Index of Geographical Names mentioned in Yasastilaka

Comm. refers to Srutasagara's commentary on Yasastilaka. Page numbers refer to the N. S. edition of Yasastilaka. Ahicchatra in Pancala, Book VI, section 15. Identified with Ramnagar in Bareilly District, U. P. Sacred to the Jaina Saviour Parsvanatha. Somadeva says z- parsvanatha paramesvarayasahprakasanamatre ahicchatre . Anga 3. 247 etc. Corresponds roughly to the modern districts of Bhagalpur, Monghyr etc. As maka, Book III, p. 567: zzme as Asmantaka mentioned in 1. 207: vesma vihaya yahi . Comm. explains Asmantaka as the Sapadalaksa mountain. The Barbara mentioned in 3. 112 is also explained by the comm. as the ruler of the hill tract of Sapadalaksa. Asmaka, Asmantaka, the Barbara country, and Sapadalaksa are thus identical. The capital of Asmaka was Podana or Paudanapura, identified with modern Bodhan, situated on an affluent of the Godavari in the Nizamabad District of Hyderabad State. See Saletore: The Southern Asmaka in Jaina Antiguary, Vol. VI, P. 60. Paudanapura is mentioned in Yasastilaka, Book VII, section 28, where it is located in Ramyakadesa ( ramyakadesanivesopeta- podanapura nivesinah ). According to the Parbhani inscription (see Chap. I of this book), the Calukya chief Yuddhamalla I ruled over the Sapadalaksa country, and caused his elephants to be bathed in a tank filled with oil at Podan. iti visrutah | tatrabhud yuddhamallakhyo nrpatirvikramarnavah || sapadalaksabhubharta tailavapyam sa podane | avagahotsavam cakre sakrasrirmadadantinam || Asmaka is called Assaka in Pali literature, and Podana is the same as the ancient Potana, the capital of Assaka, which is one of the seven Kingdoms of India mentioned in a verse cited in the Mahagovinda Suttanta of the Dighanikaya. In the Suttanipata (verse 977), Assaka is located on the banks of the Godavari. The name appears as Asmaka in the Mahavastu, Vol. 3, p. 208. The Asmaka country thus corresponds to the Nizamabad District of Hyderabad State and the adjoining territory, and possibly covered in ancient times the southernmost area of Berar as well as the northern part of Hyderabad. See also Sarkar: The Vakatakas and the Asmaka country in IHQ, Vol. XXII, p. 233 and Mirashi: Historical Data in Dandin's Dasakumaracarita in ABORI, Vol. XXVI, p. 20. Ayodhya, Book VI, section 8 ( aat gt). Kosala is mentioned in 3.249 ( kauseyaih kosalendrah ). Comm. explains kosala as Vinitapura. Under 1.210 it says ayodhyayah, Balavahanapura, Book VI, section 15. Barbara, see under Asmaka. Bhavapura, Book VI, section 15. Bhoja country () 1.207. Same as Vidarbha or Berar. Bhandarkar: Early History of the Dekkan, section III. Bhumitilaka, see under Janapada. Campa, Book VI, section 8 (... puri ). Near Bhagalpur. capital of the kingdom of Anga. Cedi, Book III (g: etc.). The capital of Cedi was Tripuri (Tewar, near Jubbalpur). Under 1.207 comm. explains Cedi as Kundinapura. The ancient Cerama, Book III. Yasodhara is described as palavapandyacolacera maharmyanirmanaprakasyamanadigvijaya afa Cerama=Cera-Kerala (Malabar). In 1. 208 the Cera king is addressed thus: cerama paryata malayopakantham . The reading of the printed text, a, is a mistake, as the mss. read . Kerala is mentioned several times : keralinam nayana- dirghika kelikalahamsah Book I; 3. 247 ; 3. 112 : kelim kerala samhara ; 1. 210: keralamahilamukhakamalahamsah and y: etc. Book III, p. 431. Cola, see under Cerama. Also 3. 247. Cf- coli nayanotpalavana vikasa 1. 186 ; colisu bhralatanartana .

