical space serves as both a memorial and a point of pilgrimage, indicating how architecture can create a sense of communal identity and reverence for the Bhutto legacy.
Political Recovery and Cult Formation
The article discusses how the Bhutto cult is also a vehicle for political recovery in the context of Pakistan's tumultuous political landscape. By leveraging the narrative of martyrdom and aligning themselves with Sufi practices, the Bhutto family seeks to consolidate their power and reconnect with their supporters. The article posits that this emerging cult has the potential to bloom into a significant movement for democratic ideals among the Sindhi people, despite not necessarily achieving national recognition.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the analysis presented in "Benazir en odeur de sainteté" illustrates how the Bhutto family's mausoleum functions as a vital space for burgeoning veneration and political significance in Pakistan. The themes of martyrdom, Sufism, architectural transformation, and political recovery contribute to the understanding of how Benazir Bhutto's legacy continues to resonate in contemporary Pakistan. The authors suggest that while the mausoleum embodies both regional and political identity, questions remain regarding its potential to transform into a broader symbol of national memory and unity amidst Pakistan's complex socio-political fabric.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What significant event occurred on December 27, 2007, related to Benazir Bhutto?
Benazir Bhutto was assassinated, and she was buried in her family mausoleum in Garhi Khuda Bakhsh beside her father Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and two brothers.
How did the Bhutto mausoleum evolve over time?
Initially a simple family tomb, it transformed into a significant regional commemoration site, especially following Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's execution in 1979 and Benazir's assassination in 2007.
What factors contribute to the emergence of a cult for Benazir?
The cult's formation relies on the combination of political martyrdom, the charismatic legacy of the Bhutto family, and the socio-religious context of Sindh, where the family is deeply rooted.
How did Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto accumulate charismatic capital?
Both father and daughter built a significant image through their political actions, martyrdom, and the emotional connections they established with their supporters in Pakistan.
What role does Sufism play in the cult of the Bhuttos?
Sufism is integral to the Bhutto family's identity, with their mausoleum incorporating elements of Sufi devotion and culture, creating a bridge between political and spiritual realms.
What architectural influences can be seen in the Bhutto mausoleum?
The mausoleum incorporates Indo-Muslim Mughal architectural styles, with a design often compared to significant historic landmarks, reflecting both power and political legacy.
What rituals are associated with the newly emerging cult of Benazir?
Rituals include reciting prayers at her tomb, offering flowers, and conducting commemorative ceremonies, paralleling traditional practices seen in Sufi veneration of saints.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Benazir in the Aura of Sanctity”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Pakistan:
Pakistan is the country where the Bhutto family has its political base, playing a significant role in the country’s political history. The political dynamics and historical events surrounding the Bhutto family greatly influence the social and spiritual landscape of Pakistan, shaping the emergence of cult-like reverence for figures such as Benazir Bhutto and her father Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.
2) Family:
The Bhutto family exemplifies a political dynasty in Pakistan, where familial connections profoundly influence political power and identity. This family’s lineage is marked by martyrs, such as Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto, shaping their legacy within the cultural and political framework of the nation, indicating how family ties can create a cult-like following in the society.
3) Sindhi (Sindh, Shindhi):
As Sindhi Muslims, the Bhutto family's identity is deeply intertwined with the cultural and religious traditions of Sindh. This connection highlights the importance of regional identity in shaping their political narratives and the subsequent reverence accorded to them in the context of local Sufi practices.
4) Power:
Political power in Pakistan has been significantly held by the Bhutto family, leveraging their dynastic status and charisma to influence and mobilize the populace. This power dynamic encapsulates the intertwining of politics and spirituality, especially following the martyrdom of Benazir Bhutto, which transformed her into a powerful icon in the public sphere.
5) Cult:
The emergence of a cult dedicated to Benazir Bhutto represents a blending of political martyrdom and spiritual veneration in Sindh. The cult’s development is a reflection of the societal need for symbols of resistance and martyrdom, rooted in the family’s legacy and the broader cultural practices surrounding Sufism and politics.
6) Death:
Death, particularly through martyrdom, plays a vital role in the evolution of the Bhutto family’s identity and the subsequent formation of a cult around their personas. The tragic deaths of Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto have led to their deification in the collective memory of Pakistan, contributing to the legitimacy of their political causes.
7) Sah:
The title 'Shah' is often associated with Sufi saints, and its use in the context of the Bhutto family highlights their connections to the spiritual legacy of Sindh. The association with Sufism further embeds the Bhutto narrative within the broader cultural and religious tapestry of Pakistan, thus playing a crucial role in the family's veneration.
