Appendix 2 - Cities mentioned in the Vasudevahindi

649 CITIES Aujjha : Also called Aojjha and Atojjha. Kings Dasaraha, Rama and Sattumjaya ruled here. (Vasudevahindi(F), 240, 245, 334]. It was the birth-place of the second and the fourteenth Tirthankara, and capital of Kosala kingdom which was one of the twenty-five and a half Aryan countries at the time of king Samprati ( Jain, Life in Ancient, etc., P. 371). The same as Ayodhya in the U.P. Aca(ya)lapura : King Rivusattu was ruling the region around this city in the times of Nala, according to the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa The city was situated on the way from the capital of Kosala (i.e. Southern Kosala) to Vidabbha janavaya 【 Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.64a]. Acalapura,said to be situated in the Abhira visaya has been identified with modern Ellichpur in Berar ( Jain, Op.cit. P.263). Arakkhuri : King Ratthavaddhana was ruling here in the times Princess Susima of this city visited the of Kanha Vasudeva. holy place Pabhasa along with her borther, prince Namui. Kanha, coming to know about her arrival, killed the prince and kidnapped her [Vasudevahindi(F), 79]. The city has been referred to in the Nayadhammakahao [II] and is described to have been situated near Campa in the Avasyaka Niryukti [1297, See Jain, Op. cit., P.268.]

650 Amalakadaya : Susena, a queen of the sovereign Sanamkumara was the princess of the city of Amlakadaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 233]. Not identified. Amalakappa: The kingdom of Amalakappa was under the overlordship of that of Gayaura. On way from Gayaura to Amalakappa was situated the city of Vadapura [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,90]. Jain takes Amalakappa to be identical with Allakappa which was situated on the way from Masar in Shahabad District to Vaisali ( Op.cit,, P.265). King Imdapura : Old name of the city of Kannakujja. Jitasuttu, maternal uncle of Prince Jamadaggi of Varansi, ruled here. Because of the curse of Jamadaggi, daughters of king Jitasattu became hunch-backed. The city was known as Kannakujja after this incident [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 237]. King Varima of Hari dynasty ruled here [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357). The same as modern Kanauj in U. P. Ilavaddhana : King Dakkha of Hari dynasty had a son, by name Ila, from queen Ila. The queen, because of her differences with her son left the kingdom, and founded a new city at Tamalitti. The city became famous as Ilavaddhana [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,357] Ilavaddhana has been described elsewhere in the same book as an important city on the banks of the Gamga. It was a great

651 emporium of trade. Textiles of various types such as dugulla, cinamsuya, hamsalakkhana, kosijja and kasavaddhana; pastes of different colours; blankets and ornaments and incenses are described to have been displayed in the market here. The city was beautiful and could be compared because of its good planning which provided it with ditch, rampart and gopuras, with the city of Dhanada (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 218). Probably Elavaddhana of the Mahaniddesa (See Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P. 134) is the same as the Ilavaddhana of the Vn(P). Ujieni : Situated on the bank of the river Sippa [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 82a]. In the Vasudevahindi(F) Ujjeni is said to be the capital of Avanti janapada (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 36, 49]. In the time of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa the city had regular trade relations with Kosambi in the Vatsa janapada [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 43]. The city has been described as a peer of Amaravati, the city of gods [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 36]. The Jainas had a special attachment towards this city. The famous Jivamtasami image was consecrated here, and, therefore, even monks used to pay visit to this city [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 49]. There are many references in Jaina literature about the visits of Jaina Acaryas to Ujjayini with this objective ( Jain Opcit., P.346)