: Book I. The traditional Cola country is represented by the modern districts of Trichinopoly and Tanjore and part of Pudukkottah State. Comm. on 3.247 calls the Cola country Manjisthadesa, The land of madder', also Samangadesa (under 1. 86), samanga being same as manjistha. Under 1. 208 ( fag) comm. identifies the Cola country with Gangapura, which seems to be an abbreviated Sanskritized form of Gangaikonda-colapuram, the Cola capital during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, 'at the meeting point of the modern districts of Trichinopoly, S. Arcot and Tanjore.' Cunkara, Book IV, p. 138. A city associated in a legend with the sage Brhaspati. Dahala, Book VII, section 29. Same as Dahala or Dahala identified with the kingdom of Cedi (q. v.). Somadeva describes it as full of sugarcane groves, and says that the city of Svastimati is in Dahala (c kamakodandakaranakantarairiveksuvanavatarairvirajitamandalayam dahalayamasti svastimati nama puri ). Das'arna, Book IV, p. 153. Also dasarnavarnini located in the Indrakaccha country. The name Raurukapura is omitted in the printed text, and supplied here from the manuto be the scripts. Raurukapura seems Roruka of the Buddhist texts, the capital of Sovira, an important centre of the coasting trade, apparently on the Gulf of Cutch. Rhys Davids: Buddhist India, p. 38. Cf. Mahavastu, Vol. 3, p. 208: sauviranam ca rorukam • Janapada, Book VI, section 5. The capital of Janapada was Bhumitilakapura. The place is not identified, but for early coins of Janapada see Rapson: Indian Coins, p. 12. Janapada was perhaps near the Kuru country, as in the story in question (See Chap. XVI) two friends, banished from Bhumitilakapura, come to Hastinagapura in Kurujangala. Kakandi, see under Kampilya. Kalidasa, name of a forest, near Ahicchatra, on the Jalavahini river (jalavahininamanaditata- nikatanivistapratanane mahati kalidasakanane Book VI, section 15). hor: Book III, p. 568. The capital of Kalinga, Book V. Sudatta is described as Dasarna was Vidisa, the remains of which are between the rock of Bhilsa and the hill of Udayagiri. In the midst of this buried city is the hamlet of Besnagar, in Gwalior State. Comm. says gopacalat gavyuticatvarimsati vartate . Dasarya_is identified with East Malwa and the adjoining region with its capital at Vidisa and the rivers Dasarna (modern Dhasan) and Vetravati (modern Betwa) running through it. IHQ, Vol. XXI, p. 61. Ekacakrapura, Book VII, section 22. Ekanasi, Book V (explained in comm. as Mentioned also in Ujjayini), p. 226. Book VII, section 25, and located in Avanti. Girikuta, Book VII, section 29. Hastinagapura, see under Kurujangala. Hemapura, Book VI, section 15. Indrakaccha, Book VI, section 9. The city of Raurukapura, also called Mayapuri, is the lord of the Mahendra mountain, the home of elephants, in Kalinga ( dviradamadamodamandakandarodaraparisaratpavanapanaparamadhukarali- nilamanimekhalankitanitambavasumdharasya mahendramahidharasyadhi- c:). The Kalinga forest, famous for its patih ). elephants, is thus defined in a verse quoted in the comm. on Book II: 'utkalanam ca desasya daksinasyarnavasya ca | sahyasya caiva vindhyasya madhye kalingajam vanam || ' The elephants of Kalinga are referred to also in Yasastilaka 3, 248, Kamboja 1. 211 ( kambojapurandhritilakapatra ) ; kambojinam affa: Book I. Comm. on Book II ( devamiva kulena kambojam ) identifies Kamboja with Bahlikadesa (modern Balkh in Northern Afghanistan). Under 1. 211 comm. identifies Kamboja with Kashmir and the neighbouring countries, and calls the Kamboja women large-headed: radidesastrinam brhanmundanam- It explains also kambojina m as brhanmundakamaniya kamininam . Kamboja was near Gandhara 'in the extreme north-

