Appendix 10 - The compendiums of the Tilakamanjari

APPDENDIX X—THE COMPENDIUMS OF THE Tilakamanjari—With an aspiration to preserve the memory of great poets and their esteemed works, as also with a wish to popularise such a work among the students of Sanskrit language and literature, Sanskrit compandiums were composed from the tenth century onwards. Such compendiums did serve as an and to memorize the principal details of the stories of the classics. At least four such compendiums, three of them in verse and one in prose, are extant. They are: (i) the Tilakamanjari-kasara of Pallipala Dhanapala; (ii) the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara; (iii) the Tilakamanjari-kathoddhara ascribed to Padmasagara; and (iv) the Tilakamanjari-sangraha of Krishnamacarya (Abhinava-bana). Over and above these, there has been an attempt at recasting the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala in the form of modern Gujarati novel very recently by Shri Mohanlal Chunilal Dhami, an Ayurvedic physician. We propose to give here a brief account of all of these compendiums. (1) The TILAKAMANJARI-SARA²:- -SARA :The author of this compendium of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala was another, Dhanapala, one of the four sons of a poet named Amana of the Pallipala family 2 1. Recently critically edited by me and published by the L.D.Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad. 2. Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, Epilogues vs. 5: dhanapalo'lpatascapi piturathanta siksaya | saram tilakamanjaryah kathayah kincidagrathat || |

3 1113 wellknown in Anahillapura. Amana had composed an epic entitled 'Shi-nemicaritam'. His son Dhanapala composed 4 his Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala in the year Vikrama Samvata 1261 (i.e. 1205 A.D.). The author is rather not very particular about the exact title of his work which is variously mentioned as 'Kathasangraha', 'Tilakamanjari-sara', and also 'Katha-sara' 5 6 It consists of 1206 verses divided into nane cantos; the end of which is aptly called 'Visrama'. This is the oldest available attempt at summarizing the prose-romance of Dhanapala. The author of this work has tastefully preserved in a finely summarized form, in 3. Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, Epilogue, vss. 1-4 : anahillapurakhyatah pallipala kulo- .. dbhavah | jayatya sesa sastrajnah srimansukavi ramanah || suslista sabda samdarbha- mad ‌bhutartha rasomi yat | yena srinemicaritam mahakavyam vinirma mem || catvarastanujastasya jyosthastesu visesavit| anantapala cakre yah spasta ganitaparikam || dhanapalastato navyakavya siksaparayanah ratnapalah sphuratprajno gunapalasca visrutah || 1-4 || || 4. ibid.,vs. _6: indudarsanasuryanaka vatsare masi karttika | suklamyam guradesa kathasarah samarpitah || 5. ibaa.,I,6: tatkatha samgrahe' mutra etc. ; the Colophone of the ninth Canto : iti tilaka mamjari sare rajyachyalabhi nama navami visramah | ; ibid.,Epilogue,vs.6 quoted above. I have adopted the title fron the Colophone. 6. The names of the cantos and the number of the verses therein are as follows: (3) laksmiprasadano nama prathamom visvamah | ( vss. 106 ) ; (ii) mitrasamagamom ( vss.122) ; (111) citrapata- darsanom0 (vss. 139) ; (iv) purapraveso0 ( vss 129); (v) nau- varnano 0 ( vss. 168) ; (vi) malayasundari vrttanta • (vss.140); (vii) gandharsakasapaya gama . (vss.162); (viii) prambhavaparijnanoh (vss.142); and (ix) rajyayalabho nama navami visramah (vss.91) plus seven conluding verses of the Epilogue.