652 In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, king Avamtisena is described to have ruled here. (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.81a). Vasudeva married his daughter. This city is the same as modern Ujjain on the banks of the Ksipra (Jain, op.cit., p. 347). Usabhapura : A certain king by name Adicca was ruling here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 287]. In Jaina tradition it occurs as the name of one of the cities founded on the site of Rayagiha (Jain, op. cit., p. 347). Kamcanapura : King Hemamgaya, contemporary of Kanha Vasudeva, was ruling here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 98]. Sodasa, the cannibal, who harrassed the settlement of Tilavatthuya, was said to be one of the sons of the king of Kamcanapura [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 197]. In this city, Vasudeva married Laliyasiri who was a daughter of a courtezan by name Sumittasiri (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 360-63]. In a story, two traders from this city are said to have brought jewels from Lamkadiva (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 98). Kamcanapura was the capital of Kalimga country which was one of the twenty-five and a half Aryan countries

at the time of king Samprati. It was the same as Dantapura (Motichandra, Sarthavaha, p. 76). It is identified with modern Bhuvaneshvar in Orissa (Jain, op.cit., p. 293). 653 Kannakujja : In the times of Jamadaggi, his maternal uncle Jiyasattu was ruling at Imdapura. Jamadaggi went to his maternal uncle with a proposal to marry one of his daughters. Jamadaggi cursed the princesses as none of them was ready to marry him. The result was that all the princesses became hunch-backed. After this incident, the city of Imdapura came to be known as 'the city of hunch-backed maidens', i.e. Kannakujja (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 237]. Kannakujja is the same as modern Kanauj (Pargiter, MP, p.307). Kamalapura : Referred to in the description of carusami's voyage to S-E countries (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 146). According to Motichandra, it is probably the same as Kamalim of the Mahaniddesa and was situated in the Kamboja country. further explains the word Kamalapura as the Indian form of the Arabian word 'Kamar' (Sarathavaha, p. 134). He Kakamdi : Situated on the bank of the Gamga, and on the way from Varannasi to Kusaggapura (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.202a). The city is also described to be situated to the NE of

654 Vacchagumma (ibid., II.220b). Pupphadamta, the ninth saviour, was born here, and hence the city was sacred to the Jainas (ibid., II.202a). Mahavira is said to have visited the city. It is the same as modern Kakan in the Monghyr district of Bihar (Jain, op.cit., p. 291). Kaberi : Capital of king Sumdarapani who had given his daughter in marriage to the prince of the city of Radhamaddana (Wh(M), II.7a). Not identified. Kumdinapura : Capital of the country of Viyabbha. Also referred to as Kumdini (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357] or Kumdinapuri (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.61b). The city is said to be rounded by king Pulina, born in the Hari/dynasty. According to the legend, the king, while on an excursion, saw at the site of the city, a lame (kumti) female antelope standing unalamed facing a lion. Taking this to be a good omen, the king founded a city which came to be known as Kumdinapura (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357). The city is referred to in the legend of Kanha Vasudeva who married princess Ruppini of Kumdinapura (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 80-81). In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, the city is referred to in the Jaina version of the story of Nala and Damayanti (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II 67b). In this connection it is related that Sunisumarapura, where king Riduvanna ruled, was hundred yojanas away from this city (ibid., II.69a).

655 Kumdinapura has been identified with modern kaundinyapura on the river wardha in the Chandur Taluka of Amraoti District in Berar (Sircar, op.cit., p. 153). Kunala : Capital of kunala janapada. The same as Savatthi (Vasudevahindi(), II.lob]. Kusaggapura : A nagara. The city was supposed to be very beautiful and worth describing for days together (bahudivasa-vannanijja; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 27]. Monk Dhammarui is said to have visited this city in his preaching tour. He delivered his lecture on the Vebhara hill situated near this city. (ibid., 74). From this information it becomes clear that Kusaggapura was a part situated in the locality of modern Rajgir. Hiuen Tsiang informs that the old capital occupied by king Bimbisara was called Kusagrapura while the new one was called Rajagrha (Jain, op. cit., p. 304). The Jaina tradition as giver In the Vasudevahindi(F), however, does not agree to this. Seniya is said to have ruled at ayagiha (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 2). In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, king Jarasandha, contemporary of Vasudeva, is said to have ruled here (II.201a). Kollai(ya)ra: King Kunime of Hari dynasty ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357). Vasudeva, very much anxious to visit the city,

