The Spice Road ‘Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri’ Its Historicity and Architectural Remains1
Journal name: Acta Orientalia
Original article title: The Spice Road ‘Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri’ Its Historicity and Architectural Remains1
ACTA ORIENTALIA is a journal focused on the study of Oriental languages, history, archaeology, and religions from ancient times to the present. The journal includes articles reviewed by a senior scholar in the relevant field.
This page presents a generated summary with additional references; See source (below) for actual content.
Original source:
This page is merely a summary which is automatically generated hence you should visit the source to read the original article which includes the author, publication date, notes and references.
Parthiban Rajukalidoss
Acta Orientalia:
(Founded in 1922 and published annually)
Full text available for: The Spice Road ‘Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri’ Its Historicity and Architectural Remains1
Year: 2013 | Doi: 10.5617/ao.4469
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
Download the PDF file of the original publication
Summary of article contents:
1) Introduction
The article by Parthiban Rajukalidoss examines the neglected architectural and historical significance of the western Maturai region in Tamil Nadu, particularly focusing on the area known as Periyakuḷam, which was part of the historical Spice Road used for transporting spices during the British Raj. The township is divided into two parts, Vaṭakarai and Teṉkarai, and is graced by the Varāhanadī river. The region has deep roots in the practices of Śivaism and Viṣṇuism and serves as the base for a zamindār family claiming descent from the Nāyakas of Maturai. This study emphasizes the architectural history, archaeological remains, and the cultural heritage of the area, while recognizing gaps in the scholarly documentation of its significance.
2) The Vaṭakarai Zamindāri: Historical Legacy
The foundation of the Vaṭakarai zamindāri traces back to the military leader Rāmabhadra Nāyaka, who was honored for quelling a rebellion in Maturai around 1534 CE. His descendants governed the region for around 15-20 generations, shaping its cultural and architectural landscape. This zamindāri system fell under the purview of the British during their rule, which further enhanced the geographical and economic significance of the area. The zamindārs played a pivotal role in local administration, public welfare, and temple patronage. The author emphasizes that this historical narrative has largely remained obscured in research and overlooks the contributions of the zamindars to local society.
3) Architectural Significance of Temples
The temples of Periyakuḷam, particularly the Rājēndracōḻīśvaram, are of historical and architectural importance. This temple, with its various shrines dedicated to Śiva, Devī, and Murukaṉ, reflects a blend of earlier Cōḻa traditions and later Nāyaka architectural styles. Despite the lack of extensive inscriptions, the constructs indicate a continuity of cultural practices and the evolving religious landscape over centuries. The presence of deities classified as village goddesses underscores the deeply rooted local belief systems, while the stylistic features of the temples resonate with the broader Dravidian architectural tradition.
4) Religious and Cultural Integration
The article highlights the inter-religious harmony in Periyakuḷam, where Hindus, Christians, and Muslims coexist amicably, sharing cultural practices. This is evidenced by communal celebrations and interactions, such as sharing food during religious festivals. The historic Spice Road, which once served as a trade route, has transformed into a site of cultural interaction, illustrating the adaptive nature of societies in the face of demographic changes. The influence of various religious communities has resulted in a unique cultural tapestry, where educational institutions and public services tend to foster cooperation among the different religious groups.
5) Future Research and Conservation
Rajukalidoss calls for further research into the architectural and historical significance of the Vaṭakarai zamindāri, suggesting that scholars engage with archival materials related to the zamindars to enrich understanding. The author notes that the current narrative of this region remains fragmented, with previous historians overlooking the architectural achievements and contributions of the zamindars. A more comprehensive examination of the temples and their socio-political contexts could unveil the complexities of historical narratives in South India, reflecting the need for interdisciplinary studies in art, archaeology, and oral histories.
