Chapter 8 - The concept of Kaya-margana (Embodiment soul-quest)

jai avinabhavita sathavaraudayajo have kao | so jinamadamhi bhanisro pudhavikayadichanbheyo || 189 || jatyavinabhavitra sasthavarodayajo bhavet kayah | sa jinamate bhanitah prthvikayadisadbhedah || 181 || 181. Embodiment is caused by the operation of mobile and immobile-body making Karmas which are inseparably connected with the genus, jati, (body making Karma). It (embodiment) is spoken of in Jian philosophy of six kinds, earth embodiments and others.

Commentary. The embodiments kaya are of six kinds (1) earth, (2) water (3) fire (4) air, (5) vegetable and (6) mobile bodies. Souls are according ly earth, water, fire, air and mobile vegetable bodied. Mobile beings are called, Trasa, from the Sanskrit root, tras, to fear, because, they have the natural inclination to move away from objects of fear. Immobiles do not behave in this manner. pudhavicyauteuvaukammodayena tattheva | giyavaranacaukkajudo tanam deho have siyama || 182 || prthivyaptejovayukarmodayena tatraiva | nijavarnacatuskayutastesam deho bhavenniyamat || 182 || 182. Bodies (of earth, water, fire, and air bodied souls ) exist through the operation of the earth, water, fire, and air body-making Karmas, as a rule, with their colour quadrate (including smell, taste and touch), in their (respective materials). Commentary. Each of the above four embodiments are of four kinds. Taking earth into consideration we have:- 1. Earth in general, samanya Prithvi. 2. Earth-soul, Prithvi - Jiva, the soul which is in transmigratory passage, Vigrahagati, immediately before being born as earth bodied. 3. Earth bodied soul, the soul which has taken an earth-body. (Prithvi Kayika). 4 Earth-body, (Prithvi Kaya). Water, fire, and air also are of the above four kinds. badarasuhumudayena ya badarasuduma havamti tadeha | ghadasariram thulam aghadadeham have suhumam || 183 || badarasuksmodayena ca badarasuksma bhavanti taddehah | ghatasariram sthulamaghatadeham bhavet suksmam || 183 || 188. (Their bodies are gross or fine through the operation of gross and fine-body-making Karmas.) Obstructive, (ghata)-body is gross, while non-obstructive (aghata,) body is fine.

Commentary. 115 Ghata sharira, an obstructive body is a gross body which obstructs and is obstructed by other objects. A body which neither obstructs nor is obstructed by other objects is aghata sharira nonobstructive or a fine body. A fine body can pass through any kind of matter. Gross bodies are called destructible or obstructive because they alone can destroy each other. Fine bodies are in destructible or non-obstuctive because nothing can kill them and they can kill nothing. They die a natural death at the exhaustion of their age karma. They pervade throughout the whole universe. tadeha mamgulassa asamkhabhagassa vimmanam tu | adhare thula savvattha rimtara suhuma || 184 || taddehamangulasyasamkhya bhagasya vrndamanam tu | adhare sthulah sarvatra nirantarah suksmah || 184 || 184. (Know) thou (that) their bodies (are equal to) an innumerable part of a cubic finger. Gross bodies need support but fine bodies need no support and exist everywhere (in the universe) with nothing intervening between them. • Commentary. The physical size of such souls is so small that a grain of earth, a drop of water, a tiny flame, or a breath of wind, contains num berless embodied souls. From the smallest undevelopable fine air bodied being up to the largest developable gross earth bodied being there are 42 stages of different sizes body. For the various degrees. See table Gathas 97 to 101. The host souls, Nigoda vegetables which derive support from the host-individual-souled vegetables are all gross-bodied and not finebodied, which need no support. udaye du vanaphadikammassa ya jiva vanaphphadi homti | patteyam samaranam padidviditti patteyam || 185 || udaye tu vanaspatikarmanasca jiva vanaspatayo bhavanti | pratyekam samanyam pratisthitetare iti pratyekam || 185 ||