west, with Dvaraka as its capital'. Rhys Davids (op. cit.), p. 28. Kampilya, Book VII, section 32 ( tridasanivesanukulo pasalye kampilye ). Identified with Kampil in Farrukhabad District, U. P. The city of Kakandi, described as a great commercial centre (sakalajagadvyavaharavatara trivedyam Ibid.), seems to have been in the neighbourhood of Kampilya, as the miser Sagaradatta goes from the latter city to Kakandi on hearing of the death of his nephew, and returns not long after. Kakandi is mentioned also in Book VII, section 24. It was the birth place of the Jaina Tirthamkara Puspadanta. Somadeva says srimatpuspadantabhadantavataravatirnatridiva- patisampaditodyavendirasandyam kakandyam puri . Kanakagiri, Book III, p. 566. A mountain near Ujjayini. Yasodhara, the king of Ujjayini, is described as the lord of Kanakagiri. Comm. says that Kanakagiri is the name of a city on the Suvarnagiri mountain, four Krosas from Ujjayini (suvarnagirinamaparvatopari vasati yat nagaram tat kanakagirim - rityucyate | ujjayinyah samipe gavyutidvayam gatva kanakagirih prapyate | ). 513 Karnataka History, Vol. I, p. VII. Under 1. 211 ( karnatayuvatikaitavavidagdha ) comm. explains Karnata as comprising Vidara and other places : karnatayuvatinam vidaradistrinam . Vidara is modern Bidar (District and Town) in Hyderabad State. Comm. on Book I identifies Karnata with Vanavasa (or Vanavasi ) : karnatinam vanavasadesayositam . Kaunga, Book III: : etc., p. 431. kaungesu kurangah Same as Kongudesa, "the western part of Maisur as far as Nandidrug, together with Coimbatore and Salem." Rapson: Indian Coins, p. 36. Kaus'ambi, Book III ( qua:). Identified with Kosam on the mandanah Jumna, about 30 miles west of Allahabad. Kausambi was the capital of the Vatsa country. Comm. says kausambi nama nagari vatsadese gopacalat gavyuticatuscatvarimsati vartate . If Gavyuti, as a measure of distance, is taken to mean two Krosas or four miles, Kausambi, according to the commentary, is about 176 miles from Gopacala or Gwalior. Kausambi is mentioned also in Book VII, section 26. In an early Buddhist text the (the Maha-Sudassana-Suttanta of Dighanikaya) Kosambi is mentioned as one of the great cities, the others being Campa, Rajagaha, Benares etc. Kankahi, Book V. A village near Ujjayini. The inhabitants of the village manufactured woolen shawls or carpets and leather saddles. Somadeva says Kira 3.249 (). Kashmir. Comm. ujjayinim nikasa tamatajinajenaji va notajakule kankahinamake grama- dhamake . Comm. says tamatam urjamayamastaranam, ajinajenam carmapalyanam . He Karahata, Book V. Karhad on the confluence of the Krishna and the Koina in Satara District, Bombay Province. Somadeva describes Karahata as a prosperous country and gives an interesting picture of a large dairy farm of the locality. refers also to the tall gold-crested edifices of Karahata : 'api ca yatra, sotsedhasaudhasikharasrayasa- takumbhasumbhatprabhaprabhu nabhah pravibhavya bhuyah | '...... Karnata 1. 185 ( karnatayuvatisuratavatamsa ) and karnatinam kucakalasa vilasapallavah Book I. Roughly the country between the Godavari and the Kaveri, bordering on the Arabian Sea in the West, and.extending approximately to 78° longitude in the East. Sources of 65 says kiranathah sukadesasvami kasmiradesadhipah . Krathakais'ika, Book III: p. 431 and gc: etc., krathakaisikesu kamah p. 567. Comm. explains the term as Viratadesa, corresponding roughly to the present territory of Jaipur and Alwar States. Kalidasa identifies Krathakaisika with Vidarbha (Berar and the adjoining territory) in Raghuvamsa 5. 60, 61. Kuntala 1. 211 ( kuntalakantalakabhanganirata ). in some "In the inscriptions of the later Kadambas, the progenitor of the Kadamba family (sometimes called Mayuravarman, but or cases Mukkana Kadamba) is represented as the ruler of the Kuntala country which is described as the land round the capital city of Trilocana

