Christianity and Local Authority in a Central Nepal Tamang Valley
Journal name: Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions
Original article title: Christianisme et pouvoirs locaux dans une vallée tamang du Népal central / Christianity and Local Powers in a Tamang Valley of Central Nepal
The journal “Archives of Social Sciences of Religions” publishes advanced research on religion in French, English, and Spanish. It studies the sociology of religions and religious traditions or theologies. It is supported by the INSHS-CNRS (“Institut des Sciences Humaines et Sociales”)
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Blandine Ripert.
Archives De Sciences Sociales Des Religions:
(Founded in 1956 and published quarterly”)
Full text available for: Christianisme et pouvoirs locaux dans une vallée tamang du Népal central / Christianity and Local Powers in a Tamang Valley of Central Nepal
Year: 1997
Copyright (license): © Archives de sciences sociales des religions
Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The article by Blandine Ripert examines the significant phenomenon of Christianization among the Tamang people in the Ankhu Khola valley of central Nepal. This conversion trend is particularly notable given the valley's historical isolation and strong adherence to traditional religious beliefs. The context of these conversions, the implications for local power dynamics, and the interplay between Christianity and existing religious systems are explored, underscoring how political, social, and religious factors converge in this transformation.
2) The Role of Local Political Authority
One of the central concepts highlighted in the article is the crucial role of local political authority in the spread of Christianity among the Tamang. The instances of collective conversions often originate from decisions made by village leaders during community meetings. For example, in the village of Tipling, a political figure instituted fines against traditional practices linked to shamanism, which facilitated a collective transition to Christianity. This centralization of authority ensures that conversions are viewed not merely as individual choices but as community decisions that help maintain social cohesion and enable the negotiation of traditional power structures.
3) Collective vs. Individual Conversion
Ripert emphasizes the contrast between collective conversions in the remote high-village areas and more individualized conversions in lower villages. In the high valley, where community practices are strong and cohesive, the entire village often decides to convert, reflecting a collective identity. However, in villages closer to urban centers, individual choices to convert emerge, leading to divisions within communities and challenging traditional social bonds. This discrepancy illustrates a broader transformation in society as individualism encroaches on previously communal practices.
4) The Impact on Traditional Religious Authorities
The Christianization of the Tamang also poses significant challenges to traditional religious authorities, particularly the lamas, shamans, and priests who historically held power in these communities. As services and community support shift towards Christian practices, the legitimacy and influence of these traditional figures diminish. The younger generation, influenced by education and exposure to modern ideas, increasingly questions the effectiveness and relevance of traditional religious practices. The article elucidates how these shifts contribute to a crisis of authority for local spiritual leaders in the face of rising Christian beliefs, which promote personal engagement with the divine rather than reliance on intermediaries.
5) Political Response from Buddhist Communities
Following the increase in Christianity among the Tamang, there has been a political response from Buddhist communities and leaders, who seek to reclaim authority and influence that they perceive as being threatened. This reassertion of power includes initiatives to promote a "pure" form of Buddhism, purged of syncretic elements and aligned more closely with traditional practices. The actions of leaders like Budiman Tamang illustrate a broader movement that aims to re-establish Buddhist dominance, suggesting potential ethnic and political mobilization against the rapid Christianization of the region.
6) Conclusion
Ripert's examination of Christianization in the Ankhu Khola valley reveals complex interrelations between faith, politics, and social structures among the Tamang people. The trend towards conversion is not merely a religious phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with local authority, cultural identity, and community dynamics. As the Tamang navigate these transformations, they confront both the promise of a new belief system and the challenges to their customary practices and leadership structures. The ongoing dialogue between the Christian converts and the traditional religious and political authorities will continue to shape the future of this community in the rapidly changing landscape of Nepal.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What significant religious change occurred in the Ankhu Khola valley?
The Ankhu Khola valley has experienced massive Christianization among the Tamang people, surprising given their traditional beliefs and the valley's isolation.
What historical context led to the current Christian presence in Nepal?
Christianity had a long history of missionary presence in Nepal, particularly with Jesuits and Capuchins. The regime change in 1951 marked a new phase for Christianity to spread.
How did the Tamang begin their conversion to Christianity?
A Tamang man working as a porter returned from Pokhara as a Christian in 1967, prompting his family and others in the community to convert.
What role do local powers play in the conversion process?
Local political authority significantly influences the decision for collective conversion among villages, with leaders often making major decisions regarding religious shifts.
What is the impact of Christian conversion on traditional religious authorities?
Christian conversion weakens the authority of traditional religious specialists like lamas, as the new beliefs and practices challenge their powers and relevance.