6) Conclusion
In conclusion, the article provides a crucial insight into Periyakuḷam's neglected heritage, emphasizing the architectural, historical, and cultural dimensions that deserve further scholarly attention. The study reveals that the region, rich in temples and a long-standing zamindār tradition, has been pivotal in shaping local identity and religious practice. It calls for a concerted effort to document and study these aspects, not just to acknowledge their historical significance but to understand their relevance in contemporary society and cultural interactions.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the historical significance of the Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri?
The Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri originated in the mid-16th century CE, playing a crucial role in local governance and culture, particularly during the British period, enriching the area with temples and administrative practices.
What is the geographical location of Periyakuḷam?
Periyakuḷam is located in the western part of the Maturai region, near the Varākanati/Varāhanadī river, which flows from the Western Ghats, serving as a vital trade route known as the 'Spice Road.'
What are the main architectural features of Rājēndracōḻīśvaram?
Rājēndracōḻīśvaram features a unique architectural design typical of Drāviḍa temples, including multiple vimānas dedicated to Śiva, Devī, and Murukaṉ, showcasing later Pāṇḍya and Nāyaka architectural elements.
What is the cultural impact of the Zamīndārs on local communities?
The Zamīndārs significantly influenced local culture, promoting festivals, temples, schools, and agricultural development, establishing an environment of communal harmony among Hindus, Christians, and Muslims in the region.
What role did the Spice Road play during British rule?
During British rule, the Spice Road facilitated the transportation of spices from the hills to the plains, significantly impacting trade and the local economy while promoting infrastructure development like railways and roads.
How did the architecture and iconography evolve in Periyakuḷam?
Architectural and iconographical styles in Periyakuḷam evolved with contributions from various dynasties, prominently the Nāyakas, incorporating elements from earlier Pāṇḍya and Cōḻa styles, leading to a rich cultural synthesis.
What evidence exists for the historical temples in Periyakuḷam?
Historical temples in Periyakuḷam, such as Rājēndracōḻīśvaram and Varadarāja, have inscriptions and remnants illustrating their origins from the Cōḻa period and later developments during the Nāyaka rule, marking their historical significance.
Glossary definitions and references:
Oriental and Historical glossary list for “The Spice Road ‘Vaṭakarai Zamīndāri’ Its Historicity and Architectural Remains1”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of History, Linguistics, Religion, Philosophy, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc.
1) Temple:
A temple, such as Rājēndracōḻīśvaram in Periyakuḷam, serves as a central site for religious worship and activities. The temple can host various deities like Śiva, Murukaṉ, and Devī, all housed within distinct sanctuaries, and often includes architectural features like maṇḍapas and prākāras.
2) Nayaka:
Nāyaka refers to the dynasty that ruled various regions in South India, including Maturai. They built many temples and established the foundation for successor states. Key figures like Rāmabhadra Nāyaka played significant roles in their architectural and military achievements.
3) Maturai:
Maturai, historically a hub during the Nāyaka period, served as the central administrative and cultural seat. The region is dotted with historical temples and architectural remains, which highlight the influence of Nāyaka rulers and their legacy.
4) Ramabhadra (Rama-bhadra):
Rāmabhadra Nāyaka was a significant figure who founded the Vaṭakarai zamīndāri. He was a military leader under arguably the Nāyaka dynasty and played crucial roles in suppressing rebellions and administering regions like Maturai.
5) Vijayanagara (Vijaya-nagara):
The Vijayanagara Empire played a pivotal role in Indian history, especially in Southern India. The Nāyaka rulers, including those in Maturai and Vaṭakarai, were either part or influenced by the Vijayanagara dynasty, known for its contributions to architecture and culture.
6) Image:
Images within temples, such as those of Śiva-Urdhvatāṇḍava, Vīrabhadra, and Kālī, play important roles in Hindu worship and iconography. They often depict various gods and goddesses in intricate postures, each carrying symbolic meanings.
7) Rajarajan (Rajan-rajan):
R.K.K. Rajarajan is a scholar who contributed significantly to the understanding of Nāyaka history and art. His works on architecture and iconography are frequently cited in studies related to Southern Indian temples and historical research.