8) Iconography:
Iconography surrounding Benazir Bhutto has shifted posthumously to include motifs and symbols used in Sufi traditions, enhancing her status as a spiritual and political figure. This shift demonstrates how imagery can be used strategically to resurrect and reinforce martyrdom narratives associated with her and her family's legacy.
9) Worship:
Worship practices in the context of the Bhutto mausoleum indicate a transformation of the family’s gravesite into a place of reverence and communal memory. The dynamics of worship reflect the merging of political allegiance and spiritual devotion among supporters, further embedding the Bhutto narrative into local culture through rituals and commemorations.
10) Pilgrimage:
Pilgrimage to the Gharhi Khuda Bakhsh mausoleum has developed around the figures of Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto, reinforcing their statuses as martyrs. The act of pilgrimage signifies the societal connection between personal devotion and collective remembrance, indicating a spiritual investment in the Bhutto family's legacy.
11) Birth:
The birth of a new place of worship and the accompanying cult revolving around Benazir Bhutto is driven by the cultural and political dynamics of Pakistan. This evolution reflects how societal reverence can be rejuvenated in the context of emerging national narratives and collective memory.
12) Sacrifice:
Sacrifice, epitomized through the martyrdom of Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto, forms a cornerstone of their political and spiritual identity. The sacrifices made by the family are invoked to generate legitimacy for political ideologies, highlighting the importance of sacrifice as a unifying theme within the Bhutto narrative.
13) Spiritual:
The spiritual dimension of the Bhutto family's legacy is deepened through their connections to Sufism and the resulting cult surrounding their martyrdom. This spiritual aspect fosters a sense of belonging and continuity among followers, reflecting the intertwining of politics and spirituality in Pakistan.
14) Dynasty:
The Bhutto dynasty stands as a prominent example of political lineage in Pakistan, with its members significantly influencing the country’s governance and sociopolitical landscape. The legacy of the dynasty fuels a cult-like reverence among the populace, where familial ties and historical sacrifices shape public perception and political allegiance.
15) Minister:
The political roles held by members of the Bhutto family, including positions like 'Minister', underscore their influence and collaborative relationships within the political arena of Pakistan. These roles highlight the intersection of familial legacy and bureaucratic authority, which is pivotal in establishing their cult-like status.
16) Khan:
The name 'Khan' often signifies nobility in South Asia, contextualizing the Bhuttos within a historical framework of feudal leadership. This connection to a noble lineage enhances their political and social authority, reinforcing how such titles contribute to the family's legacy within the landscape of Sindh and beyond.
17) Dimension:
The dimension of political martyrdom within the Bhutto family's narrative is crucial for understanding how their deaths catalyzed the formation of a cult. This multifaceted approach to interpreting their legacy showcases the intersection of family, politics, and spirituality within the context of Pakistan.
18) Religion:
Religion, particularly Sufism, plays an integral role in defining the social and political identity of the Bhutto family. Their interactions with religious figures and places of worship illustrate the significant overlap between religious devotion and the political aspirations held by the Bhutto dynasty.
19) Cemetery:
The family cemetery at Gharhi Khuda Bakhsh has become a central site of pilgrimage and worship following the deaths of key family members. This cemetery serves as a poignant symbol of the family's legacy and the collective memory associated with their sacrifices and contributions to Pakistan's political landscape.
20) Politics:
The interplay of politics and spirituality within the Bhutto family illustrates how political struggles have been deeply influenced by their martyrdom. This dynamic highlights the significance of political narratives in perpetuating the family's cult status within the broader framework of Pakistani identity.
21) Rhetoric (Rhetorical):
The political rhetoric employed by Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto has played a fundamental role in shaping their public image and sustaining their legacy. This rhetoric not only reinforces their position within the political sphere but also entwines with the spiritual devotion their supporters exhibit.
22) Night:
The night of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's execution was a transformative moment for Benazir and the Bhutto family, marking the beginning of their legacy as martyrs. Such pivotal nights become symbolic in the collective memory, representing the struggle against oppression in Pakistan.
23) Woman (Women):
The presence of women in the Bhutto legacy, particularly Benazir Bhutto's role, adds a unique dimension to the political narrative. Her position as a female leader facing oppression enhances the gender-related discussions surrounding martyrdom and political sacrifice in the context of Pakistan.
24) Image:
The image of Benazir Bhutto has evolved posthumously into that of a martyr and a symbol of hope and resistance for many in Pakistan. This transformation of her image plays a vital role in the establishment of a cult-like following and reflects the blend of political and spiritual devotion among her supporters.
25) Revolution:
The idea of revolution is deeply embedded in the political discourse associated with the Bhutto family. Their struggles and sacrifices are often framed within a revolutionary context, as supporters interpret their legacy as a movement towards social justice and democracy in Pakistan.
