4. Genealogy of the Raksasa Vamsa dynasty

According to the Paumacariya, the Raksasa Vamsa is a branch of the Vidyadhara Vamsa. It is said to have originated during the congregation of Ajitanatha, the second Tirthankara. Sahasranayana, the prince of Gaganavallabhapura (northern Vijayardha mountain) once attacked Meghavahana, called Ghanavahana also, the prince of Rathanupura (southern Vijayardha, mountain) on the issue of the marriage of the former's sister. Meghavahana then fled away and took shelter under Ajitanatha, the second Tirthankara (5.64-77). On that occasion Bhima, the lord of demons (Rakkhasavaina Bhimenam 5.123-132) made Meghavahana first lord of Lankapuri and Patalankarapura. Lankapuri is said to have been situated in the valley of Trikutasikhara which stood in the middle of the Raksasadvipa. Further it is said that after the name of Rakkhasa (5.251), a desendant of Meghavahana, his Vamsa came to be known as Rakkhasa Vamsa (tassaya namenam imo, Rakkhasavamso yayammi vikkhao 5.252). The author of the Paumacariya remarks that originally they were Vidyadharas but as they protected the Rakkhasaddiva hence they were called Rakkhasas. They were neither the devas nor the demons (43.14). The Raksasas are also called as Khecaras (Khayaranam Rakkhasanamam kayam loe 5.257) also. The Paumacariya completely agrees with the Paumacariya The Paumacariu 2 mentions Toyadavahana in place of Meghavahana. The Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena.³ follows the Paumacariya The Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra of Hemacandra agrees with the Paumacariya According to the Vasudevahindi Vol. I. (p.240), Ravana was born in the line of Vidyadhara Sahasragriva. His brothers developed hostility with him, hence he established his kingdom in the Lanka dvipa. The Uttara-purana (68.8-9) mentions Vidyadhara Sahasragriva, a descendant of Vinami as the first lord of Lankapura. He fled away to Lankapura on being expelled by his nephew (brother's son) from Meghakutapura, situated on the southern Vijayardha mountain. The Mahapurana (70.2) agrees with the Uttara-purana According to the Valmiki Ramayana when Prajapati created the water, he created living beings also for the protection of the water. These living 1. Paumacariya, 5.76-93, 149-165, 378-386; 48.33. 2. Paumacariu, 5.6.8; 6.1. 3. Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., Ch. 3. P. 16. 4. IV. p. 107; II p.p. 158, 165.

214 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM beings who were suffering from hunger and thirst ran to the Prajapati and asked him as to what they should do. Prajapati instructed them to protect the water. Some of them said "We protect (raksamah)" while the others said "We worship (Yaksamah)". Thus the former were called Raksasas and the latter as Yaksas (Raksama iti yairuktam Raksasaste bhavantu vah/Yaksama iti yairuktam Yaksa eva bhavantu vah 7.4.13). According to the Visnupurana those creatures ran towards Brahma to devour him. At that time some of them said "Do not do like that, he should be protected". Those who told like that were called Raksasas (Maivam bho raksyatamesa yairuktam Raksasastu te -1.5.43, See Bhagavatapuruna, 3.20.21). The Valmiki Ramayana mentions Heti and Praheti as the first lords of the Raksasas (7.4.14). Heti's son was Vidyutkesa. Vidyutkesa's son was Sukesa who was favoured with a 'Puramakasagam' or 'Khagampuram' (7.4.32) by Siva. Sukesa is further referred to as resembling the lustre of clouds and making noise like the thundering clouds (ghanagarbhasamaprabham ghanasabdasamasvanh 7.4.23-25). and Further it is said that Sukesa's sons namely, Malyavat, Sumalin and Malin, on account of their penance, were favoured with Lamkanagari as their permanent abode by Visvakarman (7.6.25). Thus we find that Heti and Praheti were the first Raksasa lords. Heti's grandson Sukesa was favoured with a connivance to fare in the sky and his sons occupied Lankapuri. Lankapuri is called Khepuri (6 38.10). It indicates that the inhabitants of Lankapuri were the Khecaras. Compare the adjectives of Sukesa with the name Meghavahana or Ghanavahana of the Paumacariya (5.77,133). Thus according to the Paumacariya and the Valmiki Ramayana, they came to be known. as Raksasas on account of their duty of protection. Both the works call them Khecaras and mention Lankapuri as their first capital. But about their ancestral history, the Jaina and the Brahminical traditions differ. The following is the genealogical list of the Raksasa kings as found in various Jaina and Brahmanical works :

