10.1. Influence on works composed in India

[Full title: Influence of Paumacariyam; (B) Influence on Non-Jaina Works; (1) Works composed in India]

Now we shall arrange, according to their age, the non-Jaina works which have been influenced by the tradition of Paumacariyam. 1. Works composed in India: (a) Sanskrit works: (i) Nrsimhapurana (5th cent. A.D. ?) :-It is an 'Upapurana' (1) Stringing of the bow by Rama in the presence of many candidates on the occasion of Sita's 'svayamvara' (See Supra, Ch. 3.S.E). (2) Tara originally the wife of Sugriva (See Supra, Ch. 3.6 G). (3) Prophecy that the piercer of the trees would be the killer of Vali (In the Paumacariya the prophecy is to the effect that the lifter of the Kotisila would be the killer of Ravana. (See Supra. Ch. 3.7 B). Dr. R. C. Hazra (See Rama-katha; by Dr. C. Bulke (First Edition)., p. 160) holds this Purana to be of the 5th century A. D. But it is an Upapurana and the date of Upapuranas is always posterior to that of the principal 18 Puranas which are generally held to have been composed up to the 5th century A. D. Therefore, its date should very probably fall later than the 5th cent. A. D. If it is not so, then the Paumacariyam and Nrsimhapurana belong to a contemporary period, hence all the above points should have some common source. (ii) Bhatti Kavya (6th-7th century A.D.):-Appearance of Garuda when he is remembered by Rama (See Supra, Ch. 3.8C).

296 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM According to the Valmiki Ramayana, When Rama and Laksmana are noosed by Indrajit, Garuda appears suddenly. It is in the Paumacariya that the Garudadhipati appears when Rama asks Laksmana to remember of him. Therefore, it is the influence of the Paumacariya's tradition on the Bhatti Kavya. (iii) Bhagavatapurana (6th to 7th century A.D.):-Rama's success among various candidates in stringing the bow (See Supra, Ch. 3.2 E). (iv) Mahaviracarita of Bhavabhuti (8th century A.D.) :-1. Rama's success in stringing the bow in the presence of various candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E). 2. Kaikeyi's complete exoneration from the charge of exiling Rama (Supra, Ch. 3.3. B). (v) Uttararamacarita of Bhavabhuti (8th century A.D) :-1. The episode of an agile elephant and Sita's request to Rama to subdue it (Supra. Ch. 3.7 E). 2. Lava's battle with the son of Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3.9 D). (vi) Chalitarama (9th cent. A.D) :-1. Battle of Lava and Kusa (Supra, Ch. 3.9 D) (vii) Ramacarita of Abhinanda (9th century A.D): 1. Vanaravarasundari's love proposal to Hanuman (Supra, Ch. 3.7 C). The above mentioned three works are titled on the style of Jaina works on Ramakatha, called Paumacariyam, Padmacaritam or Paumacariu. In the Jaina tradition works on the life of great persons are generally titled as caritas. (viii) Anargha Raghava of Murari (9th-10th century A.D) :- 1. Rama's success in stringing the bow in the presence of various candidates (Supra, Ch. 3.2. E). 2. Kaikeyi's complete exoneration. from the charge of exiling Rama (Supra, Ch. 3.3. B). (ix) Bala Ramayana of Rajasekhara (10th century A. D.):- 1. Failure of other candidates and Rama's success in striging the bow on the occasion of Sita's 'svayamvara' (Supra, Ch. 3.2. E) 2. Kaikeyi's complete exoneration from the charge of exiling Rama (Supra, Ch. 3.3. B). (x) Brahmapurana:-The Gautami Mahatmya section in the Brahmapurana (Ch. 70-175) which contains Rama-story, is held to be composed not earlier than the 10th century A.D. The influence of the tradition of the Paumacariya is apparent on the following points: 1. Episode of war-chariot and granting of boon to Kaikeyi (on the occasion of Dasaratha's taking part in the Devasura battle (See Supra, Ch. 3. 1. b). 2. performing of penances by Hanuman and Rama after the abandonment of Sita (Supra, Ch. 3. 9 E (ii) & (iv).