656 left Poyanapura and started travelling towards the SW in a country which was rich in kine. The city is described to be well protected with ramparts (pakara) which looked like the mt. Rayaya, having a row of palatial buildings which obstructed the path of clouds, and provided with a temple of Somanasa where food and water was given to the needy (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 355). Jain identifies it with Kullapakapura or Kulpak near Secunderabad in Andhra Pradesh (op. cit., p. 298). Kosambi : Capital of Vaccha janapada (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 35, 38, 351). In the story of Agadadatta, Namdana, who was a son of a minister, is said to have run away from the city through the fear of the king. Namdana is described to have swam across the moat (ibid., 38). Kosambi and Ujjeni had a fair communication through the caravan traders (ibid., 59). It was the birth place of the sixth Tirthakara and was marked as the southern limit of itinerary city has been identified with modern kosam, a village situated on the northern bank of the Yamuna, and 31 miles away from Allahabad (Pargiter, MP, p. 307). Kosalapuri : Capital of Kosala (2) kingdom. King Kosala ruled here in the times of Vasudeva (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.34b).

657 To reach Kosalapuri from Vesali, Vasudeva travelled in S. Western direction (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.35a). While travelling from Kosalapuri to Pedhapura in Dabhala kingdom he travelled to the north (ibid., II.54ab). The author of the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa remarks that 'the houses of sand' (sikataghala) built for the marriage of Vasudeva were still to be seen in his times (ibid., II.37b). Law gives Tummana as the capital of South Kosala in the times of Kalingaraja who conquered the kingdom. He identifies Tummana with a village Tumman, in the Bilaspur district (HGAI, p. 167). Gayanagara : King Sattudamana ruled here (Wh(P), 287). Probably the same as Hastinapura (Fargiter, MF, p. 355). Cayapura : Kings Jiyasattu (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 89), Vissasena, Mahu and Kedhava ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 90). Gajapura was one of the names of Hastinapura (Pargiter, MP, P. 355). Girinagara : One of the cities in the Surattha visaya and probably its capital (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 50-51). It is explained in the Anuyogadvarasutra (Sutra,130) that it was situated near mt. Urjayat and hence called

658 Girinagara. Tusaspha, the Yavana governer ruled the country of Surastra with Girinagara as its capital, (see Epigraphia Indica, Vol.VIII, p. 42 ff). It is the same as modern Junagadh. Cakkapura : Kings Pupphakeu, Aparaiya and Sattutama ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 219, 258, 287). The seventh saviour received his first alms here (Jain, op. cit., p. 274). Not identified. Camdanapura: King Amohariu of Camdanapura is described to have visited campa to see the wood-apple trees (Vasudevahindi(F), 296-99]. Campa: Capital of Amga janapada (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 126). Camdakitti, born in the family of Ikkhaga family ruled here (ibid., 357). On the outskirts of the city of Campa was a lake, which was associated with the legend of a king by name Puvvaka and In honour of the lake, a festival (sara-maha) his queen. was celebrated by the residents of the city of Campa 【Vasudevahindi(F), 155-56】. For the followers of the Jaina religion the 'great lake' had a special attraction, as, just near the lake was built a temple dedicated to lord

659 Vasupujja¹ (ibid., 155, 126) and was probably the same as that situated in the Amgamamdira garden outside the city of Campa (ibid., 134). River Rayatavaluya flowed by the side of this garden (ibid.). Campauri has been referred to in the story of Dhammilla also (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 71). It was situated on the confluence of rivers Camda and Gamga (ibid., 58). There was another river Kanayavaluya a little away from this city (ibid., 67). In the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, king Konika is said to have visited Punnabhadda Shrine when Suhammasami had been on a preaching tour to Campa and was putting up at the Shrine (ibid., 16). Campa has been identified with two villages near Bhagalpur, named Campanagar and Campapur (Jain, op. cit.,275). Caranajuvala : King Ayodhana, one of the descendents of the Universal ruler Bharaha, ruled here (Wh(P), 185). Not identified. Chattakara : King Piimkara ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 258). Not identified. 1. Law tells that from a lake on the outskirts of the city of Campa, which (i.e. lake) was famous by name Gaggara in the Buddhist literature and popularly known as 'parovar', were recovered many Jaina and Buddhist images%; see HGAI, p. 217.

