1. Genealogy of the Ikshvaku Vamsa dynasty

According to the Paumacariya the Iksvaku Vamsa originated with Adityayasa (Aiccajasaisambhavo vamso 5.9), the first son of Cakravartin Bharata and grandson of the first Tirthankara, Rsabha. The Paumacariya agrees with the Paumacariya and calls it as Aditya Vamsa also (5.2-10). The Harivamsha-purana of Jinasenasuri also agrees with it ( 13.1-12 ). Hemacandra mentions Rsabha as belonging to the Iksvaku line (Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra, vol. IV, page 182). According to the PHV (p. 161) Rsabha's Vansa was named Iksavaku because he desired to take sugar-cane (ikkhu)

200 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM from Indra who had gone to Nabhi when Rsabha was one year old¹. The Adipurana (19.264) states that Rsabha² was the first person who taught his subjects how to collect the juice of sugar-cane (iksu) hence he was named as Iksvaku. According to the Mahapurana, Rsabha's Vamsa was called Iksvaku because he was the first person who quenched the thirst and the hunger of the people with the juice of sugar-cane. The Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. has combined together the traditions of the Adipurana, the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra and the Paumacariya In the beginning (p.4) it mentions Rsabha to have established himself as the king of the Iksvaku line and to have made others as the kings of the Ugra, Kuru, Natha and the Hari Vamsas. Then he (p. 8) follows Ravisena and mentions that the Iksvaku, Soma, Hari and the Vidyadhara Vamsas came into existence after the death of Rsabha. Vimalasuri, Ravisena. Jinasena and Somasena commence the list from Bharata and stop at Mrganka. They state that after a long period of time during the congregation of twentieth Tirthankara (Munisuvratanatha), Vijaya became the king of Saketapura in the Iksvaku line (Paumacariya, 21.41; Paumacariya, 21.56 & 73; Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 13.p. 81). From Vijaya onwards, they except Jinasena resume the list of further descendants. Hemacandra omits the preceding list and starts from Vijaya only. His list also is given below. So far as the Brahmanical sources are concerned, the Valmiki Ramayana and the Bhagavatapurana contain a complete genealogy of the Iksvaku Vamsa. But all the names supplied by these two works are not essentially the same in sequence and much less in number. The Valmiki Ramayana (1.70;2.110) mentions Iksvaku as the progenitor of this lineage (1.70.21), He is said to be a grandson of Vivasvat (the sun). After him the lineage came to be known as the Solar-race as the Puranic tradition records. According to the Valmiki Ramayana, Iksvaku is the fifth descendant in the line of Brahma. The Puranas (Bhagavatapurana, 9.1.11-12; Matsyapurana, 11.1-2) also corroborate this account. Genealogy of Iksvaku Vamsa:-The following is the genealogical list of Iksvaku kings as referred to in various Jaina & Brahmanical works:- 1. See Sukhabodhika Tika on Kalpasutra, p. 144. 2. He is said to have established the Hari, Natha, Ugra and the Kuru Vamsas also. Puspadanta agrees with it in his Mahapurana.

JAINA WORKS ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS Vasubalamahabala Paumacariya, 5 Paumacariya, 5 1. Usaha Rsabha 2. Bharaha 3. Aiccajasa 4. Sihajasa 5. Balabhadda 6. Harivamsa Purana, 13.7-11 Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 2 Rsabha Rsabha Bharata Bharata Bharata Adityayasas Adityayasas Arkakirti Sitayasas Smitayasas Sitakirti Balanka Subala Bala Balanka Subala Mahabala Mahabala Atibala Atibala Subala Mahabala Atibala 7. Amiyabala Amrta Amratabala Amrta 8. Subhadda Subhadra Subhadra 9. Sayarabhadda Sagara Sagara Bhadra Bhadra 10. Ravitea Ravitejas Ravitejas 11. Sasipahapabhuyatea Sasi Sasi Subhadra Sagarabhadra Suryakanta Sasikanta Prabhutatejas Prabhutatejas 12. Teyassi Tejasvin Tejasvin 13. Tavana Tapana Tapana 14. Payavi Pratapavat Pratapavat 15. Aiviria A tivirya Ativirya 16. Mahaviria Suvirya 17. Uiyaparakkama Uditaparakrama Suvirya Uditaparakrama Pavanavirya Ativirya Suvirya Uditaparakrama 201