Paumacariya, 5.65-270 Punnaghana (5.65) 1. Meghavahana (5.137) (Ghanavahana 5.77) 2. Maharakkhasa (5.139) 3. Devarakkhasa (5.166) Paumacariya, 5.77-404 Purnaghana (5.77) Toyadavahana (5.87) Maharaksas (5.183) Devaraksas (5.361) 4. Rakkhasa (sua ?) (5.251) Raksasa (5.378) Paumacariu, 6 Meghavahana (5.6) Toyadavahana (Ghanavahana 5.8) Maharaksas Devaraksas ... Raksas Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 3 Purnacandra Meghavahana Maharaksas Devaraksas Maharaksas Raksasa ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS Aditya 6. 7. Puyaraha 5. Aiccagai Bhimaraha Adityagati Adityaraksas Bhimaprabha Bhimaprabha Suryagati Bhimaprabha Pujarha Pujarha Pujarha 8. Jiyabhanu Jitabhaskara Jitabhaskara Jitasurya 9. Samparikitti Samparikirti Samparikirti 10. Suggiva Sugriva Sugriva Sugriva 11. Hariggiva 12. Sirigiva Harigriva Harigriva Srigriva Srigriva 13. Sumuha 14. Suvvanta 15. Amiyavega 16. Aiccagai Sumukha Sumukha Suvyakta Suvyakta Amrtavega Mrgavega Harigriva Srigriva Sumukha Suvyakta Amrtavega Bhanugati Bhanugati Bhanugati Chintagati ... Indra Indra Indra Sura ... 215 13

5216 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM Megha Mrgaridamana Paumacariya, 5. 65-270 17. Indappabha 18. Indameha 19. Mayaridamana Paumacariya, 5.77-404 Indraprabha Paumacariu 6 Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. 3 Indraprabha Megha Megha Simhavadana Simhadatta 20. Pahia Pavi Pavi Vajradanta 21. Indai Indrajit Indravitu 22 Subhanudhamma Bhanuvarman Bhanu Bhanu Bhanudharma Indrajit Bhanuvarman Bhanu 23. Surari Surari Surari Surari 24. Tijada Trijata Trijata Trijatin Bhima Bhima Bhima Mahabhima 25. Mahana (Mohana ?) Mohana Mohana Mohana 26. Angaraa U(ddha)dvaraka Uddharaka 27. Ravi Ravi Ravi 28. Cakkara Cakara 29. Vajjamajjha 30. Pamoya 31. Sihavahana 32. Sura Caundaravana 33. 34. Bhima Vajramadhya Pramoda Simhavikrama Camunda Marana 35. Bhayavaha (Ibhavaha ?) 36. Riumahana Bhisma Dvipavaha Arimardana Angaraka Ravi Cakrara Vajrodara Pramoda Simhavikrama Camunda Ghataka Bhisma Dvipabahu Arimardana Vajramadhya Pramoda Simhavikrama Camunda Marana Bhisma Dvipavaha Arimardana

ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS 217 47 Paumacariya 37. Paumacariya Nivvanabhattimanta 38. Uggasiri Nirvanabhakti Ugrasri Paumacariu Nirvanabhakti Ugrasri 39. Aruhabhattimanta Arhadbhakti Arhadbhakti 40. Pavanuttargai Anuttara Anuttara 41. Uttama Gatabhuma (bhrama) Gatyuttama 42. Anila Anila Anila 43. Canda Canda Canda 44. Lankasoga Lankasoka Lankasoka ... 45. Mauh Mayuravak Mayura 46. Mahabahu Mahabahu Mahabahu 47. Manorama Manoramya 48. Ravitea Bhaskarabha Manorama Bhaskara Vrhadgati Vrhadgati 50. Mahakantajasa Vrhatkanta Arisantrasa 49. Mahagai 51. Arisantasa 52. Candavayana Candravarta Maharava Meghadhvana Grahaksobha Naksatradamana (Crores of kings passed) (Crores of kings passed) 53. Maharava 54. Mehajjhana 55. Gahakhobha 56. Nakkhattadamana 57. Mehappabha 58. Kittidhavala (Closed) Ghanaprabha Kirtidhavala (Closed) Vrhatkanta Arisantrasa Candravarta Maharava Meghadhvani Grahaksobha Naksatradamana Taraka Meghanada Kirtidhavala (Closed) Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. Nirvanabhakti Ugrasri Arhadbhakti Anuttara Gatabhuma Anila Candra Lankasoka Soka Mayuravak Mahabahu Manorama Suryakanta Vrhadrati Vrhatkanta Aritrasa Candravarta Maharava Meghadhvana Grahaksobha Naksatradamana (Closed here) Meghaprabha Kirtidhavala (Closed)