660 King Jayapura : Referred to in the story of Jambusami. Vimjharaya who was ruling here appointed his younger son Pabhava as the successor to the throne, setting aside Pahu who was the eldest prince. Pahu, taking shelter in the Vimjha forest, became a famous dacoit. During one of his raids he encountered Jambusami who converted him to Jaina asceticism (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 7)]. During the time of Vasudeva, king Mehasena was ruling here. Mehasena gave princess Asasena in marriage to Vasudeva when the latter had defeated him in a battle (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 206-208). Vasudeva and Amsumamta started for the city of Bhaddilapura in Malaya country which was nearby (ibid., 208). Not identified. Jayavapuri : Another name of Dvaraka (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 79). Nagapura : Capital of Damila country, and situated on the mt. (?) Malaura (Malaura-nivittham). When Vasudeva started for Nagapura from the city of Manivaddhana, he had to travel xx for seven days by boat, and afterwards, some distance on horse. He married the daughter of king Sumuha who was ruling here (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.78ab]. Nagapuram of the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa either refers to Nagapaddinam of Panri-nadu, which was the capital of the

661 colas (See, Kanakasabhai, V., The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago, p. 24). Takkhasila : Bahubali, son of Usabha, ruled at Takkhasila (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 187). Jain refers to the Jaina tradition of Usabha's foot-prints being preserved in this city (op. cit., p. 180). (op.cit., The mound 20 miles NW of Rawalpindi has been identified as the site of the famous city (Marshall, Sir J., A Guide to Taxila, p. 1). Tamalitti : Kingdoms of Tosali and Tamalitti are described to be inimical to each other (Vasudevahindi(F), 61-63). Probably they were adjacent to each other too. The district around Tamalitti was called Tamalitti Visaya (ibid., 14). Tamalitti was an emporium of international and interprovincial trade. Carusami intended to lead his caravan carrying cotton and thread from Campa and Ukkala to Tamalitti (ibid., 145) probably to get a wider market. In the story of Kokkosa, a trader from Tamalitti is said to have made a voyage to the Yavana country (Vasudevahindi(F), 61). In the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa account of the Hari dynasty, it is related that Ila, queen of king Dakkha, had differences with her husband. She founded a city for her son, Ila, near Tamalitti tama littie nagaram nivesiyam) which later on was known as Ilavaddhana (ibid., 357).

662 Tamalitti has been identified with modern Tamluk situated on the river Rupnarayan in the Midnapore District of Bengal ( Pargiter, MP, P.330). Tosali : Referred to in the story of kokkasa as the capital of king kakajamgha. [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 61-63]. During his itinerary lord Mahavira visited this city ( Jain, op. cit., P.344). It has been identified with Dhauli near Bhuvaneshvar in the Puri district of Orissa. (Sircar, Historical Geography etc. P. 34 and fn. ) Dasapura : In the story of Agadadatta, he is said to have been sent as an envoy to this city by the king of Ujjeni. [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 47]. The name of the city, according to the Jaina tradition commemorates the incident of ten kings who are said to have been held up here because of rains. (Jain, op.cit., P.280). It has been referred to in the inscription of king Usavadata and is the same as modern Mandsor ( Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P. 105) in Central India. Namdapura : Referred to in the story of the Brahmin Vasubhui which appears as a part of the Dhammillahimdi [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 30]. Not identified. Paittha: Princess Hirimati of Pattha was married to king Punnabhadda of Poyana [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 255].