1114 Anustubh verses, all of the poetic features and fragrance of the original, including that of some notable descriverses? ptions, phrases and verses, though he has incorporated as quotations into his work two verses of the original 8 in Arya metre and one in Sikharini metre. though it is .9 10 meant to be a mere summary of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, it has rather resulted into a fine small epic poem possessing some of its epic characteristics, such as the division into cantos, their apt nomenclature, change of metre at the end of each canto and so on. And the poet seems to know it too. 7. Eg. the verse vipadiva virata vibhavari etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p. 28 is rendered thus : ksapa vipadiva ksina nrparadheya devatah | bhavatkulamiyodeti candadidhitimandalam (IMS, I, 23; drsyam bhumibhrto hasya deva kimiha etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p. 240 is rendered as : krantasya khecarairdrsyam tulyam vyasmabhrto'sya kim | deva drsyo isamah ksmabhrttva ‌me vakanta khecarah || IMS, V 5. gurubhiradattam vodhum 8. etc. of Tilakamanjari, p.109 is adopted as Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, III, 8; tava rajahamsa hamsi etc. _of_TM(N), p. 232 etc, of is adopted as Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, V, 22; prabhata prayasau Tilakamanjari, p. 359 as Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, VII, 37. 9. Tattvartha-sutra of Umasvati, I, 6: tatkathasamgraha' mutra bandhamatra visesatah | santah santosa - mayantu yatah prakrtivatsalah || 10. 1bid., I,5: kathagumphah sa evatra prayenartham sva evam hi| kinci navinamapyasti imsaucityena varnanam || sa

1115 Over and above the running metre Anustubh over which he has considerable, though not complete, command, he has also passed into service the following metres, viz., Mandakranta ( I,106), sardulavikriditam (I,122; V,168), Malini (III,139; VIII,141), Sragdhara (IV,129), Sikharini(VII, 162), Harini (V,167), Prthvi (VI,140), Malatimadhavam of Bhavabhuti (VII,161) and Manjubhasini(IX,90). Essentially based on the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, but free from the limitations inherent in summarizing such a prose work into a totally different mode of a verse, this compendium has been rightly judged as the best one' amongst all the attempts made so far in the field. Anybody who merely glances at random at the EE verses readily catches the charm of the masterly poetic touch quite independently developed by the author himself, who has fully inherited the poetic talents from his poet 11 he 12 father. Prof. Velankar has mentioned that this work was 13 published by the Hemacandra Sabha, Patan. But my inquiries in the matter have not confirmed this point. A paper 11. PMKS, Intro., P. 1 : tilakamanjari kathasarakartr vidvatrayamupalabhyate digambarapandita sridhana ‌palakrtih srestha tameti munisrijinavijayamatam | 12. E.g. the tears of Malayasundari are described thus: tasyamayevamuktaya galitasrukanavalih | pragdasa darsayantiva Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, V, 57. harasriyamasisriyat 13. Jina-ratna-kosha, p. 160. 14. A letter, No.25/2024 dated 13-1-1968, from Shri Trikamlal Fatechand of Shri Hemacandra Sabha, Patan, denied of having ever published this work! there is some mixing up of the details about another compendium in the entry about this work in the Jina-ratna-kosha

wei 1116 Ms. of the work is preserved in the Kantivijayaji Bhandar (No. 2037%; folios 22%; size 28 x 12.5 cms.) at the 15 Atmaram Jain Jnana Mandira, Baroda. (2) TILAKAMANJARI-KATHA-SARA:- This compendium of 128116 the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala was composed in Vikrama Samvata 1281 (i.e. abuut 1225 A.D.) within twenty years after the successful attempt of $ in 1919 A.D. 18 Pallipala Dhanapala. Published/by Hemacandra Sabha, Patan, it consists of 1188 Anustubh verses. Nothing more is known about the author of this work exeept that his name 17 was Lakmidhara and that he was a "svetambara Pandita", who seems to have been a devout Jain. He has folloed the the frame work of the original, i.e. the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, faithfully as has been promised by him at the outset of his work and has summarized the story in a simple and easy Sanskrit, incorporating a few verses of the original, while 15. The Secretary, Shri Gulabchand Zaveri, of this library was introduced to me by Prof. Dr. U.P.Shah of the Oriental Institute, Baroda; the former was kind enough to lend me this sole Ms. at the instance of Muni Shri Punyavijayaji. 112 11 19 16. Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara, p. 41 : ekasitya samadhikaravisatavikramagate samanivahe [1281 ] sucisitapaksa ravivara harabham dhruvayoga banakarane || 1|| 17. ibid. : iti sri tilaka manjarikathasara khetambara laksmidharakrtam samaptam 18. ibid., p. 1: trisandhya racitabhyarca virapadadvayi ' jumah || 1|| 19. ibid.; vs. 5: asmindrabdhasta evarthista eva na vacakah et 20. 2525/4/24711 9 etc. of the Tilakamanjari,p.109 as vs. pam 229; akalpantamartha kalpadruma etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p.222 as vss. 473-474; TUTE etc. of the rajahamsa hamsi darsana Tilakamanjari,p.232 as vs. 499. a f