26) Knowledge:
Knowledge, especially through the lens of Sufism, informs the spiritual legacy of the Bhutto family. The intertwining of spiritual knowledge with political narratives enriches the context in which the cult surrounding Benazir Bhutto operates, emphasizing the broader cultural significance of their legacy.
27) Evolution:
The evolution of the Bhutto family from mere political figures to revered cult figures demonstrates the dynamic shifts in societal narratives surrounding martyrdom in Pakistan. This transformation reflects the changing political landscape, adapting the family’s legacy to current sociopolitical contexts.
28) Hanging:
The hanging of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto marks a historical point leading to the iconization of his figure and setting the stage for the cult surrounding his family. His execution symbolizes the sacrifice that contributed to the political martyrdom narrative, influencing the collective memory of his descendants.
29) Indian:
The historical context of the Indian subcontinent, particularly the legacy of Sufism and its political entanglements, provides a backdrop for understanding the dynamics of the Bhutto family. Their connections to Indian history shape the narratives surrounding their cult-like following in Pakistan.
30) Poetry (Poetic, Poetical):
Poetry, particularly Sufi poetry, serves as a medium through which the spirituality and cultural identity of the Bhuttos are expressed. The incorporation of poetic elements into the narrative surrounding their legacy reinforces the interconnections between spirituality, politics, and cultural practices.
31) India:
India, as the historical backdrop of the Bhutto family's legacy, influences the political and spiritual narratives that surround them. The family’s connections trace back to Indian cultural practices and political dynamics that shape their identity within the context of Pakistan.
32) Indus:
The Indus River region plays a significant role in the identity formation of the Bhutto family and, by extension, their cult following. It serves not only as a geographical marker but also as a cultural and spiritual significance in the context of Sindh and its history.
33) Petal:
The use of petals in rituals and iconography surrounding the Bhutto mausoleum symbolizes purity and devotion. This practice reflects the intertwining of Sufi traditions in the aesthetics and spirituality associated with worship at the mausoleum of the Bhutto family.
34) Union:
The notion of union, both with the divine and within the political landscape, is critical in Sufi thought, which profoundly impacts the reverence for the Bhutto family. Their narrative embodies the quest for social justice and the aspiration for unity within the fragmented society of Pakistan.
35) Indu (Imdu):
[see source text or glossary: #Indu#]
36) Face (Facing, Faced):
The mystical association of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's face appearing on the moon symbolizes his continued presence and martyrdom, reinforcing the cult's belief in the spiritual continuation of his legacy. This representation also enhances the family's significance within the cultural imagination of the populace.
37) Tota:
Doda Khan Bhutto's establishment of the family in Sindh roots the Bhutto dynasty's political narrative and their eventual rise. His contributions and land acquisitions lay the foundation for the family's enduring influence in the region and reflect their historical legacy.
38) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
The transformation of Gharhi Khuda Bakhsh mausoleum from a simple burial site to a center of worship illustrates the shift in perception of martyrdom within the Bhutto family narrative. This evolution highlights how sites can gain deeper historical and spiritual significance over time.
39) Afghanistan:
[see source text or glossary: #Afghanistan#]
40) Celebration:
Celebratory events surrounding the anniversary of the Bhuttos' deaths signify their societal importance and the continued reverence for their sacrifices. Such celebrations help to solidify their status as martyrs within collective memory in Pakistan.
41) Experience:
The experience of martyrdom in the Bhutto family is crucial for understanding their legacy, as it imbues their struggles with a sense of purpose and idealism, encouraging followers to rally around their causes even in turbulent political climates.
42) Sanctuary:
The Gharhi Khuda Bakhsh mausoleum acts as a sanctuary not only for the Bhutto family but also for their supporters who seek solace and connection to the martyrs. This duality reinforces the spiritual significance of the site.
43) Child (Children):
The legacy of the Bhutto family is further carried by their children, who are seen as inheritors of the political and spiritual capital established by their predecessors, reinforcing the continuity of the family's influence.
44) Ultimate:
The notion of ultimate sacrifice is embodied by the martyrdom of Zulfiqar and Benazir Bhutto, underpinning the cult that surrounds them. This ultimate act cements their status within the collective memory of Pakistan.
45) Lineage:
The lineage of the Bhutto family is steeped in political sacrifice, encapsulating the historical struggles they faced that shape their identity within Pakistan's socio-political landscape.
46) Hundred:
The hundred supporters who perished during the first assassination attempt on Benazir Bhutto signify the profound impact of her legacy and the mobilization of millions of followers in her name.
47) Violent:
The violent political landscape of Pakistan during and after the Bhutto family's time reinforces their martyrdom narrative, framing their sacrifices within broader themes of struggle against oppression.
