Part 8 - Writers and treatises on painting, sculpture, gems etc.

A work on painting called Citrakarma ascribed to Prajapati is quoted in Book IV. prajapatiprokte ca citrakarmani- sramanam tailaliptangam navabhirbhittibhiryutam | yo likhet sa likhet sarvam prthvimapi sasagaram || A work on sculpture called Adityamata is quoted in the same Book. bhavabijankuramathana astamahapratiharyavibhavasametah | te deva dasatalah sesa deva bhavanti navatalah || A work on gems called Ratnapariksa is quoted in Book V. 1 ' kasiraja iva sariropacaresu ' 2 'dhanuh salyasastram tasya antam param iyatim gacchatiti dhanvantarih tam | ' 3 See list of authors cited in N. S. edition.

taduktam ratnapariksayam - na kevalam tacchubhakrnnrpasya manye prajanamapi tadvibhutyai | yayojananam paratah sataddhi sarvananarthan vimukhikaroti || The work cited by Somadeva is Buddhabhatta's Ratnapariksa, and the verse is found in the text edited by Finot in Les Lapidaires Indiens (Paris, 1896). The work is incorporated in Garudapurana (Purvakhanda, chapters 68-80) without acknowledgement. The verse cited by Somadeva is also found among the verses quoted from Garudapurana in Bhoja's Yuktikalpataru in the section on gems. It may be noted that Garudapurana as well as the other two texts ( with slight variations) read bhagyaih prajanamapi tasya janma for manye prajanamapi tadvibhutyai recorded by Somadeva. In Book II the young Yasodhara is described as an expert in the examination of gems, like Sukanasa, who seems to be an ancient authority on gems.' Reference to writers on elephants has been made in a preceding section. In Book II Yasodhara is compared to Raivata in the mastery of the science of horses." That there were works on the subject in the tenth century is shown by the reference to the acaryaparisad 'committee of experts' appointed to select a horse on the occasion of Yasodhara's coronation in Book II and the use of technical terms. But Raivata is explained in the commentary as the son of the Sun, and appears to be a mythological figure. He is the same as the god Revanta mentioned in Brhatsamhita 58. 56, according to which his image should be represented as riding a horse, surrounded by a hunting party. A quotation from Brhatsamhita, Chap. 60, occurs in Book IV. miharavyahrte pratisthakande ca- varaha- visnorbhagavata mayasca saviturvipra vidubrihmagam matrnamiti matrmandalavidah sambhoh sabhasma dvijah | sakyah sarvahitaya santamanaso nagna jinanam vidurye yam devamupasritah svavidhina te tasya kuryuh kriyam || A verse from Nimittadhyaya occurs in the same Book. A padmini rajahamsasca nirgranyasca tapodhanah | yam desamupasarpanti subhiksam tatra nirdiset || A verse from Svapnadhyaya is quoted in Book VI, section I: svapnadhyaye'tiva suprasiddhatvat | tatha hi- yastu pasyati rajyante rajanam kunjaram hayam | suvarna vrsabham gam ca kutumbam tasya vardhate || There is a Svapnadhyaya in thirtyfive verses in Matsyapurana (Chap. 242), but it does not contain the above verse which, however, occurs in the Svapnadhyaya included in Agnipurana (Chap. 229). Two interesting references to Svapnadhyaya or the science of dreams occur in Lalitavistara. In 1 'sukanasa iva ratnapariksasu ' 2 'raivata iva iyanayesu '

