Page 347 of: Paumacariya (critical study)

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A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAṂ
are experts in laws (nīikusal) and affectionate to the people (loyassa vi
piyasamā 3. 56). They are the chief guardians of the people and they
maintain order and law. They are named as follows: Padisui, Sammui,
Khemaṅkara, Khemandhara, Sīmankara, Sīmandhara, Cakkhunāma,
Mahappā, Vimalavāhaṇa, Abhicanda, Candābha, Marudeva, Paseṇai
and Nābhi.
These names are corroborated by other Jaina works except some
differences in their order. The PCR (3. 72-88) mentions Yasasvin and
Vipula for Mahappā and Vimala. The TP (4. 421-494) and the AP
(3. 62f) give seventh place to Vimalavähana. The JP (Su, 28) puts
them in quite a different order while the TSP (I. p. 96-110) mentions
only seven Kulakaras¹ starting from Vimalavāhana, agreeing with the
order given in the JP but it leaves out Candābha.
The TP (4. 452, 474) reveals that with the deterioration of the
public life the institution of punishment also grew up. It states that
the first five Kulakaras promulgated the punishment of 'hākāra' i. e.
expressing disgrace at crime. The next five Kulakaras enacted the
punishment of 'mākāra' i. e. ordering non-repetion of the crime. The
JP (Su, 29) adds that the last Kulakaras brought into force the
punishment of 'dhikkāra' i. e. repudiating the crime². The AP (3. 216)
mentions that Bharata, the first Cakravartin prescribed fourth kind of
punishment namely. 'sariradaṇḍanam' i. e. corporal. It indicates that
with the increase of crimes the punishment became more severe.
The Kulakaras are variously called as Yugādipuruṣas because they
were born in the beginning of the Yuga, Kulakaras because they
estalished the instutution of family (family-life), Kuladharas because
they taught how to maintain the family life, and Manus because they
discovered the means of livelihood³.`
Fourteen Manus are recognised in the Brahmanical tradition*
also. It is said that every Manu is born after regular interval of seventy-
one Mahayugas i. e. 30,67,20,000 years (approx). But their names.
1. See Sthāṇanga, 7. 556. Santicandra, the commentator on JP states that the
Avaśyakacūrṇī also mentions seven names. He further explains that it is a
practice to describe more and more ancestors of the meritorious and eminent
persons. According to different traditions their number is seven, ten or even
fifteen. (See AvaN, 151, Sthānanga, 556, 767; Samavā, 157 and JP, 40).
2. See also AvaN, 148, 166.
3. Prajānāṃ Jivan opāyamananānmānavo matāḥ, Āryāṇām kulasaṃstyāyakṛte
Kulakarā ime
Kulānāṃ dharoṇādete matāḥ Kuladharā iti,
Yugādipuruṣāḥ proktā yugādau prabhaviṣṇavaḥ (AP, 3.211-212).
4. Visnupurāṇa, 1.3.16-18; Manu, 1.61-63.