Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 33
Journal name: Acta Orientalia
Original article title: Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 33
ACTA ORIENTALIA is a journal focused on the study of Oriental languages, history, archaeology, and religions from ancient times to the present. The journal includes articles reviewed by a senior scholar in the relevant field.
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Acta Orientalia
Acta Orientalia:
(Founded in 1922 and published annually)
Full text available for: Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 33
Year: 1971 | Doi: 10.5617/ao.5200
Copyright (license): CC BY 4.0
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Summary of article contents:
Introduction
The text is a collection of reviews and summaries concerning various scholarly works from diverse fields such as Mandaic studies, Persian literature, Indian religions, Samaritan theology, and the Chinese student movement. The reviews highlight the contributions of various authors to their respective fields, emphasizing the significance of their findings and the broader implications for historical and cultural understanding.
The Significance of Mandaic Studies
E. S. Drower’s work on Mandaeism is particularly noteworthy, as it underscores the importance of rigorous text editions for understanding the essence of a religion. Her efforts to compile comprehensive and accessible translations of Mandaic texts, alongside the contributions of Professor R. Macuch, have revitalized Mandaic research. Their dictionary and commentaries not only provide critical insights into ancient esoteric doctrines but also serve as foundational resources for future academic inquiries, marking a significant milestone in the ongoing study of this religious tradition.
The Persian Literary Tradition
In "Die schöne Mahsati," Fritz Meier provides an exhaustive examination of the 12th-century Persian poetess Mahsati, reclaiming her legacy while also exploring the broader cultural and historical contexts of her work. Meier’s meticulous grounding in the history of the Persian four-line verse (quatrain) demonstrates how Mahsati's outpourings reflect a fusion of various cultural influences, including Iranian and Semitic elements. His analysis extends beyond her poetry, drawing connections to significant cultural practices of the time, making this work a crucial contribution to Persian literary history.
Understanding Indian Religions
The review of "Die Religionen Indiens III: Buddhismus - Jinismus - Primitivvölker" details how the authors, including André Bareau, parse through the dimensions of Indian Buddhism from its inception to later developments. Bareau’s insightful exploration into various schools of Buddhism and their historical contexts provides a nuanced understanding of the tradition’s evolution. Meanwhile, Walther Schubring’s expertise in Jainism and Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf's examination of the religious practices among indigenous peoples underline the complex tapestry of India’s religious landscape, offering valuable perspectives for scholars and enthusiasts alike.
Conclusion
Collectively, the reviewed works represent a rich mosaic of scholarly exploration across several disciplines. Each author contributes significantly to our understanding of their respective fields, whether through meticulous translations, critical analyses, or comprehensive overviews of historical developments. These texts not only advance academic discourse but also serve as essential references for future research, reinforcing the notion that the study of cultural and religious histories continues to be an essential endeavor for broader historical comprehension.
FAQ section (important questions/answers):
What is the focus of Jan Bergman's book on Isis?
Jan Bergman's book studies the Memphite background of Greek Isis aretalogies, using sources like the 'Ich-Hymnus' and 'Andros-Hymnus' to explore their historical and cultural significance.
What contributions does Fritz Meier's work on Mahsati provide?
Fritz Meier's work critically examines Mahsati's poetry, providing translations, commentary, and significant cultural insights, including discussions on Persian literary forms and the background of the poetess herself.
What are the main features of E.S. Drower's Mandaic studies?
E.S. Drower revitalizes Mandaic studies with comprehensive text editions, like 'A Mandaic Dictionary', and two commentaries featuring essential esoteric doctrines foundational to Mandaean religion.
What insights does J. A. Sanders offer on the Qumran Psalms Scroll?
J. A. Sanders provides a meticulous edition of the Qumran Psalms Scroll, presenting detailed examinations and descriptions of apocryphal psalms, offering new understandings of biblical texts.
What does John Israel's book explore regarding Chinese student nationalism?
John Israel's book investigates the influential role of Chinese students in nationalist movements during 1927-1937, highlighting their shift towards anti-imperialism and close ties with the Communist Party.
What is depicted in Henri Samuel Nyberg's Manual of Pahlavi?
Nyberg's Manual of Pahlavi is crucial for understanding Pahlavi, featuring enlarged text selections, improvements in transliteration, and a comprehensive examination of ancient Persian language.