663 This is the same as ancient Pratisthana which was the capital of the Mulaka country and has been identified with modern Paithan on the Godavari river in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra [Sircar, op. cit., p. 154]. Piyamgupattana : A port. Referred to in the story of Carusami, the trader from Campa. He started his voyage to S-E ports from Piyamgupattana [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 146). According to Motichanora this should be somewhere in Bengal [Sarthavaha, P. 132] Pupphakeu : King Pupphadamta ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 287]. Not identified. Purimatala : Usabha, the first saviour, attained omniscience (Kevala) at this place [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 183]. The information is corroborated by the commentaries which state that it was a suburb of the city of Viniya. (Jain, opecit., p. 324]. Purisapura : King Samkharadha, 'the son of god' (devaputta) Samkharadha sent some ruled here in the times of Vasudeva. horses of good breed to the king of Mahapura [Vasudevahindi(F), 309]. In the same context a legend has been given which tries to explain the title 'Devaputta' of king Samkharadha by attributing his fatherhood to a Jain monk, Nami (ibid.) Purisapura is identified with modern Peshawar.

664 Pedhapura : Also called Pedhalapura, capital of Dabhala janapada. Vasudeva and his friends attended the svayamvara ceremony of princess Kanagavai. Her father, king Haricamda, ruled here. The city was to the north of Kosalapuri and a person travelling from Kosalapuri had to cross the Vindhya forest [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.54abj. The tradition quoted in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa says that saviour Nami had preached (samosarana) in a garden outside the city and goddess Lacchi presented a dance recital before the lord. After this incident the garden was called Lacchiramanujjana (ibid.). The city might be placed somewhere in modern Bundelkhand. See Dabhala janapada. Pokkhalavai : One of the Vidyadhara kings has been referred to as Pukkhalavai Gamdhara [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 351]. Such a title to a Gamdhara king was probably to differentiate him from other rulers of Gamdhara. In the times of Kanha Vasudeva, king Naggai was ruling here. Kanha Vasudeva married his daughter, princess Gamdhari (ibid.). The mound of Bala Hisara, twenty miles North-East of Peshawar, has been identified as the site of Puskalavati [Wheeler, Sir. M., Charsada, P. 231.

665 Poyanapura : (1) Capital of Seya janapada. The city was situated on the bank of the river Godavari. Vasudeva married two maidens one the princess of this city and the other a daughter of a minister [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 353-55]. Poyana is the same as modern Bodhan on the Godavari river in Nizamabad district [Pircar, op. cit., p.154] of Andhra Pradesh. (2) During his itinerary, lord Mahavira visited this city and delivered a religious discourse [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 17-201 King Pasannacamda, ruler of this city was a contemporary of Mahavira and his brother Vakkalaciri is counted as one of the Patteya-Buddhas in the Jaina tradition [Vasudevahindi(F),20]. Poyanapura may be identified with Pratisthanapura, which was also known as Poyanapura, situated on the banks of the Gamga See Jain, op. cit., .3231. Poyanapura referred to as the capital of Dakkha- 'Payavai', and his sons Ayala and Tivitthu [Vasudevahindi(F), 276-77 and 311-13] was probably the one situated in north India, i.e. Poyanapura. Baravati : Capital of four janapadas, viz. Anattha, surattha Kusattha and Sukkarattha, which were under the rule of Kanha Vasudeva and Rama. The site on which this city was built was, it is stated, givenby god Sutthita, lord of the

666 Lavana ocean. It was designed and built by hubera and was situated near Mt. Revaa [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 78]. There is no unanimity of opinion among scholars about the identification of the site of this celebrated city engulfed in a mass of legends. According to Jain, Mt. Raivataka and Urjayat are names of the same hill which is modern Girnar. And as such, Dvaraka is the same as modern Junagadh Jain, op.cit. 271 ]. Pargiter, however, identifies Dvaraka with modern uvaraka at the extreme west of the Kathiawar peninsula and equates Mt. Raivataka with Barda hills nearby [MP, .340]. Shafer, discarding all old views, fixes the site of ancient Dvaraka at Mohenjodado. [Ethography of Ancient India, P.118-19]. Bhaddilə pura : Capital of Malaya country [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 209]. The city was associated with the birth of lord Sitalasami (ibid, 114). To commemorate the auspicious incident a temple dedicated to pilya)lasami was built at this place [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.8bj. King Maccha of Hari dynesty ruled here [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357]. Vasudeva visited the city and married princess Ponda of this city [ibid., 210-212]. In the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [th.210] it has been described as a big centre of trade. Jain identifies it with the village Bhadia near Kulaha hill, six miles away from Huntergunj in the Hazaribag