Vanavasi in the North Kanara District." The territories of the Kadambas of Vanavasi comprised the North Kanara District and parts of Mysore, Belgaum and Dharwar. Somadeva seems to have this area in his mind. See Sarkar in IHQ, Vol. XXII, p. 233. Kuntala seems, however, to refer to a wider area, "The following verse which occurs in the Nilgund plate describes the Later Calukya emperor Jayasimha II alias Mallikamoda as ruling over the Kuntala country where flows the famous river Krsnavarna (i. e. the Krsna which gets this name after its confluence with the Vena near Mahuli, 3 miles east of Satara): vikhyata krsnavarne tailasnehopalabdhasaralatve | kuntalavisaye nitaram virajate mallikamodah || " The Rastrakutas and the Later Calukyas are described in contemporary records and Sanskrit works as rulers of Kuntala. The capital of the Rastrakutas was Manyakheta, modern Malkhed in the Gulbarga District of Hyderabad State; while that of the Later Calukyas was Kalyana, about 50 miles almost due north of Malkhed, near Bidar in the Bidar District in the same State. "Malkhed is about 250 miles, as ( magadhadesesu kusagranagaropantapatini ). Kusagrapura is mentioned by Yuan Chwang, being called the centre of Magadha and its old capital. "The city derived its name from the excellent fragrant reedgrass which abounded there." Watters: On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, Vol. II, p. 148. According to a tradition. preserved in Hemacandra's Trisastisalakapurusacarita, Prasenajit was king of Kusagrapura. Because of frequent fires in Kusagrapura Prasenajit ordered that any one in whose house a fire occurred should be exiled from the city. As a fire subsequently occurred in the palace, Prasenajit felt bound by his own edict, left the city, and founded Rajagrha. Johnson in IHQ, Vol. XXII, p. 228. Rajagrha, the new capital, is modern Rajgir, south of Patna, near Bihar (town). Rajagrha, called also Pancasailapura, the city surrounded by the five hills, is mentioned by Somadeva in Book VI, section 13 (magadhadesesu rajagrhaparanamavasare pancasailapure ). Kusumapura, Book IV (dau Same as Pataliputra, the crow flies, north by east of Banavasi Lampaka, Book III ( and more than 50 miles north of the Krsna." The Udayasundarikatha says that Pratisthana, modern Paithan on the Godavari, was the capital of the Kuntala country. Kuntala thus did not comprise only the North Kanara District of Bombay Province and parts of Mysore, Belgaum and Dharwar Districts, but extended much further to the north so as to include what we now call the Southern Maratha country. See Mirashi in IHQ, Vol. XXII, p. 310. Kurujangala 1. 211 ( kurujangalalalanakucatanutra ) A portion of the Kuru country, which contained the city of Hastinapura, called by Somadeva Hastinagapura or Hastinapura in Book VI, section 20. Jangaladesa and Hastinagapura are mentioned also in Book VII, section 28. Kus'agrapura in Magadha, Book VI, section 6 See hare ...... haimane maruti ). Identified with the modern Laghman. It is the Lan-po of Yuan-chuang, and supposed to represent the Lambatai of Ptolemy. Watters: On Yuan Chwang, Vol. I, p. 181. Lata 1. 185 (). Comm. says latinam bhrgukacchadesodbhavanam strinam Bhgukaccha, or Bharukaccha, as it is called in Pali, is modern Broach (District and Town) at the mouth of the Narmada. Lata corresponds roughly to Eastern Gujarat. Madra 3. 112 (a). Identi fied with the country about Sakala (Sialkot) in the Punjab between the Ravi and the Chenab, Mahismati, Book III ([SYYYY- mahismatipatiprabhrtinamavanipatinam balani and mahi- smatiyuvatirati kusumacapah ). Comm. says mahismati nama nagari yamunapuradisi pattanam Supposed to be Maheshwar on the Narmada in Indore, or