8) Madra:
[see source text or glossary: Madra]
9) India:
India is the overarching context for this study, encompassing its diverse historical and cultural landscapes. The architectural and historical studies of regions like Maturai and the influence of dynasties like the Nāyakas are part of India's rich heritage.
10) Shiva (Siva):
Śiva is a major deity in Hinduism, often depicted in various forms such as Rājēndracōḻīśvaram in Periyakuḷam. Temples dedicated to Śiva often feature complex iconography and serve as significant cultural and religious centers.
11) Mandapa (Mamdapa):
Maṇḍapas are pillared halls within temples that serve various purposes, including hosting rituals and housing sacred images. The maṇḍapa opposite Rājēndracōḻīśvara's shrine features important historical sculptures and reliefs.
12) Vimana:
Vimānas are the towering structures above the sanctum sanctorum in South Indian temples, often intricately decorated. The Rājēndracōḻīśvaram features multiple vimānas dedicated to different deities, reflecting the architectural style of the period.
13) Virabhadra (Vira-bhadra):
Vīrabhadra is a fierce manifestation of Śiva, depicted as a warrior deity. Temples and sculptures, such as those in Rājēndracōḻīśvaram, often feature Vīrabhadra prominently, symbolizing strength and protection.
14) Family:
The term family here often refers to ruling dynasties, like the Nāyaka and zamīndār families, who played key roles in the history and administration of regions like Vaṭakarai and Maturai. Their legacy includes architectural and cultural contributions.
15) City:
Periyakuḷam, often referred to as a city in the text, consists of historical and architectural significance divided into regions like Vaṭakarai and Teṉkarai. The city has temples, and other remnants of past dynasties like the Nāyakas and zamīndārs.
16) Pandya (Pamdya, Pandyan):
The Pāṇḍya dynasty is one of the ancient Tamil dynasties known for their patronage of architecture and temple building. Temples in regions like Periyakuḷam reflect the architectural style and contributions of the Pāṇḍyas.
17) Tamil:
Tamil refers to the language and culture predominant in Southern India, particularly in Tamil Nadu. The text reflects Tamil architectural styles, language, and the contributions of Tamil dynasties like the Nāyakas and Pāṇḍyas.
18) River:
The Varākanati/Varāhanadī River flows through Periyakuḷam, dividing it into Vaṭakarai and Teṉkarai. It is a significant geographical feature that has influenced the settlement and development of the region.
19) Ghat (Gham):
Ghat is a term used for mountain passes in India. The Spice Road traverses through ghats like the Western Ghats, linking Tamil Nadu with Kerala, facilitating trade and cultural exchanges.
20) Varadaraja:
Varadarāja is the main deity of the Vishnu temple in Periyakuḷam, representing the influence of Vaiṣṇavism in the region. The temple features Nāyaka-style architecture and is significant for its historical value.
21) Kerala:
Kerala is a neighboring state of Tamil Nadu, connected through trade routes like the Spice Road. The interactions between these regions have influenced cultural and economic exchanges, as seen in historical studies such as this one.
22) Kali:
Kālī is a fierce goddess in the Hindu pantheon, depicted in various forms in temple iconography. In Rājēndracōḻīśvaram, images of Kālī illustrate her fearsome aspects and are significant for religious and artistic studies.
23) Cola:
The Cōḻa dynasty is known for its contributions to Dravidian architecture and temple building. Temples like Rājēndracōḻīśvaram are believed to have been influenced by Cōḻa architectural styles, reflecting their lasting impact.
24) Indian:
[see source text or glossary: Indian]
25) Delhi:
[see source text or glossary: Delhi]
26) Village:
Village refers to smaller settlements like Periyakuḷam, where historical temples and architectural remains are found. These villages often have rich cultural and historical backgrounds shaped by various dynasties.
27) Pillar:
Pillars in Nāyaka temples often feature intricate carvings and reliefs, depicting deities, mythological scenes, and symbolic motifs. They are essential elements of temple architecture, providing structural and aesthetic functions.