667 district [Jain, op.cit., P.272] of bihar. Bharuyaccha : hing Jiyasattu ruled here (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 74]. Vasudeva married princess Tarapadi of Bharuyaccha city [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 11.85]. This is the same as modern broach in Gujarat. P. 2731. (Jain, Up.cit., Bhojakada : Capital of the country of Viyabbha (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,98-99] The Vasudevahindi(F) relates the legend about the foundation of the city. Prince Ruppi of Aundina-pura had taken an oath not to return to kumdina pura in case he became unsuccessful in bringing back his sister, princess Ruppini, who was kidnapped by Kanha and Rsma. To remain faithful to his words he founded the city of Bhojakada, after he was defeated by Kanha and Rama ibid., 80.81]. Studies in the According to Gokhale (The Historical and Cultural Geography, etc., P. 412] the Bhojakatarajya, in the times of the Vakatakas, comprised the modern Taluks of Elichpur, Daryapur, Amaraoti, Chandur and some parts of Wardha. Magahapura : Occurs as a synonym of Rayagiha [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 2,16, 20] and Kusaggapura libid., 54]. Macchiya: Also called Mettiya [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.18a]. Aing Harisena ruled here [ibid., II.8bj.

668 Manivaddhana: Capital of Kiraya janapada, situated on the coast of the Western sea. Vasudeva married princess Sagaradatta of Manivadhana (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 11.75b]. It was probably a port. libid., 76bj. Not identified. Maharatthanagara : Capital of the Abhira country and another name of the city of Vacchagumma [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.228a]. Mahapura : The Imdameha festival was celebrated very jubilantly here. Vasudeva went from Ilavaddhana to attend this festival. He married Somasiri who was the princess of this city [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 220,223]. The twelfth saviour got his first alms at this P. place [Jain, op. cit., [308]. Mahila : The city was founded by King Visala born in the line of Hari [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357]. Probably the same as Mithila. See Mihila. Mathura: Also called Mahuripuri [VI(P), 368]. Capital of Surasena country [ibid., 232]. 232]. Reference is also made to Mahurajanapada (ibid., 306]¹. It was situated down-stream of 1. Surasenajana pada, one of the twenty-five mihilf ryan kingdoms the time of king Samprati, had its capital at Mathura [Motichandra, Sarthavana, P.75]. However, Shafer states that in the early period they were two different janapadas (op.cit., P.151)

669 Soriyapura on the Jamuna libiu, 10-11]. The Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [P.119] relates the legend of hamsa who imprisoned his father Uggasena and became the king of Mathura, when favoured by king Jarasandha of Rayagiha. In one of the didactic stories explaining the merit of the observance of five vows, it is related how king ajitasena of Mathura had cordial relations with a Yavana king [Vasudevahindi(F), 296]. Mahesari : According to the account of Harivamsa given in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [TH.357], Ila son of king Dakkha and his queen Ila, founded the city of Mahesari. It is the same as modern Maheshwar on the bank of the Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Mittiyavati: Capital of king Devaka, whose daughter Devaki was married by Vasudeva et the instance of Kamsa [Vn(F), 368]. It was also called Mattiyavati libid., 368-69]. In the list of the twenty-five and a half Aryan countries the city has been given as the capital of Dasanna country [Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P. 75]. According to the Puranas, the Bhojas had their capital at Arttikavati [Pargiter, MP, P.342]. The Salvas are described as