1117 21 simply quoting others, though not taking them into the count of the verses. It is quite possible that these latter might have been added in proper places by the editors. • On close comparision with the Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, it has heen found that Laksmidhara has kept a close eye on the work of pallipala Dhanapala over and above on the original prose work. He has borrowed a few he phrases of the former in the process. The roots of the necessity of composing, within only two decades, a fresh compendium of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala when such an excellent one was already there, might perhaps be traced in the sectarian rivalry between the Digambaras and the Svetambaras, the two wellknown factions of Jainism. Pallipala Dhanapala might have been a Digambara and the Svetambaras might have coveted such a scholarly credit for their sect also. Although Laksmidhara has tried to score a point over Pallipala Dhanapala in so far as he could economise the extent of his work by about eighteen verses 21. 252129/2011 etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p. 218 F is printed in the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara on p. 16 (b) after the vs. 466; 144 etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p.339 is printed in the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara on p. 26 (b) after the vs, 770; 3nEST 50644071 etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p. 396 is printed in the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara on p. 34 after the vs. 1004; 449 274m lokaloka gocara jnana loka is put in the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara on p. etc. of the Tilakamanjari, p.416 38 after the vs. 1119.

1118 - i.e. about thirty-five 'Gramthas' he could not rise J beyond the level of a mere summarizer who could hardly catch the significance and excellences of the original prose work. - 22 (3) TILAKAMANJARI-KATHODDHARA: This work has been noticed by Prof. H.D.Velankar in his Jina-ratna-kosa under the title 'Tilakamanjari-prabandha' of Padmasagara, 23 on the strength of the Colophone of the work. However, the authenticity of this colophone is open to doubt in 24 so far as a palm-leaf Ms of this same work does not have any colophone whatsoever. Moreover, the title is rather misleading as it might be easily mistaken for the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala It is therefore proper to prefer the title "Tilakamanjari-kathoddhara" (TMKU), in accordance with the 25 the statement of the author himself at the commencement 26 of his work. Three Mss. of this work have come to my notice. 22. cf. Jina-ratna-kosha, p. 160. 23. cf. TMKU, folio No. 58 of the N Ms.: Ti sifatman- ; folio 67 of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona : sam manjari prabandhah FURT OF TH; folio 53 of the Kantivijayaji Bhandar : iti sritilaka mamjari prabandhah sampurnamagamat | 24. Palm-leaf Ms. No.2 in the unpublished list of the Kantivijayaji Bhandara under the title 'Harivahanacaritam'; other than the Paper Ms. noticed above. 25. cf. TMKU, vs. 1: kurve tilaka mem jayah katha dvara prayatnatah || 26. They are: (i) the B MS. of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona, (No. 791 Of 1895-1902); (ii) the Kantivijayaji Bhandar of the Kantivijayaji Bhandara, Baroda, (No.1802); (ii) the N Ms. of the L.D.Institute of Indology, Ahmedabad, (No.N/827).

1119 Of these the K and the N Mss. do not mention the name of the author. The Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona mentions, in the last verse, the name of the author as 'Padmasagara', the disciple of Dha* rmasagara 27 But the palm-leaf Ms. noted above does not contain this verse, nor does it name the author. On the other hand, the colophone therein is rubbed out and something else is sought to be written on it. Even then some of the words of the portion rubbed out can easily be read and the name 'Candraprabhasuri' is clearly visible there. This raises the doubt about the real authorship of this work. The doubt is further confirmed by Muni Shri Punyavijayaji, who observes that the practice of ■ writing on palm-leaf was no longer prevalent after the forteenth century. The calligraphy of the Ms. would indicate that the work might have been written about the thirteenth century. The date of the work as mentioned in the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona , then, would only be the date of the copyist. Moreover, this work has not been known to have been included in 29. the works of Padmasagara. Thus, the authorship of the work being undecided, it is but proper to take it as 'ascribed to' Padmasagara. 27. cf. TMKU, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona folio 67: R nirmito 'yam kathagramthah pamditaih padmasagaraih ||8|| (ie vs. 1998 ) . 28. cf. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona fo 110 67: samvat 1645 vrse sake 15011 pravrttamane phalguna mase suklapakse 13 tithi bhaumavasare | muni gopyamda lasitam | 29. cf. Jaina Sahitya-no Samksipta Itihasa, p.586-587. 28