28) Devi:
Devī refers to goddesses in Hinduism. Temples often have separate shrines dedicated to different goddesses, such as Taiyalnāyaki in the Vaidhyanātha temple, reflecting the importance of feminine divine aspects in worship.
29) Kumara:
[see source text or glossary: Kumāra]
30) Vishnu (Visnu):
Viṣṇu is one of the principal deities in Hinduism, often worshipped in temples like the Varadarāja temple in Periyakuḷam. These temples feature architectural elements like vimānas and elaborate iconography dedicated to Viṣṇu.
31) Tamilnadu (Tamil-nadu):
Tamil Nadu is the state where Periyakuḷam and its historical sites are located. It is renowned for its Dravidian architecture, temples, and the legacy of dynasties like the Nāyakas and Pāṇḍyas.
32) Caste:
Caste is a significant social structure in India. The text mentions various castes, like the kaḷḷaṉ caste, and their roles in historical and contemporary politics, affecting social dynamics in regions like Periyakuḷam.
33) New Delhi:
[see source text or glossary: New Delhi]
34) Vishvanatha (Visvanatha, Vishva-natha):
Viśvanātha was the son of Nāgama Nāyaka and the first Nāyaka ruler of Maturai. His lineage and actions significantly influenced the region's political and cultural landscape, including the establishment of the Vaṭakarai zamīndāri.
35) Tancavur:
Tañcāvūr, another significant region in Tamil Nadu, is noted for its architectural grandeur, particularly during the Cōḻa and Nāyaka periods. Temples here, like the B hadīśvara, are architectural masterpieces.
36) Venkata (Vemkata):
Veṅkaṭa Rāmabhadra Nāyaka is noted in the text for his contributions to the development of Periyakuḷam, including educational and infrastructural advancements. He played a significant role during the British colonial period, holding various titles and honors.
37) Murugan (Murukan):
Murukaṉ, also known as Bālasubrahmaṇya, is a popular deity in Tamil Hinduism. Temples dedicated to Murukaṉ often feature intricate carvings and are significant for their religious and cultural importance.
38) Madurai:
[see source text or glossary: Madurai]
39) Madura:
[see source text or glossary: Madura]
40) Shrine:
Shrines within temples are dedicated to various deities and are the focal points of worship. They often house primary idols and are characterized by specific architectural styles like vimānas and maṇḍapas.
41) Tank:
Tanks, such as those found in Periyakuḷam, are significant for their role in water management and agricultural irrigation. They also have historical and cultural importance, often associated with temple complexes.
42) Book:
[see source text or glossary: Book]
43) Kailasanatha (Kailasa-natha):
Kailāsanātha temple is one of the significant temples in the region, dedicated to Śiva. Though its original structure no longer exists, it holds historical importance, with records dating back to the Pāṇḍya period.
44) Ganapati (Gana-pati, Ganapathi):
Gaṇapati, or Ganesha, is a widely worshipped deity in Hinduism. Small chambers for Gaṇapati are common in temples, reflecting his role as a remover of obstacles and a patron of arts and sciences.
45) Rajendra (Rajan-indra, Rajemdra):
Rājēndra refers to the Cōḻa kings who were notable temple builders. The Rājēndracōḻīśvaram temple in Periyakuḷam is believed to have been constructed during their reign, showcasing their architectural style.
46) Sundara (Shundara, Sumdara):
Sundara Pāṇḍya was a king whose inscriptions are found in the Rājēndracōḻīśvaram temple, indicating his contribution to the temple's construction and maintenance.
47) Prakara:
Prākāra refers to the enclosed walls surrounding a temple complex. Temples like Rājēndracōḻīśvaram feature multiple prākāras, demarcating different areas for various religious activities and rituals.