Are there conflicts between different Christian congregations in the valley?
Yes, there are significant tensions between various Christian congregations, particularly between Protestants and Catholics, often rooted in pre-existing social rivalries.
How do conversions influence the social dynamics of the villages?
Conversions introduce new individualistic practices that disrupt traditional community-based structures, leading to conflicts over marriage, food sharing, and social organizations.
Glossary definitions and references:
Theological and religious glossary list for “Christianity and Local Authority in a Central Nepal Tamang Valley”. The list explains important keywords that occur in this and other scholarly articles. It is also linked to the glossary for understanding that concept in the context of History, Religion, Philosophy, Theology, Sociology etc.
1) Village:
A 'village' in the Ankhu Khola valley serves as a core unit of social and cultural organization for the Tamang community. The village maintains distinct boundaries marked by rituals and is characterized by collective decision-making processes that influence aspects such as conversion to Christianity. The presence of churches in various villages signifies the transformation of the community's identity and social structure surrounding religious practices.
2) Nepal:
Nepal is the country where the Ankhu Khola valley is located, hosting a diverse population with a significant history of religious transformation, particularly regarding the Tamang people's conversion to Christianity. The political dynamics and local powers in Nepal influence the methods of proselytism and the responses from traditional religious authorities.
3) Valley:
The 'valley' of Ankhu Khola is significant as it represents the geographical and cultural heart of the Tamang community, shaping their identity and community structure. This valley, historically isolated, has witnessed a remarkable shift with the rise of Christianity and the subsequent changes in social and religious dynamics among its inhabitants.
4) Power:
In the context of the Ankhu Khola, 'power' is critically tied to traditional clan authority and the political chief's influence in shaping the community's religious landscape, particularly in decisions regarding collective conversions to Christianity, which challenge the authority of existing religious specialists.
5) Khola:
[see source text or glossary: #Khola#]
6) Religion:
The term 'religion' encompasses the various belief systems present in the Ankhu Khola valley, including the traditional practices of the Tamang, Buddhism, and Christianity. The rise of Christianity illustrates the ongoing transformation of religious identity and the socio-political implications connected with such changes.
7) Lama:
The 'lama' holds a significant position within the Tamang community, serving not only as a religious authority in Buddhist practices but also encountering challenges to their traditional power due to the growing influence of Christianity. The dynamics between lamas and new Christian leaders underscore the ongoing religious transformation.
8) Kathmandu:
Kathmandu is the urban center where many modern influences, including the rise of Christian congregations, originate. The city serves as the backdrop for the mission activities and theological training that impact communities like those in Ankhu Khola.
9) India:
India is a neighboring country that significantly influences the Christian movement in Nepal, particularly with regard to missionary activities and theological training of Nepalese converts. The proximity and shared ethnic traits provoke a complex interaction among religions in the region.
10) Buddhism (Buddhist tradition):
The 'Buddhism' practiced by Tamang people traditionally incorporates elements of shamanism and folk beliefs, which are now scrutinized as Christianity gains ground. This shift reveals the tensions between existing spiritual authorities and the new Christian leadership in the valley.
11) Pari:
[see source text or glossary: #Pari#]
12) Sacrifice:
The concept of 'sacrifice' is pivotal in understanding the traditional practices of the Tamang, where animal sacrifices and offerings to deities are common. The shift to Christianity often involves abandoning these sacrificial practices, with converts seeking new methods of worship and healing that do not demand such rituals.
13) Trishuli (Trisuli, Trishulin, Trisulin, Tri-shulin):
Trisuli refers to the region adjacent to Ankhu Khola, emphasizing the interconnectedness across valleys and the larger cultural tapestry in which both religious and socio-political changes manifest among the Tamang.
14) Indian:
The 'Indian' influence manifests through the presence of Protestant missions originating from India, integral to the growth of Christianity in Nepal. These missions have provided materials like Bibles and theological knowledge that facilitate the spread of Christianity among the Tamang people.
15) Health:
The integration of 'health' services into the Christianization efforts notably impacts the Tamang's traditional healing practices, providing alternatives to shamanic and lamaic methods. Health posts introduced by Christian organizations further legitimize the conversion by assuring care through prayer and modern medicine.
16) Transformation (Transform, Transforming):
The 'transformation' in the Ankhu Khola community is evident in the collective conversions to Christianity, symbolizing broader changes in social, political, and religious structures. These transformations reflect the quest for a new identity and modernity among the Tamang.