Paumacariya, 5 18. 19. Sura Surya Mahindavikkama Paumacariya, 5 Mahendravikrama Harivamsa Purana, 13.7-11 i Mahendravikrama Surya 20. Indajuinna Indradyumna Indradyumna 21. Mahaindai Mahendrajit Mahendrajit 22. Pabhu Prabhu 23. Vibhu Vibhu Prabhu Vibhu Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 2 Mahendravikrama Suryavikrama Indradyumna Mahendrajit Prabhu Vibhu 24. Aridamana Vitabhi 25. Vasahakeu Vrsabhadhvaja 26. Garudanka Garudanka 27. Miyanka Mrganka (and others) (and others) Avidhvamsa? (Aridhvamsa) Avidhvamsa? (Aridhvamsa) Aridamana Vitabhi Vrsabhadhvaja Garudanka Mrganka (and others) Vrsabhadhvaja Garudanka Mrganka (and others) Paumacariya, 21-22 28. Vijaa *** 29. Purandara 202 Paumacariya, 21-22 Vijaya Surendramanyu Purandara Kirtidhara Hiranyagarbha Simharatha Brahmaratha Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra, IV p. 182-189 Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 13 Vijaya ... Purandara Kirtidhara Sukosala Hiranyagarbha Naghusa Saudasa Simharatha Brahmaratha Vijaya Sakramanyu Purandara Kirtidhara Sukosala Hiranyaruci Naghusa Saudasa Simharatha Brahmaratha 30. Kittidhara 3I. Sukosala Sukosala 32. Hirannnagabbha 33. Naghusa 34. Sodasa Naghusa Saudasa 35. Siharaha 36. Bambharaha A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM

37. Paumacariya, 21-22 Caummuha 38. Hemaraha 39. Jasaraha 40. Paumaraha 41. Mayaraha Paumacariya, 21-22 Caturvaktra Hemaratha ... TPS, IV. p. 182-189 Caturmukha Hemaratha Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 13 Caturvaktra Hemaratha ... Sataratha Prthu Sataratha Udayaprthu Aja Aja Payoratha Indraratha Variratha Induratha Dinanatharatha Mandhatr Adityaratha Mandhatr ... Sataratha Udayaprthu Payoratha Indraratha Suryaratha Mandhatr 42. Sasiraha 43. Raviraha 44. Mandhaa 45. Udayaraha 46. Naravasaha 47. Virasusena Virasena Pratimanyu Kamalabandhu Ravimanyu 48. Padivayana 49. Kamalabandhu 50. Ravisattu 51. Vasantatilaa Vasantatilaka 52. Kuberadatta Kuberadatta 53. Kunthu Kunthubhakti 54. Saraha Sarabharatha 55. Viraha Dviradaratha ... ... Virasena Pratimanyu Pratibandhu Ravimanyu Vasautatilaka Kuberadatta Kunthu Sarabha Dvirada Virasena Pratimanyu Kamalabandhu Ravimanyu Vasantatilaka Kuberadatta Kunthabhakta Sarabharatha Dviradaratha ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS 203