670 marttikavatas i.e. 'residents of Mrttikavati'. Their capital is otherwise known as salvanagara or Saubhanagara which shafer places near the source of the Narmada (op.cit., p. 150). Mihila Also called Mahila (Vn(P), 357). In the Ramayana : story of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, it is stated that king Janaka ruled here (ibid., 241), which shows that it is the same as the capital of the Videha country. Prince Nami of Mihila who had turned a monk was associated with the legend of the birth of 'Devaputta' Samkharadha of Purisapura (ibia., 308). The city is sacred to the Jainas as it witnessed the birth, renunciation and salvation of the nineteenth and twenty-first saviours (Jain, op. cit., p. 314). The city has been identified with modern Janakpur in the Nepalese Tarai (Sircar, op.cit., pp.28-29 fn.). Radhamaddana: Capital of king Hemaradha who had matrimonial alliance with the royal family of the city of Kaberi or Koberi (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.9a). Jain refers to the Kathakosa, according to which, the city of Radhamaddana was in the Madhyadesa (op.cit.,325). Rayanapura : Asaggiva, a Vidyadhara prince, after subjugating rest of the Vidyadhara kings established himself at Rayanapura, situated in Dahinaddha-Bharaha [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,275, 310].

671 The city of Rayanapura has been also referred to in the story describing the previous birth of princes Amiyatea, Sirivijaya and others [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 320-21], and that of princess Sumitta of Varanasi who married a resident of Rayanapura (ibid., 115-16). Rayanapura is sacred to the Jainas as it is the birth-place of the fifteenth saviour. The city has been identified with modern Runai which is about two miles from Sohawal in Oudh (Jain, op. cit., p. 327). Rayagiha: Capital of Magaha. It has been described to be beautiful like a temple [devagiha; Vasudevahindi(-), 247) and provided with moat, ramparts, and big road on which moved chariots and elephants (ibid., 2). It is also referred to as Magahapura (ibid.). Outside the city was situated the famous Jaina Shrine Gunasilaceiya where lord Mahavira used to summon his religious gatherings (ibid., 3). The famous hill Vebhara was in the vicinity of this city (ibid., 15). The place is the same as Rajgir in Bihar and is sacred to Jainas as it was the birth-place of the twentieth Titthayara (Jain, op.cit., p. 237). Rayapura : Referred to in the description of the trade tour of Carudatta, the Sarthavaha from Campa [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 148].

672 After facing the blow of Shipwreck, Carudatta Swam across the sea to come ashore at the coast of Udumbaravai. From here, he travelled through a forest infested by Pudimdas where he met his friend Ruddadatta. Afterwards he and Ruddadatta went to Rayapura, purchased commodities like curtains, bracelets and started on their travel to the land of Hunas along the bank of the Simdhu river (ibid.). The city of hayapura can be located somewhere between Karachi and Bombay. Kayapura is famous in Jaina tradition as the place where the nineteenth Titthayara received his first alms. (Jain, op.cit., p. 328). It can not be said whether Rayapura of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa and that in the canonical literature are the same. Ritthapura : Capital of Kosala janapada. Vasudeva attended the ɔvayamvara of princess Rohini who was the daughter of king Rudhira of Ritthapura (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 364-65]. His son Kanha Vasudeva is also described to have married Padmavati who was the princess of Ritthapura (ibid., 78). The city is associated with the tenth Titthayara who received his first alms at this place. Jain takes it to be the same as Aristapura (op.cit., p. 328). The Aristapura is probably the same as that referred to in the

673 Jatakas. The city was within the territory of Sibi's kingdom and was on the way from Pancala to Mithila (Mehta, Pre Buddhist India, pp. 371-72). Lamkapuri : Capital of Lamkadiva [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.139a]. According to the Ramayana story as given in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, Ramana, who was a Vidyadhara, left his land on the Veyaddha mountain and established himself on the island of Lamha because of his personal differences with his brothers Soma, Jama and others [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 240]. The city of Lamka was probably very near to the sea shore [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 244]. Lamkapuri, according to both Jaina and Puranic tradition, was situated on the top of Trikuta mountain (Jain, op. cit., p. 306). Vacchagumma : Also referred to as Maharatthanagara. King Ayala, who was contemporary of Vasudeva and ruled Abhira Visaya, had his capital here (Vasudevahindi(B), II.207). It is the same as modern Vashim in Vidarbha. Vadapura : King of Vagapura was under the Suzerainty of the king of Gayapura (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 90] or Hastinapura. The city was situated on way from Gayapura to the kingdom of Amalakappa (ibid.). Not identified.