17) Language:
The role of 'language' is crucial in the dissemination of Christian teachings. The use of Nepali in prayers and songs contrasts with the Tibetan languages traditionally used in Buddhist practices, enabling a broader understanding among converts and aiding in the integration of Christian beliefs into local culture.
18) Saman (Shaman):
The role of a 'shaman' in Tamang society highlights traditional healing practices that are threatened by the rise of Christianity. As converts turn to prayer for healing rather than ritual sacrifices, the function of shamans begins to diminish.
19) Caste:
[see source text or glossary: #Caste#]
20) Sah:
[see source text or glossary: #Shah#]
21) Worship:
The term 'worship' shifts in meaning with the conversion to Christianity, emphasizing new practices that replace traditional rituals such as animal sacrifices. This change reflects a broader spiritual transition within the community as new forms of worship become integrated into daily life.
22) Nepali:
The use of 'Nepali' language in Christian worship establishes a sense of national identity and connectivity among converts, allowing them to communicate their new faith and engage with a broader socio-cultural context.
23) Prayer:
The act of 'prayer' becomes central to the new Christian identity among the Tamang, representing a personal connection with God that contrasts with the communal worship previously experienced through Buddhism and traditional rituals.
24) Face (Facing, Faced):
[see source text or glossary: #Face#]
25) Marriage:
The practice of 'marriage' among the Tamang involves specific cultural guidelines, which are increasingly examined against new Christian values, influencing social dynamics and linage connections within the villages.
26) Tibetan:
The 'Tibetan' cultural influences are evident in the original Buddhist practices of the Tamang, showcasing the historical context that informs their transition to Christianity as they navigate the complexities of modern identities.
27) Alcohol:
The consumption of 'alcohol' traditionally practiced among the Tamang faces challenges with the rise of Christianity, particularly within Protestant sects that prohibit such practices, further influencing cultural changes in the valley.
28) Lineage:
The concept of 'lineage' reflects the traditional kinship ties within Tamang society, which becomes complicated as conversion to Christianity alters not just religious practices but also familial structures and claims to authority.
29) Family:
The 'family' unit remains central to the transmission of religion in the Ankhu Khola, where conversions often spread through familial relationships, showcasing the intimate connections between personal faith and community dynamics.
30) Hinduism:
The influence of 'Hinduism' is still present in the Tamang’s syncretic practices, which are challenged by the acceptance of Christianity that requires a departure from many traditional customs associated with Hindu beliefs.
31) Mountain:
[see source text or glossary: #Mountain#]
32) Freedom:
The 'freedom' to practice Christianity emerges as a prominent theme upon the establishment of democracy in Nepal. This new freedom allows for increased religious expressions that challenge previous constraints on conversions.
33) Thomas:
[see source text or glossary: #Thomas#]
34) Nature:
[see source text or glossary: #Nature#]
35) Priest:
The role of the 'priest' contrasts sharply between the Catholic and Protestant denominations that emerge within the valley. The authority of traditional priests is challenged by the rising pastors who advocate new methods of worship and healing.
36) Patna:
Patna is significant as the location in India where Jesuits educated Nepalese elites. The educational influence from Patna has implications for the development of Christianity in Nepal and its ensuing social transformations.
37) Ghale:
The 'Ghale' clan, a prominent lineage among the Tamang, showcases the complexities of social hierarchy as they navigate the new religious landscapes introduced through Christianity while retaining their distinct cultural identity.
38) Kutal:
The village of 'Kutal' is a critical site in the origin of Christianity within the Ankhu Khola valley, marking the initial conversions and serving as a focal point for subsequent baptisms and missionary activities.
39) Blood:
The concept of 'blood' relates closely to both the Biblical sacrifices and traditional animal sacrifices. As converts move away from blood-based rituals, their understanding of sacrifice takes on a new dimension within Christian theology.
40) Rana:
The 'Rana' regime historically imposed restrictions on religious practices in Nepal, shaping the context for later Christian missions and the rise of modern religious freedoms in the country.
41) King:
The 'king' of Nepal symbolizes the historical authority that has influenced religious dynamics. The monarchy's connection to Hinduism serves as both a backdrop and a contrast to the growing influence of Christianity in the Tamang regions.
42) Animal sacrifice:
The practice of 'animal sacrifice' remains integral to traditional Tamang rituals, yet faces declining relevance as the community embraces Christianity, emphasizing spiritual healing through prayer instead.
43) Northern India:
The dynamics of 'Northern India' significantly impact the Christianization of Nepal as many missions hail from this region, linking religious developments across these interconnected cultures.