Mandhata, also on the Narmada, in Nimar District, C. P. Mahismati was the capital of the early Kalacuris (Kataccuris) who ruled over Maharastra between the extinction of the Andhrabhrtyas and the rise of the Calukyas. Bhandarkar: Early History of the Dekkan, 3 rd. ed., Notes, p. 251. Krsnaraja, the founder of the early Kalacuri dynasty, established himself at Mahismati about the middle of the 6 th century A. b. The capital was later transferred to Tripuri near Jubbulpur. Cf. IHQ, Vol. XXI, p. 84. Mathura. For references to Mathura see Chap. XVII of this book. In Book VI, section 10, Uttara-Mathura, 'Mathura of the North', is distinguished from DaksinaMathura, Mathura of the South,' in Pandyamandala, i. e. Madura. Mithilapura, Book VI, section 20. wei Nabhigiri, Book VI, section 15. A mountain in Magadha on the border of the city of Soparapura (magadhavisaye soparapuraparyantadhani nabhi- girinamni mahidhare ). Nepala 3. 249 (mrgamadairesa nepalapalah ). Padmavati, Book III (cagc:). Comm. explains it as Ujjayini. Mentioned also in Book VII, section 26. A marginal note in Ms. A gives the same explanation. Padminikheta, Book VII, section 27. Name of a city. Pallava 1. 207 ( pallava laghu kelirasamapaihi ); 1. 210 (a); and cg : Book I. The Pallava country was the region of Kanci (Conjeeveram), the ancient Tondaimandalam, ruled over by the Pallavas until they were overthrown by the Colas towards the end of the ninth century. The Pallava territory was annexed by the Colas, but the memories of Pallava rule must have been still fresh when Somadeva wrote a little more than half a century later. Further, Pallava chieftains continued to rule here and there under Cola suzerainty. Poussin : Dynasties et Histoire de l'Inde, p. 271. Comm. explains Pallava as Panca-Dramila, which is 515 rather vague, but there is no doubt that the Dramila or Dravida or the Tamil country is meant. In Book III Somadeva describes a Dramila or Tamil or Dravidian Regiment (f). Apart from (dra milam balam the Pallavas, the Kanci territory is mentioned in Book III ( kancikaminikucakalasa kisa- layah ). Comm. says kacirnama daksinasamudratata desah . Fancala. A king of Pancala (modern Rohilkhand, U. P.) figures prominently in Book III. The Pancalakas are mentioned in 3.112, 247. Pandu, Book IV (Same as the Pandya country. The king of the Pandyadesa is mentioned in 3.248. Pataliputra. The courtesans of Pataliputra are incidentally referred to in Book III Another Patali- (pataliputrapanyanganabhujangah ). putra, located in Surastradesa (Kathiawar), is mentioned in Book VI, section 12. Seems In the Paudanapura. See under Asmaka. Paurava, Book III (pauravapuramdhirodhatilakah ). Comm. says that Pauravapura is Ayodhya. Rajapura, capital of the Yaudheya country, described in Book I. "The Yaudheyas have been identified with the modern Johiyas of Bhawalpur, but in ancient times their territory was more extended." Rapson: Indian Coins, p. 14. Rajapura may perhaps be identified with modern Rajanpur in Bahawalpur State, south of Multan. See also Chap. XV of this Book. S'ankhapura, Book VI, section 8. to be not far from Ayodhya. story in question Anantamati is abandoned in the neighbourhood of a mountain bordering on Sankhapura, whence she is taken to Ayodhya by a merchant who had pitched his camp near by (sankhapuraparyantaparvato- pakanthe parihrta tatsamipasamavasita sarthanikena ... vanik patipakenavalokita sati svikrta ca ....kosaladesa- madhyayamayodhyayam puri ... samarpita ). Simhala 1.186, 3.247 etc. Simhapura, Book VII, section 27. Located in the Prayaga country. Not the Simhapura mentioned by Yuan Chwang. See Watters (op. cit.), Vol. I, p. 248. bed