Glossary definitions and references:
Oriental and Historical glossary list for “Book Reviews Acta Orientalia 33”. This list explains important keywords that occur in this article and links it to the glossary for a better understanding of that concept in the context of History, Linguistics, Religion, Philosophy, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism etc.
1) Student:
John Israel's book discusses Chinese student movements in 1927-1937, where Student Nationalism played a crucial role in shaping modern Chinese history.
2) Book:
The term 'book' refers to the extensive collection and discussion of multiple reviews and scholarly analyses on varied topics, particularly related to Middle Eastern and South Asian studies.
3) Religion:
Various articles highlight the intricate details of different faiths like Buddhism, Jinism, and Samaritan Religion, showcasing the significance of theological studies.
4) Herodotus:
Herodotus is cited in C. Hignett's discussion on Xerxes' Invasion of Greece, emphasizing his reliable historical accounts compared to other ancient sources like Aeschylus.
5) China:
John Israel’s book investigates Chinese student political movements, shedding light on the broader historical and political climate of China during 1927-1937.
6) Literature:
Reviews within the text discuss various forms of literature, including Persian prose, Buddhist texts, and Bengali historical texts, underlining the importance of Literature in the cultural context.
7) Indian:
André Bareau and other scholars delve into the Religion and literature of Indian traditions like Hinduism and Buddhism, providing comprehensive historical analyses.
8) Light:
The Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 sheds Clear Light on Old Testament studies, illuminating several enigmatic aspects of ancient religious texts.
9) Revolution:
John Israel's book discusses the student-led Revolution in China, marking a crucial period leading to the Communist movement and reflecting broader socio-political changes.
10) Knowledge:
E. S. Drower's diligent text editions significantly enhance the Knowledge of Mandaic studies, maintaining high academic standards for further research.
11) Mahayana (Maha-yana):
Within André Bareau's analysis, Mahayana Buddhism is carefully examined, exploring its origins, doctrines, and influence on Indian Buddhist traditions.
12) Bengali:
The review of 'The Maharashtra Purana' by Dimock and Gupta provides critical insight into Bengali historical texts, reflecting its rich cultural heritage.
13) Purana:
'The Maharashtra Purana,' translated by Dimock and Gupta, is an 18th-century Bengali historical text offering an exceptional glimpse into the period's socio-political climate.
14) Pari:
The review of E. S. Drower and R. Macuch's Mandaic Dictionary discusses the Pari language, essential for understanding Mandaic texts and their cultural context.
15) Philosophy:
Nasir ad-Din Tusi's 'The Nasirean Ethics' is a fundamental Islamic text discussing Practical Philosophy and moral conduct, significantly impacting medieval scholarship.
16) Doctrine:
The review of John Macdonald's 'The Theology of the Samaritans' emphasizes the theological Doctrine of Samaritan religion, bridging ancient Israelite traditions and Christianity.
17) Language:
Gilbert Lazard’s comprehensive work on Persian prose underscores the importance of Language studies in understanding ancient Persian literary traditions.
18) Theology:
John Macdonald's work provides an in-depth analysis of Samaritan Theology, linking it with broader religious developments and offering new theological insights.
19) Bengal (Bemgal):
'The Maharashtra Purana,' found in Mymensingh, Bengal, provides unique historical insights into the Maratha invasions, showcasing Bengal's diverse historical documentation.
20) Diwan:
E. S. Drower’s work on Mandaic texts includes references to the Diwan Abatur, essential for understanding the religious beliefs and practices of the Mandaeans.
21) Doubt:
In 'Xerxes' Invasion of Greece,' Herodotus’s account reduces Doubt about historical events, offering a reliable source compared to secondary ancient witnesses.
22) Death:
C. Hignett addresses the circumstances around Kambyses' Death, favoring the theory of an accident over self-infliction, influencing historical interpretation.
23) Cora:
Professor von Fürer-Haimendorf's work on Indian Primitivvölker includes an analysis of the Saora religion, highlighting unique aspects like the Saora-Schamanen.
24) Anti (Amti):
Throughout the student movements discussed by John Israel, Anti-imperialism remained a core sentiment, influencing political strategies and nationalistic endeavors.
25) Cave:
The Psalms Scroll found in Qumran Cave 11 offers invaluable insights into Old Testament studies, highlighting ancient Hebrew and apocryphal Psalms.