Paumacariya, 21-22 Paumacariya, 21-22 Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra, IV. p. 182-189 Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena., 13 204 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM 56. Rahanigghosa 57. Mayaridamana Mrgesadamana 58. Hirannanabha 59. Punjatthala 60. Kakuha 61. Raghusa Hiranyakasipu Punjasthala Kakutstha Raghu Simhadamana Hiranyakasipu Punjasthala Kakutstha Raghu 63. 62. Anaranna Dasaraha 64. Rama Anaranya Dasaratha Anaranya Dasaratha (Pauma) Rama (Padma) Rama (Padma) Simhadamana Hiranyakasipu Punjasthala Kakutstha Raghu Anaranya Dasaratha Rama (Padma) BRAHMANICAL WORKS Valmiki Ramayana, 1. 70 & 2. 110 Shrimad-Bhagavata-Mahapurana 9. 1-10 Valmiki Ramayana, 1.70 & 2.110 Brahma Svayambhu 7. Marici Marici 8. Kasyapa Kasyapa Trisanku Dhundhumara 9. Yuvanasva Vivasvat Vivasvat 10. Mandhatr Manu Manu 11. Susandhi 1. Iksvaku Iksvaku 2. Kuksi Vikuksi 12. 3. Vikuksi Puranjaya or Kakutstha 13. 4. Bana Anena 14. Asita 5. Anaranya Prthu 15. Sagara 6. Prthu Visvarandhi 16. Asamanjasa Dhruvasandhi Bharata Shrimad-Bhagavata-Mahapurana 9. 1-10 Candra Yuvanasva I Sabasta (Sravasta) Brhadasva Kuvalayasva or Dhundhumara Drdhasva Haryasva I Nikumbha Barhanasva KTsasva

or ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS VAMSAS Valmiki Ramayana, 1.70 & 2.110 17. Amsumat 18. Dilipa 19. Bhagiratha Shrimad-Bhagavata-Mahapurana 9.1-10 Senajit 38. Yuvanasva II 39. Trasaddasyu I 40. or Mandhata 41. 20. Kakutstha Purukutsa 42. 21. Raghu Trasaddasyu II 43. 22. Kalmasapada or Saudasa Anaranya 44. 23. Sankhana Haryasva II 45. 24. Sudarsana Aruna 46. 25. Agnivarna 26. Srighraga 27. Maru Tribandhana 47. Satyavrata Hariscandra 48. Valmiki Ramayana, 1.70 & 2.110 Shrimad-Bhagavata-Mahapurana 9.1-10 Amsumat Dilipa I Bhagiratha Sruta Nabha Sindhudvipa Ayutayu Rtuparna Sarvakama Sudasa or Mitrasaha Kalmas (anghri) apada Asmaka 28. Prasusruka Rohita 49. Mulaka 29. Ambarisa Harita 50. 30. Nahusa Campa 51. 31. Yayati Sudeva 52. · 32. Nabhaga Vijaya 53. 33. Aja Bharuka 54. 34. Dasaratha Vrka 55. Dasaratha I Edavida (Ailivila) Visvasaha (Dilipa II)' Khatvanga Dirghabahu Raghu Bahuka 56. Aja 35. Rama Sagara 57. Asamanjasa 58. Dasaratha Rama 1. Khatvanga as Dilipa (Puranic Chronology, p. 349-D. R. Mankad). 2. Ibid, p. 350; Dirghabahu is taken as an adjective of Raghu (see Harivamsapurana 15.25). 205

206 A CRITICAL STUDY OF PAUMACARIYAM The following is a consolidated picture of relative positions of those kings who are identical in the Paumacariya, the Valmiki Ramayana and the Puranas:Paumacariya Valmiki Ramayana Puranas 2. Bharaha 13. Bharata 28. Vijaya, 32. Vijaya 33. Naghusa 30. Nahusa 34. Sodasa 22. Saudasa 47. Sudasa. 44. Mandhata 10. Mandhata 19. Mandhata. 60. Kakuha 20. Kakutstha. 61. Raghusa 21. Raghu. 62. Anaranna 5. Anaranya. 63. Dasaraha 34. Dasaratha. 64. Rama 35. Rama. 3. Kakutstha. 55. Raghu. 22. Anaranya. 57. Dasaratha. 58 Rama. A comparison of the genealogical lists as found in the Paumacariya and the Valmiki Ramayana shows that in all eight persens-Bharata, Naghusa, Saudasa. Mandhatr, Kakutstha, Raghu, Anaranya and Dasaratha are common though their places in the line differ. While there are only seven persons in the Paumacariya, who find mention in the Puranic list also. They are Vijaya, Saudasa, Mandhatr Kakutstha, Raghu, Anaranya and Dasaratha. Hiranyanabha of the Paumacariya is found in the Raghuvamsa (18 25) and the Puranas (Bhag, 9.12 3). But he is mentioned to have been born after some generations in the line of Rama and not as an ancestor of Rama as found in the Paumacariya The relative places of these seven kings mentioned in the Paumacariya differ from those of the Puranic list also. There are only six kings who are common to all the three lists. They are Saudasa, Mandhatr, Kakutstha, Raghu, Anaranya and Dasaratha. According to the Paumacariya, Kakutstha appears some generations after Mandhatr. This sequence agrees with the Valmiki Ramayana though the exact place in the line does not agree. In the Puranic list Mandhata is mentioned some generations after Kakutstha. The Paumacariya and the Valmiki Ramayana refer to Raghu as the son of Kakutstha but in the Puranic list Raghu is a descendant of Kakutstha after many generations. If we start from Vijaya then the place of Rama as found in the Paumacariya comes to be thirty-seventh which is nearer to the Valmiki Ramayana, but the total number of descendants from Rsabha to Rama as found in the Paumacariya are 64. In the Puranic list the number is 58 from Iksvaku to Rama, In this respect the Paumacariya's list is nearer to that of the Puranic Moreover Vijaya is mentioned in the Puranic list, his place being thirty-second and mark, how close it is to his place in the Paumacariya one.