SOURCES, CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE OF Paumacariya 297 (xi) Kathasaritsagara (10-11th century A.D.): -1. Lava is Kusa's senior (Supra, Ch. 3. 9D). 2. Lava and Kusa's fight with Rama and Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 9 D). 3. Sita enters a lake to prove her purity in the Asrama of Valmiki (In the Paumacariya the fire-pit gets converted into a reservoir of water-Supra, Ch. 8. 9 D). The source of Kathasaritsagara is Gunadhya's Vrhatkatha whose date is regarded as earlier than the 6th century A. D. (A. B. Keith. A History of Sanskrit Literature, p. 266). It is not possible to say how far the Paumacariya or Vrhatkatha has influenced vice-versa or both the works may have their common But as far the Vrhatkatha is not recovered, we cannot be sure source. about its originality as regards the above points. (xii) Mahanataka (10 th to 14 th century A. D) :-1. -I. Failure of others and Rama's success in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3.2.E). 2. Elevating the character of Dasaratha by mentioning the presence of Bharata on the occasion of his decision to crown Rama (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. A). 3. Meeting of Hanuman with Bharata while taking the medicinal herb and his reaching Lauka before the sun-rise (Supra, Ch. 3. 8 E). 4. Sending of an envoy by Ravana to affect truce with Rama (Supra, Ch. 3. 8 F). (xiii) Srimaddevi Bhagavatapurana (11th century A.D.): -1. Ramas success in stringing the bow in presence of many candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. F). (xiv) Jaimini Bharata (12th century A. D.): -1. The Jaiminiya Asvamedha portion contains Lava and Kusa's battle with the army of Rama (Supra, Ch. 3.9 D). 2. The Meravanacarita portion contains reference to the son of Hanuman (Supra, Ch. 4.2). The Paumacariya is the earliest work which refers to the wives and the son of Hanuman. Therefore, the influence of Paumacariya's tradition is apparent on the subsequent works. (xv) Prasannaraghava of Jayadeva (12th century A. D.) :-1. Failure of other candidates and Rama's success in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3.2, E). (xvi) Padmapurana;-The Patalakhanda and the Uttarakhanda of Padmapurana containing Rama-stories are held to be composed in the 12th and the 15th century A.D. 1. Names of the third and fourth wife of Dasaratha (Patalakhanda specially Paumacariya's influence). 2. Episode of war-chariot and granting of boon to Kaikeyi (Bengali version) (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. B). 3. Cause of naming Laksmana as such (Patalakhanda specially Paumacariya's

298 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM influence). 4. Sita's betrothal with Rama, Narada's intervention and introduction of the Bow (Patala; Supra, ch. 3.2.C & D). 5 Failure of others and Rama's success in stringing the bow (Patala khanda; Supra, ch. 3. 2. E). 6. Performing of a sacrifice by Ravana to acquire invincibility and its disturbance (Uttarakhanda; Supra, Ch. 3.8 G). 7. Battle of Lava and Kusa (Patalakhanda; Supra, ch. 3.9. D). Striking similarity of the Padmapurana with Ravisena's Padmacaritam as regards points Nos. 1 & 3 indicate that the author had consulted Ravisena's work. (xvii) Adhyatma Ramayana of the Ramananda sect (14th cent. A.D.): 1. Episode of war-chariot and granting of boons to Kaikeyi (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. 1. B. 2. Christening the name of Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. D). 3. Rama's success among various candidates in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E). 4. Exonerating Kaikeyi from the charge of cruelty by introducing Rama's decision to go in exile rather than accepting kingship, at the advice of Narada (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. B): repentance by Kaikeyi for her folly of exiling Rama and her request to Rama on the Citrakuta hill to pardon her (Supra, Gh. 3. 3. C). 5. Viradha is a Vidyahara and not a Gandharva as in the Valmiki Ramayana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. C). 6. Hanuman's request to Sita to carry her on his shoulders (Supra, Ch. 3. 7. E, fn. 3). 7. Raising of his sword by Ravana while kicking and exiling Vibhisana (Supra, Ch. 3. 8B). 8. Automatic fleeing away of the Sakti by which Laksmana was wounded (Supra, Ch. 3. 8E). 9. Disturbing of Ravana's sacrifice and dragging of Mandodari (Supra, Ch. 3. 8. G). For the first time so much influence of the tradition of the Paumacariya on a Brahmanical work like the Adhyatma Ramayana is seen. Elements No. 1 and 3 & 9 had already become popular with the earlier Brahmanical works. The striking similarities in such minor points as Nos. 2, 5, 6, 7 & 8 reveal that the author of Adhyatma Ramayana had studied well some of the Jaina works on Rama-story. It is possible that the Sanskrit works of Ravisena and Hemacandra might have been consulted. But the resemblance in the point No. 2 exceptionally reveals as if the Paumacariya was before the author of Adhyatma Ramayana. (xviii) Ananda Ramayana (15th century A.D.): -1. Kausalya's father's name as Kosala (Supra, Ch. 3.1. A). 2. Ravana's vain efforts in foiling the marriage of Dasaratha and Kausalya, and in killing Dasaratha to escape his own death destined at the hands of the former's son (Supra, Ch. 3. 1.B). 3. Episode of war-chariot as the cause of granting boon to Kaikeyi (Supra, Ch. 3. 1.B). 4. Janaka's wife (Sumedha) introduced specifically for the first time (Supra, Ch. 3.2.A).