26) Clear light:
Clear Light is shed on Old Testament studies by the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11, unveiling uncovered aspects of ancient religious practices.
27) Mahasamghika (Mahasanghika):
Bareau’s analysis of early Buddhist sects discusses Mahasamghika tendencies leading to the development of Mahayana in the transitional forest regions.
28) Madanamohana (Madana-mohana):
The translation of part of Madanamohana-bandana provides additional historical context to the Maratha invasions documented in 'The Maharashtra Purana.'
29) Deliverance:
The Psalms Scroll includes a 'Plea for Deliverance,' revealing new dimensions within the context of Old Testament religious traditions.
30) Maharashtra (Maharastra, Maha-rashtra):
'The Maharashtra Purana' documents the history of Maratha invasions in West Bengal, offering a unique Bengali perspective on Maharashtra's historical events.
31) Afghanistan:
Gilbert Lazard's work briefly mentions inscriptions from places including Afghanistan, indicating the geographical spread of ancient Persian prose.
32) Eschatology:
In Macdonald's 'Theology of the Samaritans,' a section on Eschatology explores the Samaritan views on the end times and their theological significance.
33) Recognition:
John Macdonald's contributions to Samaritan studies have earned Recognition, highlighting critical theological relationships and evolution within Samaritan religion.
34) Citracampu (Citra-campu):
'The Maharashtra Purana' is noted for being almost the sole Bengali historical account aside from the historically insignificant Sanskrit 'Citracampu.'
35) Science (Scientific):
The Persian translations collection by UNESCO represents an intersection of Scientific and cultural interests, with the publication of works like 'The Nasirean Ethics.'
36) Nagarjuna:
André Bareau provides an intricate description of the Mahayana master Nagarjuna, detailing his profound influence on Buddhist theological developments.
37) Aeschylus:
In the review of 'Xerxes' Invasion of Greece,' Aeschylus' play 'Persai' is compared with Herodotus, emphasizing Herodotus’ reliability over other secondary accounts.
38) Vaneshvara (Vanesvara, Vana-ishvara):
One historically insignificant work mentioned is Vanesvara Vidyalankara's Sanskrit 'Citracampu,' contrasting with the unique historical value of 'The Maharashtra Purana.'
39) Education:
John Israel draws a connection between Chinese student movements and their Education, showing how it fostered revolutionary sentiments among China's youth.
40) Enjoyment:
Although the 'Akhlaq-i Nasiri' by Nasir ad-Din Țusi offers technical Philosophy, it provides moderate Enjoyment due to its artificial style.
41) Sacrifice:
In Alma Risaia Zuța, Lady Drower emphasizes the rare depiction of Sacrifice of the dove in Mandaic texts, considered significant in priestly doctrines.
42) Greatness:
The Psalms Scroll describes Mara-d-Rabuta, adding dimensions to the concept of divine Greatness and its parallels with other ancient religious figures.
43) Bhagavat (Bhagavan):
Von Fürer-Haimendorf discusses the High God Bhagavan within Bhil Religion, exploring its unique place in the pantheon and its relationship with other deities.
44) Amitabha (Amita-abha):
Bareau’s skepticism about Amitabha's Iranian origins signifies rigorous scholarship in defining the authentic historical roots of Amitabha in Mahayana Buddhism.
45) Hinayana (Hina-yana):
André Bareau’s analysis of Hinayana Buddhism offers a detailed overview of this early Buddhist tradition and its evolution against Mahayana.
46) Maitreya:
Bareau contests the theory of an Iranian origin for Maitreya within the Mahayana tradition, presenting a well-argued scholarly viewpoint.
47) Maharaja (Maha-rajan, Maharajan, Maha-raja):
Vanesvara Vidyalankara composed 'Citracampu' as the court poet for the Maharaja of Burdwan, highlighting political affiliations in cultural productions.
48) Alphabet:
Henrik Samuel Nyberg’s 'Manual of Pahlavi' includes various Alphabets, crucial for understanding ancient Persian linguistic systems.
49) Politics:
John Israel explores the intersection of student movements and Politics during 1927-1937 in China, highlighting their significant influence on national policies.
50) Pleasure:
The initial edition of Nyberg’s 'Manual of Pahlavi' was praised for making the study of Pahlavi a Pleasure, due to its thorough and accessible approach.