48) Dravida:
Drāviḍa refers to the architectural style predominant in South Indian temples, characterized by its distinctive vimānas, maṇḍapas, and intricate carvings. Temples like Rājēndracōḻīśvaram and Varadarāja exemplify this style.
49) Kallan:
Kaḷḷaṉ refers to a caste mentioned in the text, known for their historical role as warriors and workers. Their contemporary engagements in politics and agriculture affect social dynamics in the region.
50) Nandi (Nandin, Namdi):
Nandi is the sacred bull and vehicle of Śiva, often found in a prominent position within Śiva temples. It symbolizes strength and devotion and is a key figure in temple iconography.
51) House:
Houses, such as those in the agrahāra of Periyakuḷam, reflect the settlement patterns around temples. They often belong to families involved in temple activities and traditional crafts.
52) Woman (Women):
Women played significant roles in temple activities and patronage. Educational institutions like the Mother Teresa Women’s University in the region highlight the continued importance of women in cultural and academic spheres.
53) Southern India:
Southern India, the setting for this study, is rich in historical and cultural heritage. The region is home to various dynasties like the Nāyakas and Pāṇḍyas, contributing to its architectural and religious landscape.
54) New Year:
[see source text or glossary: New Year]
55) Iconography:
Iconography refers to the symbolic representation of deities and mythological themes in temple art. The intricate carvings and reliefs in Nāyaka temples exemplify their rich iconographic traditions.
56) Gajalakshmi (Gajalaksmi, Gaja-lakshmi):
Gajalakṣmī is a form of Lakṣmī associated with elephants, symbolizing prosperity and good fortune. Often found in temple iconography, she reflects the importance of divine femininity in Hindu worship.
57) Science (Scientific):
Scientific research in fields like temple architecture and iconography helps document and preserve historical sites. Studies often include photographic evidence, architectural plans, and analysis of historical records.
58) Education:
Education has been a significant focus in the region, with contributions from figures like Veṅkaṭa Rāmabhadra Nāyaka. Institutions like the Mother Teresa Women’s University highlight the ongoing emphasis on academic advancement.
59) Township:
Township refers to the organized settlement patterns around temples and historical sites. Periyakuḷam's development includes temples, agrahāras, and other community structures, reflecting historical and cultural evolution.
60) Donation:
[see source text or glossary: Donation]
61) Parvata:
Parvata means mountain or hill. Temples like those on Tailārammaṉ-karaṭu are situated on hilltops, reflecting the historical practice of building sacred sites in elevated locations.
62) Sharada (Sarada, Sara-da):
Sharada Publishing House is a publishing company noted for works on Indian temple architecture and iconography, contributing to the scholarly documentation of historical and cultural heritage.
63) Vijaya:
Vijaya refers to Vijaya Rāghava, a Nāyaka ruler noted for temple construction and patronage. His contributions are evident in temples like the B hadīśvara and other Vijayanagara-Nāyaka architectural works.
64) Forest:
Forests surround many historical sites like Periyakuḷam, providing natural resources and a strategic location for settlements. These areas were often cleared to promote agriculture and facilitate trade.
65) Ranga (Ramga):
Raṅga refers to open halls or maṇḍapas within temples, often used for rituals and gatherings. The Tāṭikkompu Temple features a Raṅga-maṇḍapa with intricate iconographic programs from the Vijayanagara tradition.
66) Daksha (Daksa):
Dakṣa is often depicted in temple reliefs and sculptures, associated with puranic myths. In Vijayanagara-Nāyaka iconography, his image is sometimes portrayed with a goat's head.
67) Divan:
Divān Bahadūr is an honorary title conferred by the British, often to notable zamīndārs for their public works and loyalty. Veṅkaṭa Rāmabhadra Nāyaka, a prominent zamīndār, held this title during the late British period.
68) Kotai:
[see source text or glossary: Kōṭai]
69) Raja:
[see source text or glossary: Raja]
70) Kashi (Kasi):
[see source text or glossary: Kāśī]
71) Nadu:
[see source text or glossary: Nadu]