SOURCES, CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE OF Paumacariya 299 5. Failure of various princes and Rama's success in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3.2.E). 6. Exonerating Kaikeyi from the charge of exiling Rama by Rama's decision to enter forest rather than accepting kingship (Supra, Ch. 3.3.B), repentance of Kaikeyi for her folly and her requests to Rama on the Citrakuta hill to pardon her (Supra, Ch. 3.3. C). 7. Killing of Surpanakha's son, Samba by Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. B). 8. Association of Laksmana with the test of Rama taken by Sugriva, and the prophecy about the destined killer of Vali (Supra, Ch. 3.7. B). 9. Hanuman's seeing of Vibhisana during his mission to Lanka (Supra, Ch. 3.7.D). 10. Hanuman's proposal to carry Sita on his shoulders (Supra, Ch. 3.7.E). 11. Disturbing of Ravana sacrifice (Ch 3.8. G). 12. Rama's Digvijaya (Supra, Ch. 3.9.B). 13. Madanasundari's marriage with Yupaketu, the son of Satrughna (Supra, Ch. 3.9. B). 14. Kusa and Lava's marriage in a 'svayamvara' (Ch. 3.9.D). 15. Chandravadana's marriage with a son of Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3.9.D). 16. Kusa and Lava's battle with Rama (Supra, Ch. 3.9.D). 17. Rama's fight with the grandsons of Kumbhakarna (Supra, Ch. 3.9.E iii). 18. Preparing a lute with the parts of his body by Ravana for eulogising Siva (Supra, Ch. 4.1.x). 19. Son of Hanuman (Supra, Ch. 4.2). Here for the first time in a Brahmanical work the father of Kausalya and the wife of Janaka are introduced (Nos. 1 & 4) specifically. Point No. 2 is influenced by the episode of Narada and Kaikyi's marriage; No. 12 by the Digvijaya of Laksmana; Nos. 13,14, 15 by the marriages of Laksmana and the sons of Rama and No. 17 by the attack of the grandsons of Chandranakha on Rama. This work describes Rama's water-sports with Sita.. The Paumacariya is the earliest work in the whole of the Indian Literature, which describes the water-sports of Rama and Sita (Paumacariya, 42. 18-24) in a river flowing in the forest of Dandaka. In the Paumacariya (102. 29-31) on the occasion of her fire-ordeal Sita is raised on the divine throne, and she is saved. Then she renounces the world. In the Valmiki Ramayana (7.97) the throne on which Sita is seated enters the earth and Sita disappears for ever. But in the Ananda Ramayana the deity of earth raising Sita on the throne offer her to Rama and Sita gets reunited (5. 8. 77) with Rama. In the Paumacariya (6. 165) on the occasion of the 'svayamvara' of Srimala Vidyadhari, her foster-mother Sumangala introduces to her various princes who came there to seek her hand. Similarly in the Ananda Ramayana on the occasion of the 'svayamvara' of Campika, her fostermother named Sunanda introduces to her various princes (6. 2. 31).

300 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM There is a striking resemblance in the name of the foster-mother and the method of introduction. Points No. 3, 5, 6, 10, 11 & 16 are already found in the older Brahmanical works but the rest of the thirteen reveal that the author of Ananda Ramayana had studied some Jaina works on the Rama-story. The above analysis reveals that it is this work among the Brahmanical works, on which there is the greatest influence of the tradition of the Paumacariya (xix) Dharmakhanda (Considered as a part) of Skandapurana (15-16th Cent. A. D.):-1. Kaikeyi's request to Rama in exile to. come back (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. C). (xx) Satyopakhyana (16 th century A. D):-1. Kaikeyi's love marriage with Dasaratha and Narada's association with it (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. B). 2. Introduction of the bow specially for the purpose of success in Sita's 'svayamvara' (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. D). 3. Rama's stringing the bow in the presence of various candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E). 4. Rama's water-sports with Sita (see Rama-katha; by Dr. C. Bulke (First Edition)., p. 479; Paumacariya, 42. 18-24). Point Nos. 2, 3 & 4 have their presence in the earlier Brahmanical works. Point No. 1 is a special introduction and it is based with variation on the pattern of the tradition of the Paumacariya 'xxi) Ramarahasya of Mohanaswami (17 th century A. D):- 1. Stringing of the bow by Rama in presence of many other candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E). 2. Meeting of Hanumat with Bharata while bringing the medicinal herb (Supra, Ch. 3. 8.E). (xxii) Ramalingamrta (17 th century A. D.):-1. Ram's success in stringing the bow in the presence of many candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E). 2. Exonerating Kaikeyi from the charge of exiling Rama (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. C). 3. Narada as the instigator of a battle between Rama and his sons (Supra, Ch. 3. 9. D). 4. Son of Hanumat (Supra, Ch. 4. 2). Point No. 3 shows specific influence of the tradition of the Paumacariya (xxiii) Tattvasangraha Ramayana (17th cent. A. D). of Rama Brahmananda:-1. Kaikeyi's approach to Rama in exile and a request to him to come back. (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. C). (b) Works in Modern Indian Languages; ( i ) Tamil Ramayana of Kamban (10th century A. D.): -1. Rama's success among various candidates in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E).