Chap. 12 it is mentioned among the branches of study in which the Bodhisattva distinguished himself. In chap. 6 we find mentioned a class of people whose vocation seems to have been the interpretation of dreams, being styled as svapnadhyayi pathaka . A reference to the science of arms occurs in Book III, the Dhanurveda being described as occupying the highest place among treatises on the ayudhasiddhanta. It is, however, doubtful whether the verse 3. 465 is & citation from the Dhanurveda. Somadeva says yavanti bhuvi sastrani tesam sresthataram dhanuh | dhanusam gocare tani na tesam gocaro dhanuh || ityayudhasiddhantamadhyasaditasimhanadaddhanurvedadupasrutya ...... A Pancatantra is mentioned in Book VII, section 31, but it is doubtful whether it has anything to do with the wellknown book of tales: 'pancatantradi- sastravistrtavacana ugraseno nama sacivah| ' It is noteworthy that a marginal note in Ms. A explains pancatantra as tarkavyakaranadi. 6 In the same section of Book VII the following verse is attributed to - those who are well-versed in the Purannas'. vadanti puranavidah - vidhurguroh kalatrena gotamasyamaresvarah | samtanoscapi dusvarma samasta pura kila || Casual references to the Tripitaka and the treatise of Bharata occur in the description of the Jaina temple in Book V. 'pitakatrayapaddhatiriva yogacaragocara ', 'bharatapadaviva vidhilayanatyadambara '. Dattaka, an ancient authority on erotic lore, is mentioned in Book II. ' In Vatsyayana's Kamasutra 1. 1. 11 Dattaka is said to have treated the section on courtesans of the Kamasutra of Babhravya Pancala in a separate treatise, being employed for the purpose by the courtesans of Pataliputra. may also be mentioned that a Kamasutra is mentioned at least twice Somadeva, but without any reference to Vatsyayana or any other author. a ksamasciraparicitakamasutrayah kakiladikaranodaharananam ' Book I, 'srngaravrttibhirudahrtakamasutram ' 1.73. It A number of popular or moral verses is quoted by Somadeva without mentioning the source ( Book VII, sections 27, 28, 29; Books IV & VII ; Book VI, sections 5, 6, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17 and 19 ) : - padamayannivim kuryat padam vittaya kalpayet | dharmopabhogayoh padam padam bhartavyaposane || iti punyaslokah bhavati catra slokah - alpairapi samathaih syat sahayavijayi nrpah | karyayanto hi kuntasya dandastvasya paricchadah || bhavati catra slokah -bhasthane baddhakaksanam naranam sulabham dvayam | paratra durgatidargha duskirtiscatra sasvati || na vratamasthigrahanam sakapayomulabhaiksacarya va | vratametadunnatadhiyamangikrtavastunirvahanam || bhavati catra slokah --atastatvavihinasya vrtha vratasamudyamah | pumsah svabhavabhiroh syanna sauryayayudhagrahah || 1 'dattaka va kantusiddhantesu ' 2 Cf. catuva vibhaje bhoge, save mittani ganthati, ekena bhoge bhunjeyya, dvihi kammam payojaye, tutthanca nidhapeyya, apadasu bhavissatiti | Digha Nikaya XXXI. 26.

bhavati catra slokah - urarikrta nirvaha sahaso citacetasam | ubhau kamadudhau lokau kirtiscalpam jagattrayam || bhavati catra slokah -jale tailamivaitihyam vrtha tatra bahirdyutih | rasavat syanna yatrantarbodho vedhaya dhatusu || bhavati catra slokah - visuddhamanasam pumsam paricchedaparatmanam | kim kurvanti krta vighnah sadacarakhilaih khalaih || bhavati catra slokah -antah sarasariresu hitayaivahitehitam | kim na syadagnisamyogah svarnatvaya tadasmani || bhavati catrarya- trnakalpah srikalpah kantalokascitocitalokah | punyajanasca svajanah kamavidure nare bhavati || bhavati catrarya - punyam va papam va yatkale jantuna puracaritam | tacatsamaye tasya hi sukham ca duhkham ca yojayati || bhaktascatra slokau - samasamsca samaveva yadi cittam malimasam | yatyaksanteh ksayam purvah parasvasubhacestitat || svameva hantumiheta durjanah sajjanam dvisan | yo'dhitisthettalamekah kimasau na vrajedadhah || All the verses cited above occur in the two Rooks of Yasastilaka containing the moral and religious stories. Besides, at the end of each story is quoted a verse containing a summing up of the story in question, and these verses seem to belong to Jaina Kathanaka literature, and are probably quoted from earlier texts. One such verse ( Book VII, section 24 ) ksudramatsyah kilaikastu svayam bhuramanodadhau | mahamatsyasya karnasthah smrtidosadadhogatah || is, for example, found in Jatasimhanandi's Varangacarita 5. 103. Specimens of summary verses of this type are quoted below (from Books VI & VII) : bhavati catra slokah - kadambatarksyago simha pithadhipatisu svayam | bhagatesvapya bhubhaisa revati mudhatavati || bhavati catra slokah - sudati samgamasaktam puspandatam tapasvinam | varisenah krtatranah sthapayamasa samyame || bhavati catra slokah - cando'vantisu matangah pisitasya nivrttitah | atyalpakalabhavinyah prapede yaksa mukhyatam || bhavati catra slokah sarvarthah- pancakrtvah kilaikasya matsyasya himsanat pura | abhut pancapado'titya dhanakirtih patih sriyah ||