By the operation of the vegetable body-making Karma, souls become vegetable-bodied. (They are individual) (Pratyeka) (i. e. one body one soul) or common (Samanya or Sadharana i. e. one body many souls). Individuals (are) host ( Pratisthita with common Sadharana, parasites) or the other (i.e. non-host Apratisthita without common (Sadharana) parasites.) mulaggapirebaja kamda taha khamdhabijavijaruha | sammucchima ya bhaniya patteyamtakaya ya || 186|| mulagra parvabijah kamdastatha skandhabijabija ruhah | sammurhimasca bhanitah pratyeka anantakayasca || 186 || 186. Vegetables which grow from a root (mula), from the shoot, (Agra), ( of a plant ), from a joint ( parva), from a bulb, (Kanda), from trunk, (Skandha), from seed (Veeja) and vegetables which have no such seed as root etc. (sammur chhima) have been declared (to be) individual with host. bodies, (Pratishthita Pratyeka), or without them, (non-host Apratishthita). Commentary. 1. Vegetables which grow from root are such as, ginger, turmeric. 2. Vegetables which grow from a shoot, such as a rose-plant, 3. Vegetables, etc., etc., etc., from joint are such as sugar-cane. 4. Vegetables, from bulb Kanda are such as potatoes. 5. Vegetables, from trunk are such as plaintain. 6. Vegetables, from seed are such as wheat, rice. 7. Of spontaneous growth are Sammurchchhima such as grass. gudhasira samdhipavvam sagabhamga mahiruyam ca viranaruham | saharanam sariram tavvibariyam ca patteyam || 187 || gudhasira samdhiparvva samabhangamahirukam ca chinnaruham | sadharanam sariram tadviparitam ca pratyekam || 187 || 187. When the seed becomes transformed into a nucleus, the same soul (which left it before) or some other may be born there. These roots, etc. (i.e. the seeds)

are individual (non-host ) in the first (Antar-muhurta) of their birth). Commentary. Host-individual vegetables also in the beginning of their growth are non-host individual for an antar-muhurta. Then they become host untile they are so developed that the sinews and nerves appear on them, when they again become non-host individual. mule kamde challipavalasalada jakusumaphalabije | samabhamge sadigamta asame sadi homti patteya || 188 || mule kamde tvakpravalasaladala kusumaphalabije | samabhange sati ananta asame sati bhavanti pratyekah || 188 | 188. The vegetables in which sinews, (shira), links, (Sandhi, and joints, ( Parva ), are unexposed, or which break clean (Samabhanga), which have no threads inside (Ahiruka) and which can grow from pieces are host bodies, while those that are reverse of these are individual (non-host). See (note to Gatha 73 ). Commentary. The term Sadharana in the Gatha, refers to Sapratishthta Pratyeka, host individual, souled vegetables. kamdassa va mulassa va salakhamdhassa babi bahulatari | challi saramta jiya patteyajiya tu takadari || 186|| kandasya va mulasya va salaskandhasya vapi bahulatari | tvak sa anantajiva pratyekajiva tu tanukatara || 186 || 189. Roots, bulbs, barks, tendrils, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds when clean breaking, (Sama bhanga ) are host (individual souled vegetables), when not clean breaking, (they) are (non-host) individual. Commentary. If a vegetable can be so broken that the two pieces at the broken parts leave no projecting threads or sinews it is called Samabhanga.

bije jonibhude jivo camkamadi so va anno va | jevi ya muladiya te patteya padhamadae || 160 || bije yonibhute jivah camkramati sa va anyo va | yepi ca muladikaste pratyekah prathamatayam || 160 || 190. If the bark of any bulb, root, stem, or trunk is very thick, it is host but if very thin it is individual (nonhost). saharanodayena gigodasarira havamti samanna | te puna duviha jiva badarasuhumati viraneya || 169|| sadharanodayena nigodasarira bhavanti samanyah | te punardvividha jiva badarasuksma iti vijneyah || 161 || 191. By the operation of the common, ( sadharana, body making karma), the Nigoda bodies become group souled. They should again be known to be of two kinds gross or fine. Commentary. Nigoda is thus explained in the Sanskrit Tika. ni =niyatam, gam bhumim ksetra, nivasamanantananta jivanam dadatiti nigodam | That which is always the abode of infinite souls is called' Nigoda.' saharanamaharo saharanamanaparanagahanam ca | saharanajivanam saharanalakkhanam bhaniyam || 162 || sadharanamaharah sadharanamanapanagrahanam ca | 192. The common differentia of these common (group) sadharana jivanam sadharanalaksanam bhanitam || 162 || souls is said to be common food and common respiration. jatthekka marai jivo tattha du maranam have tanam | vakkamai jattha eko vakkamanam tattharamtanam || 163 ||