Paumacariu, 6.10-5 f Tadikesi Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., p. 22 f Vidyutkesa Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra, IV. p. 110f Taditkesa (During the tirthakala of Munisuvratanatha, the twentieth Tirthankara). Paumacariya, 6-8 Tadikesa (6.96) 1 Sukesa (6.148) Paumacariya, 6-8 Vidyutkesa or Tadikesa Sukesa Mali Sumali Malavanta (6.220) Rayanasava (7.59) (Wife-Kekasi 7.22) (Identical with the Paumacariya) Malin Sumalin 1 I Ravana Bhanukarna Candanaha (Dahamuha 7.96) (7.97) (7.98) Vihisana (7.98) (Wife-Mandodari) (8.94) Ravana (Dasanana) (Wife-Mandodari) Bhanukarna T Indai (8.63) Mehavahana (8.64) Indrajit Ratnasrava (Wife-Kaikasi) Malyavat 218 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMAGARIYAM Candranakha Vibhisana Meghavahana

Uttara-purana 68. 7-12 and Mahapurana 70. 2-4 Vinami Sahasragriva Satagriva Pancasatagriva Pulastya (wife-Meghasri) Ravana Vasudevahindt, I.p. 240 Bali Sahasragriva Pancasatagriva Satagriva Pancasagriva Vimsatigriva ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS (Wives) (1) (2) (Devavarnini=Devavannani) (Vakra=Vakkaya) (3) (Kaikayi=Kekai) (4) (Puspakuta=Pupphakuda) Soma Yama Varuna Vaisravana Mahodara Mahasta Mahaparsva Khara Asvalika Ravana (Ramana) Kumbhakarna Trisara Vibhisana Trijata Surpanakhi Dvisara visara Vidyujjihva Kumbhinasa 219

Valmiki Ramayana, 7.4 Brahma Living Beings (Raksasas) (Yaksas) Heti & Praheti Malyavat Vidyutkesa Sukesa (Wife-Devavati) Sumalin Dasagriva (Wife-Mandodari) Kaikasi (daughter) (Married to Visravas) Valmiki Ramayana, 7.2 & 9 Prajapati (Brahma) Pulastya Visravas. (Devavarnini)-Wives-(Kaikasi) Kumbhakarna Surpanakha Meghanada (Indrajit) I Malin Vibhisana 220 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM

Devavarnini Vaisravana Kaikasi Kurmapurana, Purva 19 Visravas (Wives) } Puspotkata Vaka Khara Kumbhinasi Ravana Kumbhakarna Surpanakha Vibhisana Mahodara Prahasta Mahaparsva (1) Puspotkata Kumbhakarna Trisiras Mahabharata, 3.274-275 Prajapati Pulastya (Wife Gau) I Vaisravana (2) Malini Dasagriva Vibhisana Dusana Vidyujjihva (becomes Visravas) (Wives) (3) Raka Khara ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS Surpanakha 221

222 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM A comparison of the Paumacariya and the Valmiki Ramayana shows that the list of the Paumacariya is independent of that of the Valmiki Ramayana The Paumacariya enumerates a large number of ancestors of Ravana while the Valmiki Ramayana only a few. Further the names are not identical except the immediate three ancestors of Ravana i. e. Sumalin, Sukesa and Taditkesa. But these three persons belong to the maternal side in the Valmiki Ramayana Even the name of the father of Ravana is not common in both the works. The Paumacariya, Paumacariya, Paumacariu and the Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. have given long lists of the Raksasa kings while the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra has not mentioned all the kings. The Vasudevahindi and the Uttarapurara refer a few ancestors of Ravana. They are not identical with those of the Paumacariya and thus represent a different tradition. In the Uttara-purana, Pulastya who finds mention in the Brahmanical tradition, is also mentioned. The Paumacariya, Paumacariya and the Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. discontinue their lists at two places, first at Naksatradamana and then at Kirtidhavala, but the Paumacariu breaks once at Kirtidhavala only. The Paumacariya mentions in all 63 kings from Meghavahana to Ravana while the Paumacariya 66 (the three more being Indra, Bhanu and Bhima) kings. The names of 56 kings are identical in the Paumacariya and the Paumacariya, having here and there either equivalents or some alterations in names. The remaining seven names in the Paumacariya are different (Nos. 20, 26, 32, 35, 40, 41 & 45) from those of the Paumacariya The Paumacariu mentions in all 69 names (the three more being Aditya, Mahabala and Taraka over those of the Paumacariya) which are indentical with those of the Paumacariya except No. 15. The influence of the Paumacariya is also clear on Nos. 22 & 26. The Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. mentions in all 67 kings. MahaRaksasa, Cintagati, Sura and Soka of the Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. do not find mention in the Paumacariya, while Nos. 9, 17 & 28 of the Paumacariya are not referred to in the Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. Only Vajradanta (20) and Candra (43) are different names from those of the Paumacariya Then Lanka and Soka can be counted as one person Lankasoka (45) as found in the Paumacariya and the Paumacariya Indra and Sura can also be mingled into one to have its equivalent with Indraprabha of the Paumacariya and the Paumacariya Thus in all there will be 65 kings only-i. e. one less than the Paumacariya and two more than the Paumacariya So to say the above mentioned Jaina works are generally in agreement.