Sindhu 3.248 ( turaganivaha esa presitah saindhavaih ). The Saindhavas mentioned are the princes ruling over the Indus territory. S'irisagrama, Book VII, section 26. Located in Avanti, Soparapura. See under Nabhigiri. Sricandra 3.249 ( sricandrascandrakantai vividha kuladhanairmagadhah prabhrtaistvam drastum dvare samaste ...). The reference is obscure. Comm. explains Sricandra as the lord of the Kailasa mountain, S'rimala 3. 247. Bhinmal in Jodhpur State. It is the Bhillamala mentioned in the Prasasti of the Jaina Prakrit romance Kuvalayamala composed in the eighth century. Srimala was the original home of the Jains now inhabiting Rajputana, Western India, the Punjab and the U. P. See Jinavijayaji Muni in Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. 11, Parts I and II. Surasena, Book IV (af). The Mathura country. Also valabhirambhoruvibhramabhramarah Book III. Valabhi was the capital of the Maitrakas of Surastra (Kathiawar), and is now represented by the ruins at Wala, about 20 miles N. W. of Bhavnagar. Vanavasi 1. 211() and 1. 189. "Situated in the corner between the Ghats, the Tungabhadra and the Varada." Buhler's Introduction to Vikramankadevacarita. Comm, on 1. 211 says faqa fear, that is, the Vanavasi area contained Girisopa (modern Gersoppa in North Kanara District, Bombay Province) qand other cities. It may be noted that under 1. 211 comm. reads far and not girisopana, as stated in a footnote on p. 181 of the printed edition. Vanavasa is mentioned in the Mahavamsa XII. 31, and, as pointed out by Geiger, there is a modern town Banavasi in North Kanara. Imp. Gaz. of India, S. V. See under Kuntala. Surastra, Book VI, section 12. Kathiawar. Vanga 3. 247 (:) and ag CE. saurastrisu valivahini vinodakunjarah Book I. Comm. says girinarisaurastriyositsu . The first name refers to Girnar Hill near Junagarh in Kathiawar. Suvarnadvipa, Book VII, section 27. Sumatra. In the story in question the young merchant Bhadramitra along with his companions goes on a voyage to Suvarnadvipa, and returns after acquiring choice and rare local products in exchange for a huge quantity of merchandise (punaraganyapanyavini- mayena tatratyamacintya matmabhimatavastuskandhamadaya pratya a). See Chap. XVI of this book. Suvela, Book V. A mountain to the south of the Himalaya, 'himalayaddaksinadikkapolah sailah suvelo'sti latavilolah | ' Svastimati, see under Dahala. Tamalipti, Book VI, section 12. Described as being in Purvadesa and Gaudamandala. Modern Tamluk in Midnapore District, Bengal. Ujjayini. Described with Avanti in Book II. Valabhi, Book VII, section 23. ( madamattamanisimattalikulakelikamalanabhyam valabhyam puri ). : etc. Book III. Vangala, Book III: vangalesu mangalah etc., p. 431. Perhaps the earliest reference to the country of Vangala in classical Sanskrit literature. For other references see D. C. Ganguly: Vangaladesa in IHQ, December, 1943. "In the eleventh century Dacca District was in the country of Vangala.... In the fourteenth century Sonargaon is definitely known to have been the capital of Vangala, which extended from Dacca to Chittagong." Others think that the southern part of old Vanga came to be known as Vangala, and identify it with Candradvipa, i. e. parts of the Buckergunge District and the adjoining region. See D. Sarkar: The City of Bengals in Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. V, p. 36. Vangala is mentioned dessin the Tirumalai inscription (1024 A. D.) of Rajendra Cola, while the Ablur inscription of Kalacurya Vijjala (1157-67 A. D.) mentions Vanga and Vangala separately. Ibid. Vangala has also been identified with south-east Bengal including Chittagong. IHQ, Vol. XXII, p. 280,

and Book etc., p. 95. Vangi Vangi 1. 210 IV: seems to be the Vengi country, being the districts between the Godavari and the 517 1 Kosala, where reigned a branch of the Cedis of Tripuri. Varanasi in the Kasi country (g). Book VII, section 31. Krsna, where ruled the Eastern Calukyas. Vijayapura in Madhyadesa, Book VI, section But the comm. in both places identifies Vangi with Ratnapura. On 1. 210 it says vangivanitanam vinitayah ayodhyayah purvadikrstrinam ratna gr. Ratnapura (modern Ratanpur in Bilaspur District, C. P., to the north of Bilaspur Town) was the capital of Daksina 7. Vis'ala, same as Ujjayini. rafa saudhasparddhisalayam visalayam puri, Book VI, seotion 19. Mentioned also in Book V. Yaudheya, see under Rajapura. CRE res A A