yatraiko mriyate jivastatra tu maranam bhavet anantanam | prakramati yatraikah prakamanam tatranantanam || 163 || 119 193. In that (common body) when one soul dies, there is the death of infinite souls (with it), (while) when one is born there is the birth of infinite souls there. Commentary. A Nigoda body continues to exist while every instant infinite souls in it die and new ones take birth. The maximum period for the existence of a Nigoda body is declared to be innumerable crore multiplied by crore Sagaras. khamdha asamkhaloga amdaravasapulavidehabi | | hellijonigao asamkhalogena gunidakama || 164 || skandha asamkhyaloka amdaravasapulavideha api | adhastanayonika asamkhyalokena gunitakramah || 164 || 194. The bodies (of group souled vegetables, (Vadara Nigoda) are innumerable times the spatial units of the universe, (and each Skandha contains as many ) Andaras ; (each Andara contains as many) Avasas; (each Avasa containsas many ) Pulavis ( and each) Pulavi (contains as many Nigoda) bodies, Deha. Each next-coming nucleus abode (Yonika) is innumerable universe times (Loka Pramana) the preceding one in due order. jambudibam bharaho kosalasagedatagdharai va | khamdhamdarabhavasa pulavisarirani dighamta || 165 || jambudvipo bharatah kosalasaketa tadgrhani va | skandhandaravasah pulavisarirani drstantah || 165 || 195. Jambu Dvipa, Bharata, Koshala, Saketa, houses these are illustrations of Skanddha, Andara, Avasa. Pulavi and Dehas. Commentary. A continent contains many countries, a country many provinces, a province many towns, and a town many houses. Similarly a Skandha contains many Andaras, an Andara comprises many Avasas an Avasa consists of many Pulavis, and a Pulavi of many Dehas.

eganigodasarire jiva davvapyamanado dittha siddhehim aाmtaguna savvena vitidakaleा || 166 || ekanigoda sarire jiva dravyapramanato prstah | siddhairanantagunah sarvena vyatitakalena || 166 || 196. From the substance point of view (the number of souls, in one Nigoda body) seen (by the Omniscient ) are infinite times the number of all liberated souls of and (the number of instants of) all past time. asthi ata jiva jehi na patto tasana parinamo bhavakalamka supaura giोdavasam na munamti || 167 || santi ananta jiva yairna praptah trasanam parinamah | bhavakalankasupracura nigodavasam na muncanti || 167 || 197. There are infinite souls which have never (so far) attained the condition of mobiles. Being thickly beset with impure thought activities, they do not leave the residence in Nigoda. Commentary. Although there are such souls who on account of their immense impure thought-activity, would never leave their stay in Nigoda, still the general rule that 608 souls leave Nigoda in 6 months 8 instants and other 608 human souls attain liberation must be kept in mind. vihi nihi caduhi pamvaha sahiya je imdipahi loyamhi | te tasakaya jiva ya virobadesena || 168 || dvabhyam tribhircaturbhih pancabhih sahita ye indriyairloke | te sakaya jiva jneya viropadesena || 168 || 198. Those souls, in the universe, who exist with two, three, four or five senses should be understood as mobile-bodied as discoursed by Vira (Lord Mahavira). ubabadamaranamtiyaparinadatasamujjhiuna sesatasa | tasali bahira ya natthitti jihim siddiham || 166 ||