51) Sanskrit:
The Bengali 'Maharashtra Purana' contrasts with historical yet unimportant Sanskrit works like 'Citracampu,' emphasizing its unique historiographical value.
52) Pakistan:
The 'Maharashtra Purana' was found in Mymensingh, present-day Pakistan, offering insights into historical Bengali manuscripts from that region.
53) Patience:
Lady Drower’s numerous editions of Mandaic texts exhibit immense Patience and precision in scholarly research, perpetuating essential religious studies.
54) Nirvana (Nir-vana):
In his analysis of Nirvana, Bareau provides a deep dive into the Buddhist concept of ultimate liberation, clarifying its various interpretations within Buddhism.
55) Chandra:
Dr. Pratul Chandra Gupta, alongside Edward C. Dimock Jr., translates ‘The Maharashtra Purana,’ revealing significant historical insights from Bengali manuscripts.
56) Dialect:
Gilbert Lazard’s book includes notes on various Persian Dialects, highlighting regional linguistic variations within early Persian prose texts.
57) Bombay:
The 1935 critical edition of the Kār-Nāmak by Bahramgore T. Anklesaria, published in Bombay, is referenced in Nyberg’s Manual of Pahlavi for its scholarly relevance.
58) Greece:
C. Hignett's book on Xerxes' invasion of Greece relies heavily on the historical accounts of Herodotus to provide an accurate narrative of this pivotal event.
59) Asanga (Asamga):
Bareau’s synopsis of Asanga’s teachings illustrates his major contributions to Mahayana Buddhism and the development of Yogācāra philosophical doctrines.
60) Branch (Branches):
Lady Drower’s comprehensive work has been exemplary in establishing the study of Mandaeism as a credible and substantive Branch of Middle Eastern religious studies.
61) Wealth:
Prof. Wickens’ translation of 'The Nasirean Ethics' is annotated with a Wealth of notes, providing detailed historical and linguistic commentary for in-depth understanding.
62) Family:
John Israel examines how Chinese student movements evolved from earlier movements that emphasized disrupting the traditional Family structure and Confucian ideals.
63) Shadow:
The usage of ‘mandan’ (‘to seem like’) is overshadowed by ‘manistan’ within Persian dictionaries, as noted by Prof. Wickens in 'The Nasirean Ethics.'
64) Priest:
The Alma Risaia texts contain esoteric doctrines meant solely for Priests, emphasizing the exclusive and sacred nature of these Mandaic teachings.
65) Future:
John Macdonald's work on Samaritan theology opens new perspectives and opportunities for Future theological and religious scholarship.
66) Citta (Chitta):
The 'Diwan Abatur,' edited by Lady Drower and published in Citta del Vaticano, is a part of her extensive work in making Mandaic texts accessible.
67) Asura:
Bareau’s remarks on the Asura help clarify their place within Buddhist cosmology, distinguishing them from their general demoniac depiction in Hindu texts.
68) Power:
The influence of the Chinese student movement's anti-imperialist stance is examined, revealing the Power they wielded in shaping nationalistic policies.
69) Peace:
John Israel's analysis highlights how student nationalism influenced both war and Peace settlements in China during the politically turbulent years from 1927 to 1937.
70) Sound:
C. Hignett’s historical account of Herodotus on Xerxes’ invasion is recognized as the most Sound and reliable source, dismissing alternative secondary accounts.
71) Court:
The 'Citracampu,' though of little historical value, highlights the role of Vanesvara Vidyalankara as a court poet in the Maharaja of Burdwan's employ.
72) Veda:
Jan Gonda's exhaustive work on 'Veda and Older Hinduism' provides a fundamental understanding of the core scripts and practices in ancient Indian traditions.
73) Lala:
In 'Die schöne Mahsati,' Fritz Meier’s interpretation of the term Lala as ‘Eunuch’ conforms to historical Persian textual evidence from Salman-i Sawaji’s works.
74) Shaka (Saka):
The examination of Saka literature can elucidate transitional phases in Buddhist traditions, connecting early Mahayana developments with Central Asian influences.
75) Mara:
In Mandaic texts, Mara-d-Rabuta is emphasized as the imparter of sacred knowledge, reflecting a central figure in Mandaean religious hierarchy.
[Note: The above list is limited to 75. Total glossary definitions available: 82]