48) Network:
The loyalty network established by the Bhutto family illustrates how familial ties impact political dynamics and societal allegiances in Pakistan, ultimately contributing to the emergence of their cult.
49) Lexicon:
The lexicon of Sufism permeates the narratives associated with the Bhutto family, reflecting their spiritual ties and the manipulation of religious language in constructing their martyrdom story.
50) Shrine:
The construction of the Bhutto mausoleum as a shrine to their legacy represents a physical manifestation of their martyrdom and the ensuing cult. This shrine serves as a focal point for worship and remembrance among followers.
51) Prayer:
The practices of prayer and ritual surrounding the Bhutto mausoleum signify the intertwining of spirituality and political ideology, reinforcing connections among the family, their supporters, and the Sufi tradition.
52) Memory:
Collective memory regarding the Bhutto family is shaped by their sacrifices and martyrdom, leading to the construction of a legacy that serves as inspiration and rallying point for their supporters.
53) Malik:
[see source text or glossary: #Malik#]
54) House:
[see source text or glossary: #House#]
55) Black:
The color black, often associated with mourning, symbolizes the loss inflicted by the violent political history surrounding the Bhutto family. This color plays a crucial role in contextualizing the narrative surrounding their martyrdom.
56) Green:
The green color associated with the PPP signifies hope and continuity, reflecting the enduring legacy of the Bhutto family within Pakistani political identity and their connections to spiritual narratives.
57) Widow:
The status of Benazir as a widow after her father's execution adds complexity to her political identity, challenging traditional gender roles and enabling her to step into her father's political legacy.
58) Blood:
Blood, as a symbol of sacrifice, represents the harsh realities of political martyrdom in the Bhutto narrative, conveying the deep connections between personal and national struggles faced by the family.
59) Realm:
The realm of political and spiritual identity intertwines within the story of the Bhutto family, emphasizing how their sacrifices transcend mere political discourse and enter the domain of collective spirituality.
60) Dama:
The devotional song 'Dama dam mast qalandar' used by Zulfiqar Bhutto illustrates his deep connections to Sufism and signifies the blend of tradition and politics that characterizes his legacy.
61) Hair:
The symbolic act of hair shaving at the Bhutto tomb indicates culturally rooted practices that link spiritual wishes to the legacy of the family, reflecting the deeper connections between doctrine and rituals within Sindhi culture.
62) City:
The city of Karachi serves as a significant backdrop to the Bhutto family's political narrative, representing the urban landscape where their influence and cult-like following thrive.
63) Moon:
The moon, with symbolic references to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s face appearing on it, reinforces mystical beliefs among followers, adding a layer of spirituality to the cult that has formed around the Bhutto family.
64) Dead:
The veneration of the dead, specifically the members of the Bhutto family, illustrates how martyrdom and sacrifice contribute to a societal embrace of their legacy as symbols of resistance.
65) Supernatural power (Supernormal power, Magical power):
Supernatural power attributed to the martyrs symbolizes their esteemed status in the eyes of their supporters, showcasing the blend of spiritual reverence within the political narrative of the Bhutto family.
66) Implementation:
The implementation of policies during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's regime profoundly affected the political and spiritual landscape, altering the Bhuttos' image and shaping the conditions for their eventual martyrdom.
67) Purification:
The notion of purification is metaphorically linked to the trials faced by Benazir Bhutto, where her experiences enabled a cleansing of past political missteps, positioning her martyrdom as a point of renewal for her legacy.
68) Non-violence (Nonviolence):
Benazir Bhutto’s commitment to non-violent resistance, particularly in contrast to her brothers, enhances her political identity, positioning her within a progressive narrative that defines her legacy among supporters.
69) Renunciation:
[see source text or glossary: #Renunciation#]
70) Rawalpindi:
Rawalpindi, as the location of Benazir Bhutto's assassination, stands as a poignant reminder of the violent political climate surrounding the Bhutto family, marking a significant point of martyrdom in the collective memory of Pakistan.
71) Recitation:
The recitation of prayers at the Bhutto mausoleum reinforces the dual legacy of political and spiritual identities, where prayer becomes a means of connecting with the memory of the deceased Bhuttos.
72) Commitment:
The commitment of the Bhutto family to political ideals, underpinned by their martyrdom, resonates deeply within their supporters, establishing a legacy of resilience and struggle against oppression.
73) Rajasthan:
[see source text or glossary: #Rajasthan#]
74) Jaisalmer:
[see source text or glossary: #Jaisalmer#]
75) Geography:
The geography of Sindh and its historical narratives significantly shape the political and spiritual landscapes of the Bhutto family, embedding their legacy within the broader context of regional identity.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 123]