upapadamaranantikaparinatantrasamujjhitva sesanasah | asanalibahye ca na samtini jinairnirdistam || 166 || 121 199. Excepting the mobiles in the condition of birth, (Upapada) death bed and (Omniscient over flow) all the other mobiles do not exist out of the mobile channel. It has been said by the Conquerors. Commentary. An immobile soul out of the mobile channel, transmigrating to be born as a mobile, is, during the passage, beginning from the first turn towards the mobile channel by operation of the mobile (body) making Karma, a mobile out of the mobile channel. This is Uppada, condition prior to birth. Samudghata is the emanation of soul spatial units from the body without wholly discarding it. Seven kinds of these soul emanations are recognised in Jain philosophy, (Dravya Sangraha S.B. J. Vol. I. p. 29, and Commentary to Gatha 543). Maranantika-Samudghata (Death-bed-emanation) is the emanation, in some cases, of the soul spatial units shortly before death to the place where it is next going to incarnate. These soul units after touching their destination contract back to their former size and thereafter the soul leaves the body. If any mobile soul in the mobile channel is to take its next birth as an immobile outside the channel, and if before its death it performs the death-bed emanation, it naturally goes outside the mobile channel being a mobile. Kevala-Samudghata (Omniscient overflow) is the emanation, when in some cases the soul of an omniscient being, (of course a mobile,) expands throughout the whole universe, and then contracts back. This is also a case in which a mobile soul goes outside the mobile channel. Trasa Nadi (mobile channel) is the channel in the middle of the E B H universe. It is fourteen Rajus high, one Raju long and one Raju broad. Mobiles are as a rule born within it alone. square sectioned recta The cylindar A B C D, in sketch shows the mobile channel in the middle of the universe A E F G H K L B.

pudhavi adicauraham kevaliyaharadeva girayamga | apadittida gigodahim padittidamga have sesa || 200 || prthivyadicatu kevalyaharadeva nirayangani | apratisthitani nigodaih pratisthitanga bhavanti sesah || 200 || 200. The bodies of earth quadrates (earth, water, fire, air), of an omniscient being, (of a saint) in Aharaka (assimilative) emanation and (those) of celestials and hellish beings, do not support Nigoda bodies (Host souls.) The rest are with host souled-bodies. Commentary. We learn from this Gatha that with the exception of the eight kinds of bodies specified above, all other bodies possess Nigoda-bodied souls. masurambubimdu sa ikalabadhaya sarina ho have deho | pudhavadicaunhem tarutasakaya ayaviha || 201 || masurambubindusuci kalapadhvajasannibho bhaveddehah | prthivyadicaturna tarutrasakaya anekavidhah || 201 || 201. The bodily figures of the earth quadrates (i. e. earth, water, fire, and air) are, ( respectively speaking ), (circular) like Masur grain, (round like) a drop of water, (cylindrical like) a bundle of needles, (and oblong like) a flag. The bodies of vegetables and mobile souls are of various sorts. Commentary. The size of the body of an earth, water, fire, and air soul is the innumerable part of a cubic finger. Therefore they are not visible s separate entities. We see them only in a mass. Take a glass of fresh water. Every drop of it is a mass of water-bodied souls which are obviously invisible to us. Under a microscope a drop of water is seen to possess many minute animal-culae. These are not waterbodied souls. Water-bodied souls have water and that alone as the matter of their bodies. . These animal-culae are two or more sensed beings which live in water.

jaha bharavaho puriso vahai bharam gehiuna kavaliyam | emeva vaha jivo kammabharam kayakavaliyam || 202 || yatha bharavahah puruso vahati bharam grhitva karyatikam | evameva vahati jivah karmabharam kayakavatikam || 202 || 123 202. As a burden carrying man carries the burden taking (it) up on his shoulder- pannier; similarly the soul carries the burden of Karmas in the pannier of (his) body. Commentary. Kavatika (pannier) is a contrivance for carrying load. The load is equally divided and suspended at the two ends of a long pole earried on the shoulder. jaha kamcanamaggigayam mumcai kittena kaliyae ya | taha kayabamdhamukka akaiya jhanajogena || 203 || yatha kancanamagnigatam mucyate kihvena kalikaya ca | tatha kayabandhamukta akayika dhyanayogena || 203 || 203. As gold passed through fire is freed from dirt and impurity, so (the embodied souls) by means of concentration (on the self being freed from the body and bondage of Karma (become) bodyless (Akayika Asharira Siddha or liberated). auddharasivaram loge anoranasamgune teu | bhujalavau ahiya padibhago'samkhala go du || 204 || sardhatrayarasivaram loke anyonyasamgune tejah | bhujalavayavah adhikah pratibhago'samkhyalokastu || 204 || 204. The spatial units of the universe being treated 3 1/2 times by 3 fold dispositions in the Shalaka method (is the number of) fire (bodied souls ), and taking the innumerable units of universe as the common divisor (Pratibhaga ), ( we get ) the number of earth, water and air bodied souls by adding (the quotient as in Gatha 178-9). Commentary. Let there be three numbers and call them, 'Shalaka Rashi', 'Viralana Rashi' and 'Deya Rashi.'