44) New Delhi:
[see source text or glossary: #New Delhi#]
45) Transmission:
The 'transmission' of beliefs and practices shape the conversions within the Tamang community, with education and preaching playing vital roles in spreading Christianity as a viable alternative to traditional religious structures.
46) Prosperity:
'Prosperity' in the context of the Tamang community is often sought through religious practices, yet Christians propose that spiritual fulfillment and well-being can be attained through faith rather than traditional rituals that involve sacrifices.
47) Reflection:
[see source text or glossary: #Reflection#]
48) Knowledge:
The spread of 'knowledge' regarding Christianity and its tenets is essential in the conversion process, as it allows for informed choices among the Tamang people regarding their faith and practices.
49) Himalaya (Hima-alaya):
The 'Himalaya' serves as both a geographic backdrop and cultural context for the Tamang people, influencing their historical practices and their contemporary shifts in religious identity as they engage with Christianity.
50) Theology:
The study of 'theology' shapes the understanding of conversion among the Tamang, where Pastors develop their teachings to articulate a Christian worldview distinct from their previous Buddhist beliefs.
51) Politics:
The intermingling of 'politics' and religion is pronounced in the Ankhu Khola valley, where local leaders must navigate the changing dynamics of power resulting from the growth of Christianity among the Tamang.
52) Minister:
The role of a 'minister' in the rising Christian communities highlights the shift in religious authority that challenges traditional positions held by religious specialists like lamas and shamans.
53) Child (Children):
The impact on 'children' is profound as they become the bearers of new Christian teachings. The establishment of Christian schools also reflects the growth of the faith and the transformation of education in the valley.
54) Conquest:
The 'conquest' of souls through Christianization signifies a broader takeover of religious identity among the Tamang, reshaping their community dynamics and identity in response to new beliefs and practices.
55) Festival:
The 'festival' practices of the Tamang are being revised as the community transitions from traditional celebrations, like Dasai, to Christian holidays, illustrating their changing religious landscape.
56) Deity (Deities):
The understanding of 'deity' transforms for converts as the traditional pantheon is re-evaluated in light of Christian teachings, redefining spiritual authority in the community.
57) Violent:
The 'violent' opposition expressed by some Buddhist leaders to Christianity highlights the tensions surrounding religious change and the contestation of authority within the valley.
58) Secret (Secrecy, Secretly):
The 'secrecy' surrounding early conversions to Christianity among the Tamang indicates the risks involved with leaving traditional beliefs and joining an often scrutinized faith.
59) Student:
[see source text or glossary: #Student#]
60) Vaidya:
[see source text or glossary: #Vaidya#]
61) Police:
The role of the 'police' becomes evident during periods of conversion, where law enforcement may intervene against Christian missionary activities and the newly converted, emphasizing the contentious nature of religious change.
62) Animal:
Traditional 'animal' sacrifices are central to Tamang rituals, but as Christianity takes hold, the emphasis shifts away from these practices toward spiritual healing and prayer services.
63) Delhi:
[see source text or glossary: #Delhi#]
64) Patan:
Patan emerges as another significant location where Jesuits operated, revealing connections between historic educational practices and today's Christian transformations impacting communities like Ankhu Khola.
65) Money:
'Money' plays a crucial role in both traditional practices and the establishment of new religious contexts. The availability of financial resources enables the construction of churches and schooling, fostering community conversions in the valley.
66) Light:
[see source text or glossary: #Light#]
67) Tibet:
The influence of 'Tibet' permeates Tamang culture, particularly in their traditional Buddhist practices and beliefs, which now face challenges as communities embrace Christianity.
68) Anti (Amti):
[see source text or glossary: #Anti#]
69) Lead:
[see source text or glossary: #Lead#]
70) Buddhism And Christianity:
The relationships between 'Buddhism and Christianity' in the Ankhu Khola valley exemplify the complexities of inter-religious dialogue and conflict. Converts encounter friction as they navigate these two distinct belief systems while redefining personal and communal identities.
71) Hindu Festivals:
Traditional 'Hindu festivals' like Dasai reflect the previous layers of religious practice that the Tamang community is moving away from as they gradually adopt Christian teachings.
72) Magical Powers:
The 'magical powers' traditionally ascribed to lamas are challenged by the new Christian leadership, who promote a different basis for authority that eschews ritualistic practices for personal faith.
73) Folk religion:
The 'folk religion' present among the Tamang blends various spiritual elements, and its practices are scrutinized as Christianity becomes more prominent in their culture.
74) Supernatural power (Supernormal power, Magical power):
[see source text or glossary: #Magical power#]
75) Urban center (Urban centre):
[see source text or glossary: #Urban center#]
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 163]