1120 The author of the TMKU clearly declares his intention 30 of rescuing and repairing the story of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala rather than merely summarizing it faithfully; and in the process he has tried to compose an independent and elaborate metrical work primarily based on the story of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, to which, however, he has not fettered himself and has added profusely, not only his own imageries, but also many new ingradients totally unwarranted so far as the original prose romance of Dhanapala is concerned 31 And the work 33 388 seeks to underline the religio-meralistic aspect more pronouncedly both at the commencement as well as at the conclusion of his work. This work is a good illustration of a dexterous, but presumptuous, hand spoiling an original piece of art, which in contrast, however, could be successfully epitomised by a lesser, but conscentious and artistic, hand of Pallipala Dhanapala. (4) TILAKAMANJARI-SANGRAHA :* This work is most 34 probably' a Sanskrit prose summary of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala, much in the style of the Kadambari-sara of Shri M.S.Apte. This R.V. prose compendium was composed by Krsnamacarya alias 30.cf. PMKU, vs. led: kurve tilaka mamjaryah kathoddhara prayatnatah 31.cf. Tilakamanjari-sara of Pallipala Dhanapala, Intro. pp.33-39. 32. TMKU, vs. 7: jantumarthita mithyatvah samyagdarsanabhusanah | aciranmuktima - joti harivahana rajavat | 33.1bid., vs. 1977 isa iyatkalamane naham ghrtah samsara varake | iti dvaipadivatyartha sa midhyatvam vyamulayat || sam 34.Inspite of my enquiries with many libraries of various Research Institutes and Universities, I could not procure a copy of it for personal checking. =

1121 Abhinava-bana. It was adduced first by Pandits Virchand and Prabhudas of Patan in their Sanskrit introduction 35 to the Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara Later on Dr. M. Krishnamachariar referred to it as being published, in inslalments naturally, in 36 a Sanskrit Journal 'Sahrdaya'. The above-mentioned pandits of Patan inform us that it was later on published 37 38 in the form of a book, a copy of which is at present preserved in the National Library, Calcutta, but is not issued to anybody since the pages are precariouly brittle. (5) The Gujarati Novel named TILAKAMANJARI :This is a novel attempt at recasting Dhanapala's Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala in the form of a modern Gujarati Novel. The author of this. work is a Gujarati novelist named Vaidya Mohanlal Chunilal Dhami. This work is divided into chapters in accordance to the convenience both of the incidents in the work as well as that of available space in the Jain monthly magazine in which it is being published in instalments. Its publication started in January, 1966. 39 The novelist seems to have based his recast on a Gujarati resume, of the original Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala in Sanskrit, prepared by his teacher Pt. Prabhudas Bechardas Parekh, at whose 35.cf. Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara, Intro .2 p.2 a: madrasamunnavarti sri rayamityakhyanagare vasta- vyaih srimadabhinavabanopadhi dharibhih krsnamacaryaih samksipya kramasah prasiddhi krte yam katha - .. 36.A History of Classical Sanskrit Literature,p.475. 37. Tilakamanjari-katha-sara of Laksmidhara, Intro. p.2 a:RY START- 38.cf.their letter No. 1/8/7270 dt.30-1-168./ EDTROT Gifu 39.cf. Kalyana (Guj.) Vol.XII, No.ll onwards./ grantha-

1122 instance he has undertaken this attempt at presenting the story of the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala in a new garb, acceptable to the modern literary taste of a general Gujarati reader, at least a Jain one. The novelist has naturally enough to replace and present various incidents of the original in a different sequence in order to sustain the interest. He has added some minor incidents and censored the long-drawn descriptions in view of the fresh approach and the modern form. Nevertheless the story has been presented faithfully without omitting any of the important features of the basic story. This work deserves to be noted as a record of the practical and elastic nature of the Jains who are ready to recognize the demands of the age and present their religious literature before the general public in a presentable shape harmonious with the march of the times. **** $$$ *** # # & # # *** $$$ ****