Multiply 'Deyarashi' by itself as many times as the Viralana and resulting number should again be multiplied by itself as many times as its number is; such kind of multiplications should be done as many times as the number of the Shalaka Rashi. The result will give us the 1 st step. 2. Take again Shalaka, Viralana, Deya, each equal to the number as found in the 1 st step. The multiplication process should be repeated as in the previous step as many times as the number of the new Shalaka. This is the 2 nd step. 3. The resulting number should be again dealt with as in the previous case. This would be the 3 rd step. 4. This resulting number should again be similarly dealt with as many times as there are numbers in the present fourth shalaka minus the total number of the shalaka in the previous three steps. Here in the first step, the number of innumerable spatial units of the universe should be taken to be Viralana, Deya, shalaka. The above process will give us the number of fire-bodied souls. For finding out the number of earth-bodied souls, the number of fire-bodied souls should be divided by innumerable times the universal spatial units, and the quotient added to the number of fire-bodied souls. For finding out the number of water-bodied souls we should add to the number of earth bodied souls, the quotient obtained by dividing the number of earth bodied by the innumerable universal spatial units. In the same manner the number of air-bodied souls should be ascertained. apaditthidapatteya asamkhalogappa maranya homti | tatto padivida puna asamkhalogena samgunida || 205 || apratisthitapratyeka asamkhyalokapramanaka bhavanti | aa: ofaiear: ga: vytvaka AgwAT: || ROY || 205. The number of non-host individual vegetables (Apratisthita Pratyeka) is innumerable times the spatial units of the universe. And the number of host individual vegetables (Sapratishthita Pratyeka) is the innumerable times the spatial units of universe multiplied by that (i. e. the number of non-host individual vegetables.)

tasarasipudhavitradi va ukkapatteyahi samsari | saha ranajivanam parimanam hodi jinadiham || 206 || sarasiprthivyadicatuskapratyekahinasamsari | sadharanajivanam parimanam bhavati jinadistam || 206 || 125 208. (All) mundane souls minus the mobile group, 4 earth etc. (earth, water, fire, and air bodied souls ), and the individual (Pratyeka-vegetables) is the number of common souls (i. e. Sadharana or Nigoda vegetables). The Conqueror has said (so). sagasagasamkhabhago badarakayana hodi parimanam | sesa suhumapramanam padhibhago puvvadittho || 207 || svakasvakasamkhya bhago badarakayanam bhavati parimanam | sesah suksmapramanam pratibhagah purvanirdistah || 207 || 207. The innumerable part of their respective groups is the number of gross-bodied souls (in the groups of earth, water, fire, air and Nigoda bodied souls . ) The remainder (in each group, is) the number of fine bodied souls (in that group.) The common divisor (Pratibhaga) is as said above (i. e. innumerable times the spatial units of universe). suhumesu samkhabhagam samkhabhaga apuranaga idara | jastisa apuranaddhado puranaddha samkhagunidakama || 208 || suksmesu samkhyabhagah samkhyabhaga apurnaka itare | yasmadapurnaddhatah purnaddha samkhyagusitakramah || 208 || 208. (The total number of) fine souls divided by numerable (gives the number of) undevelopables, and the numerable (remaining ) parts ( is the number of the deve lopables. Because the time ( average age) of the developables is the numerable times of that of the non-developables.