ORIGIN AND GENEALOGY OF VARIOUS vaMsas 207 which is 28th. On the whole Nos. 44,60.61 and 62 of the Paumacariya can be compared in the same order with No. 19 of the Puranas, 20 & 21 of the Valmiki Ramayana and again 22 of the Puranas as given in the above consolidated list. lists of other Jaina In all there are 27 Vasubalamahabala number comes to Now we compare the list of the Paumacariya with the works so as to find out how far they are identical. kings from Rsabha to Mrganka in the Paumacariya should be taken as two persons then the total 27+1=28. The Paumacariya mentions 32 kings and the HVPS agrees with the Paumacariya Out of them Prabhutatejas and Vitabhi should be taken as adjectives, and 'Sagara' and 'Bhadra' should be taken as the parts of one name as Sagarabhadra. Thus the total number comes to 32 - 2 = 30. Out of them 27 names agree with those of the Paumacariya Sitayasas of the Paumacariya is mentioned as Sihajasa in the Paumacariya and as Smitayasas in the Harivamsha-purana of Jinasenasuri Atibala is the only name in the Paumacariya which does not find mention in the Paumacariya If Atibala and Amrta of the Paumacariya are taken together as one person i. e. Atibala-amrta then the person becomes identical with Amiyabala of the Paumacariya Thus the Paumacariya agrees with the Paumacariya Bh. Somasena agrees with the Paumacariya except that he mentions Pavanavirya additionally and does not refer to Tejasvin, Tapana and Pratapavat. The name of Amrtabala (9) in the Harivamsha-purana of Jinasenasuri indicates the influence of the Paumacariya on the Harivamsha-purana of Jinasenasuri Now we take up the ancestors of Rama from Vijaya to Dasaratha. Commencing from Vijaya, Rama's place is 37th, 36th, 34th and 36th, in the Paumacariya, Paumacariu, Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra and Ramapurana of Bhattaraka Somasena. respectively. Naravasaha (46) of the Paumacariya may be dropped as an adjective. In all 29 names of the Paumacariya (excluding nos. 39, 40, 41, 42, 45, 46, 55 & 56) agree with those of the Paumacariya and the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra In the latter work No. 49 does not agree but that loss is replaced by No. 42-Induratha who, is just identical with Sasiratha of the Paumacariya In all 33 names of the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra are identical with those of the Paumacariya The additional four kings, viz. Sataratha, Udayaprthu, Varinatha and Dvirada are taken by the Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra from the Paumacariya because they are not mentioned in the Paumacariya So it may be concluded that Hemacandra has followed both the Paumacariya and the Paumacariya while it is quite apparent that Bh. Somasena completely agrees with Ravisena and he is influenced by Hemacandra's Trishashti Shalaka Purusha-caritra (See Udayaprthu between Nos. 41, 42 and 57 also) as well as the Paumacariya (See No. 9 & 24). The Paumacariya additionally mentions Aja and Prthu who find place in the Brahmanical tradition.