Verse 2.9 - Two kinds of cognition (upayoga)

Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of Tattvartha sūtra 2.9:

स द्विविधोऽष्टचतुर्भेदः ॥ २.९ ॥

sa dvividho'ṣṭacaturbhedaḥ || 2.9 ||

Cognition (upayoga) is of two kinds. And these, in turn, are of eight and four kinds, respectively. (9)

Hindi Anvayarth:

अन्वयार्थ: [सः] वह उपयोग [द्विविधः] ज्ञानोपयोग और दर्शनोपयोग के भेद से दो प्रकार का है, और वे क्रमशः [अष्ट चतुः भेदः] आठ और चार भेद सहित हैं अर्थात् ज्ञानोपयोग के मति, श्रुत, अवधि, मनःपर्यय, केवल (यह पाँच सम्यग्ज्ञान) और कुमति, कुश्रुत तथा कुअवधि (यह तीन मिथ्याज्ञान) इस प्रकार आठ भेद हैं। तथा दर्शनोपयोग के चक्षु, अचक्षु, अवधि तथा केवल इस प्रकार चार भेद हैं। इस प्रकार ज्ञान के आठ और दर्शन के चार भेद मिलकर उपयोग के कुल बारह भेद

Anvayartha: [sah] vaha upayoga [dvividhah] jnanopayoga aura darshanopayoga ke bheda se do prakara ka hai, aura ve kramashah [ashta catuh bhedah] atha aura cara bheda sahita haim arthat jnanopayoga ke mati, shruta, avadhi, manahparyaya, kevala (yaha pamca samyagjnana) aura kumati, kushruta tatha kuavadhi (yaha tina mithyajnana) isa prakara atha bheda haim | tatha darshanopayoga ke cakshu, acakshu, avadhi tatha kevala isa prakara cara bheda haim | isa prakara jnana ke atha aura darshana ke cara bheda milakara upayoga ke kula baraha bheda

Explanation in English from Ācārya Pūjyapāda’s Sarvārthasiddhi:

The divisions of cognition (upayoga) are described next.

Cognition (upayoga) is of two kinds:

1. knowledge-cognition (jñāno- payoga) and
2. perception-cognition (darśanopayoga).

Knowledge-cognition (jñānopayoga) is of eight kinds:

1. sensory knowledge–matijñāna,
2. scriptural knowledge–śrutajñāna,
3. clairvoyance–avadhijñāna,
4. telepathy–manaḥparyayajñāna,
5. omniscience–kevalajñāna,
6. wrong sensory knowledge–matyajñāna, kumati,
7. wrong scriptural knowledge–śrutājñāna, kuśruta, and
8. wrong clairvoyance–vibhaṅgajñāna.

Perception-cognition (darśanopayoga) is of four kinds:

1. ocular perception–cakṣudarśana,
2. non-ocular perception–acakṣu-darśana,
3. clairvoyant perception–avadhidarśana, and
4. omniscient perception–kevaladarśana.

How are these, knowledge and perception, different? Knowledge-cognition (jñānopayoga) is with details and, therefore, called sākāra or savikalpa. Perception-cognition (darśanopayoga) is without details and, therefore, called nirvikāra or nirvikalpa or sāmānyāvalokana. These occur in succession in ordinary souls (non-omniscient souls), but occur simultaneously in those who have annihilated karmas.

Though perception occurs first, knowledge being more worthy is mentioned first in the sūtra. Earlier, five kinds of right knowledge (samyagjñāna) have been mentioned. But here, three kinds of wrong knowledge are also mentioned as this is the section dealing with cognition (upayoga), in general.