Commentary. The reason for the number of the developables beings many times greater than that of the non-developables is that the life period of the former is much greater than that of the latter. The non-developables do not exist in that condition longer than an Antara-muhurta, and hence it is that their number is much less than that of developables. The maximum life period of the different classes of developables are:Soft earth bodied • 12 thousand years. 100 22 ••• 7 46 " " Hard " " Water *** " Fire Air " Vegetables *** " *** ••• 3 days. " 3 thousand years. 10 " " 2 sensed beings 3 sensed beings *** 4 sensed beings ... ... 5 sensed human and subhuman Hellish and celestials 12 years. 49 days. 6 months. 3 palyas. 33 sagaras. pallasamkhejjavahidapadaramgulabhajide jagaspadare | jalabhunipabadaraya purana avaliasamkhabhajidama || 206 || palya samkhyata vahitapratarangulabhajite jagatpratare | jalabhumipavadarakah purna srabalya samkhyabhajitakramah || 206 || 209. The basic area of the universe (Jagat PrataraSq. Rajus), divided by (the quotient of) square big finger (Pratarangula), divided by an innumerable part of a Palya (is the number of) developable gross water (bodied souls.) This successively divided by an innumerable part of an Avali (is the number of developable gross) earth-(bodied souls); (this divided by an innumerable part of an Avali is the number of, developable gross) host individuals, (This divided by an innumerable part of an Avali is the number of developable gross) non-host individuals (Apratish- thita Pratyeka).

'GOMMATASARA. vimdavalilo ganamasamkham samkham ca teuvaunam | pajjattana pamanam tehim vihina apajjata || 210 || vrndavalilokanamasamkhyam samkhyam ca tejovayunam | paryaptanam pramanam tairvihina aparyaptah || 210 || 127 210. One innumerable (part of the cube of the instants of an) (Avali is the) number of developable fire (souls) (and one) numerable ) ( part of the spatial units of) universe (is the number of developable) air (souls). (Their totals) minus this (is the number of their undevelopables.) Commentary. This applies only to gross souls. saharabadaresu asamkham bhagam asamkhaga bhaga | puranamapurananam parimanam hodi anukamaso || 211 || sadharanavadaresu samkhyam bhagamasamkhyaka bhagah | purnanamapurnanam parimanam bhavatyanukramasah || 211 || 211. Of the innumerable parts of gross common (sadharana) souls one part and the many innumerable parts are the number of developables and undevelopables respectively. avaliasamkhasamkhena vahidapadaramgule hidapadaram | kamaso tasatasna puranatasa purana hu || 212 || sravalya samkhyasamkhyenavahitapratarangalena hitaprataram | kramasastrasatatpurnah purnonasa apurna hi || 212 || 212. The universal line square ( Jagat Pratara) divided by the (quotients of) a finger square divided by the innumerable and numerable parts of a wink (Avali) (respectively), gives us the number of all mobiles and their developable respectively. The mobiles minus their developables are their non-developables.

sravali samkhabhamena vahidapallu sayaraddhavida | badarate panibhujalavadanam carima sayaram puranam || 213 || avalyasamkhya bhagenavahitapalyonasagarardhacchedah | badaratepani bhujalavatanam caramah sagarah purnah || 213 || 213. (The quotient of) the Palya divided by innumerable parts of an Avali subtracted (once, twice, thrice, 4 th and 5 th times from a Sagara is the number of Ardhachhedas (successive divisions by 2 ) respectively of gross fire, nonhost individuals, host individuals, earth, and water (souls ) and (the number of) Ardhachhedas of gross air (souls ) ( is ) the last, i.e. full Sagar. Commentary. 'Ardhachhedas - the number of times that a given number can be halved as the Ardhachheda of 4 is 2, of 8 is 3, of 16 is 4, of 32 is 5, and 64 is 6 etc. For Sagara see Gem Dictionary Appendix D. Let Avali Asankhyata - ; Sagar; -3. Palya=P P Then number of halvings of gross-fire-bodied souls = 3 - (A) X P Non-group mono-souled ... (B) X 2 P Group Earth bodied Water (C) X 8 P *** : ,, (D) X 4 ** " : = 8 ✗(E) (gha) Air (F) tevi viseseाhiya palla samkhejjabhagamettana | tamha te rasio asamkhalogena gunidakama || 214 || tepi visesenadhikah palyasamkhyata bhagamatrena | tasmatte rasayo'samkhyalokena gunitakramah || 214 || 214. Even those (i, e.) the number of the above six Ardhachhedas ( beginning from the fire-bodied beings)