SOURCES, CONTRIBUTION AND INFLUENCE OF Paumacariya 301 (ii) Telugu Dvipada Ramayana (12th century A. D):-1. Rama's success among various candidates in stringing the bow (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E.). 2. Kiling of the son of Ravana's sister by Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. B). 3. Ravana's unsuccessful sacrifice (Supra, Ch. 3. 8. G). (iii) Assamese Ramayana of Madhavakandali (14th cent. A.D):- 'Svayamvara' of Kaikeyi (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. B). (iv) Oriya Mahabharata by Saraladasa. (15th cent. A.D.):-Killing of the son of Surpanakha by Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. B). (v) Marathi Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century A. D.):- 1. Bharata and Satrughna as real brothers (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. D). 2. Observing of Vibhisana by Hanumat (Supra, Ch. 3. 7. D). 3. Rama's success in stringing the bow in the presence of various candidates (Supra, Ch. 3.2. E). 4. Killing of the son of Surpanakha by Laksmana (Supra, Ch 3. 5 B). 5. Son of Hanuman (Supra, Ch. 4. 2). 6. Battle of Lava and Kusa with Rama (Supra. Ch 3. 9. 'D.) (vi) Kannarese Torave Ramayana of Narahari (16th century A. D.)-1. Exonerating Kaikeyi from the charge of exiling Rama (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. C). 2. Killing of Sambuka, the son of Ravana's sister by Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. B). Ravana's unsuccessfull sacrifice (Supra, Ch. 3. 8. G) (vii) Kannarese Mairavana Kalaga of Narahari (16th century A. D.)-1. Son of Hanumat (Supra, Ch. 4. 2). (viii) Bengali Bengali Krtivasa Ramayana (16th century A. D):-1. 'Svayamvara' of Kaikeyi (Supra, Ch. 3. 1. B). 2. Meeting of Hanumat with Bharata while taking the medicinal herb and putting the sun under his armpit to reach Lanka before the sun-rise (Supra, Ch. 3.8. E). 3. Lava and Kusa's battle (Supra, Ch. 3. 9. D). Tulasi Ramayana:- (ix) Ramacaritamanasa of Tulasidasa or We shall deal with it in the following pages separately. (x) Ramacandrika of Kesavadasa (16th cent. A. D):-Lava-KusaBattle (Supra. Ch. 3. 9 D), - (xi) Govinda Ramayana of Gurugovindasingh (17th cent. A. D):- 1. Battle of Lava-Kusa. (xii) Ramayana Masihi of Mulla Masihi (16-17th cent. A. D):Lava-kusa Battle (Supra, Ch. 3.9.D). (xiii) Gujarati Ramayana of Premananda (17th century A. D.):- 1. Rama's success in stringing the bow in the presence of many candidates (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. E).

302 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM (xiv) Kasmiri Ramayana (18th century A. D.): -1. Introduction of the bow specially for the purpose of Sita's 'svayamvara' (Supra, Ch. 3. 2. D). 2. Exoneration of Kaikeyi by introducing Narada's advice and Rama's decision to go in exile rather than accepting kingship (Supra, Ch. 3. 3. B). 3. Hanuman's encounter with Bharata while taking the medicine to Lanka (Rama-katha; by Dr. C. Bulke (First Edition)., p. 391 & Supra, Ch. 3. 8. E). 4. Disturbing of the sacrifice of Ravana (Supra, Ch. 3. 8. G). 5. Lava as elder brother of Kusa and their battle with Rama (Supra, Ch. 3. 9. D). (xv) Oriya Vicitra Ramayana of Madhavadasa (18th Cent A.D):- Killing of the son of Surpanakha by Laksmana (Supra, Ch. 3. 5. B). (xvi) Gujarati Ramayana-sara (19th century A. D.): -1. Observing of Vibhisana by Hanumat on his mission to discover Sita (Supra, Ch. 3. 7. D). 2. Ravana's unsuccessful sacrifice (Supra, Ch. 3. 8. G). 3. Lava and Kusa's battle (Supra, Ch. 3. 9. D). (xvii) Gujarati Narmakathakos a (?) (Rama-katha; by Dr. C. Bulke (First Edition)., p. 432):-1. Son of Hanumat (Supra, Ch. 4.2). (xviii) Birhor Ramakatha:-1. The influence of the Jaina tradition that Laksmana killed Ravana is found even on the stories popular among the Birhors, the aboriginal people of Bihar (Rama-katha; by Dr. C. Bulke (First Edition)., p. 215).