(are), (as among themselves) successively greater by an innumerable part of a Palya. Thus, those numbers (of the souls of the above six kinds are) greater than the next preceding ones by innumerable fold spatial units of the universe (i.e. the number of non-host-individual souled beings is the number of gross fire-bodied beings multiplied by innumerable times the innumerable, spatial units of the universe.) R Commentary. P P X-1 (I) B-As-x-(S-1) -- ₁ = P. XXX - P. X - 1 C-B-X--P.X+1 D-C-X--P.X-1 yi R R E-D-X-X -P.X-1 F-E- R ☑ ho (II) (III) (IV) (V) To find the actual numbers. For the Number of second class, i.e. non-host-individual souled beings, take the figure 2, multiply it (PX-1 ) times by itself, prainst the power of ✗-1 thus we get ②( PX-1). Multiply this by the number of gross fire-bodied souls. Thus we get the number of non-host-individual -souled beings. And so on for the others. dicchede vahidavacchedehim payadaviralam bhajide | laddhamidarasigana enahadie hodi payadadhanam || 215 || deyacchedenavahitesthacchedaih prakrtaviralanam bhajite | labdhamitestarasyanyonyahattha bhavati prakrtadhanam || 215 || 215. Divide the Halvings of result of data, by the Halvings of the given figure in data. This will give the index number of the data. Divide the index of the 'desired' by the index of the data, write the result of the data as many times as there are units in the last quotient, and multiply them all into each other. This is the desired result.

Commentary. The problem is like this:If 16 twos multiplied by each other become 65536, what will 64 twos become by being multiplied by each other. Here there are two sets of three figures. The first set is called the standard or 'Pramana Rashi.' In this all the three figures are known. Thus, in the above problem "two" is the Deya Rashi or the given basis, 16 is the Viralana or index number and 65536 is the 'Phala' or result. The second set of the desired or Ichchha Rashi also consists of the same three number of which the 'Deya' is the same as in the standard or Pramana Rashi, and the Viralana or index is given, but the third figure, that is, the Phala or result is unknown and required to be obtained. Thus in the above problem, in the desired Rashi the Deya is 2, index is 64 and the result unknown and to be obtained. The formula, according to the gatha is as below : - 2- Pannatthi - 16 twos multiplied - 65536 264-Ekatthi =64 In Pramana Rashi " B what two - deya rasi | In iccha rasi two = deya rasi 16 - viralana 64 = viralana " " 65536 = phala what = phala " " - viralana in pramana rasi thi. Halvings of phala in pramana rasi " " deya ( phala in pramana rasi ) " { (viralana in iccha }} " " pramana - phala in iccha rasi To apply the formula to the problem. 65536** = 655364 - 65536 * 65536 * 65536 * 65536-18446744073709551616; called EkatThus it would be seen that the result to be obtained-(Phala of Pramana Rashi) raised to the power of the quotient obtained by dividing Ichchha-Viralana by Pramana Viralana. Problem No. 2 (From the printed edition Tika p. 471-472.) To find out the number of gross-fire-bodied beings by the above formula. The problem is posited like this. 2 raised to the power of the number of Halvings of the spatial units of the universe gives us the number of spatial units of the uni-

verse, what will be the result in the terms of, the spatial units of the universe, if 2 is raised to the power of the number of Halvings of the number of gross fire bodied beings. The answer is clear. It is the number of the spatial units of the universe raised to the power of the quotient obtained by dividing the Halvings of the number of gross-bodied souls, by the Halvings of the number of spatial units of the universe. Thus, the number of gross-fire-bodied souls is equal to innume-rable into innumerable spatial units of the universe.. Similarly the number of other kinds can be obtained.