674 Vanavasi : King Varima of the Haridyanasty, who ruled at Imdapura (i.e. Kannakujja), is said to have founded the cities of Samjanti and Vanavasi (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357). Vanavasi was one of the capitals of Kadamba (Jain, kings, and lay on the banks of the Varada river in the Sirsi Taluka of North Canara district of Karnatak. op. cit., p. 351; Pargiter, MP, p. 364). Vasamtapura : King Jiyasattu who was the son-in-law of king Jarasandha ruled here. Vasudeva cured his wife who was possessed by a ghost. Pleased with Vasudeva, the king married his sister to Vasudeva, (Wh(P), 248-49]. Not identified. Varanasi : Situated on the bank of the Ganga [Vasudevahindi(F), 152] and to the SE of Varanadi (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.187b). Capital of kings Hayasattu (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 115), Aggisehara (ibid., 235), and Karalabambha (ibid., 286). According to the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, the city was associated with the birth of Pippalada who was responsible for the propagation of sacrificial religion based on the knowledge of Ahavvaveda (ibid., 150-51). Vasudeva, during his wanderings, married Mayurasena, a Setthi's daughter and princess mayanapadi, both of whom were from Varanasi (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 11.1756].

675 Varanasi is enumerated as the capital of Kasi country which was one of twenty-five and a half Aryan countries at the time of king Samprati (Motichandra, Sarthavaha, p. 75)- The city was sanctified also with the birth of the seventh and the twenty-third Titthayara P. (Jain, op. cit., 1352). Viibhaya : Capital of Simdhu visaya. Princess Gori from this city was married to Kanha Vasudeva 【Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 78). It appears in the list of Aryan countries at the time of Samprati, as the capital of Simdhu country [Sarthavaha, p.75). Jain identifies it with Bhera in Punjab (op. cit., p. 356). Vijayakheda : Vasudeva married princesses Sama and Vijaya, daughters of king Jiyasattu who ruled here [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 121]. Not identified. Vijayapura : Kingdom of Vijayapura and that of Mathura were separated by a forest infested by the Pulimdas 【Vasudevahindi(F), 284-86]. Not identified. Viniya : Capital of Kosala janapada. The city was designed and constructed by Dhanada at the instance of the king of goas, Sakka, for the first anointed king of this Osappini, Usabha. The city was named Viniya i.e. modest, as the

626 676 residents of this city were very modest (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 162]. After Usabha, his son Bharaha, who was destined to become the first Universal ruler (cakkavatti), ruled here. (ibid., 186). Jaina tradition remembers this city as the birthAccording to place of the first and the fourth saviours. 'the comm • On the Avasyaka, it is the same as Ayodhya • P. (See Jain, op. cit., (356). Vedasamapura : Referred to as the capital of king Divayaradeva who was opposed to the performance of Rajasuya and Asvamedha sacrifices by king Sagara on the confluence of rivers Gamga and Yamuna, 【Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 193】. Vasudeva married princess Kavila, daughter of king Kavila who ruled here (ibid., 200). The royal family of Vedasampura had matrimonial alliances with that of Bhaddilapura (ibid., 212) and diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Kamaruva (ibid., 198). Not identified. Vesali Capital of Vajji janapada and strong-hold of : (adhivasaya) of the Liccnavis (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II, 32a). Vasudeva married the Licchavi princess imdasena of Vesali. (ibid., II. 35a).

677 It was sanctified with the association of Lord Mahavira, and has been identified with modern Basarh in Mujaffarpur district of Bihar (Jain, op. cit., 354). P. Samjamti : King Varima of Imdapura who was born in the line of Hari (Harivamsa) founded two cities samjamti and Vanavas [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357]. It is identified with Sanjan in the Thana district of Maharashtra (Sircar, op. cit., p. 203, 124 in.). Sakea : also referred to as Sageya or Saeda. king Sagara, the Universal ruler [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 305]. Capital of The city has its antiquity as far back as Usabnasami, the first Titthayara (ibid., 112), and was the same as the city of Viniya [ibid., 300%; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.159]. Sakeya was ruled by the descendants of Ikkhaga family [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 300]. According to the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, Sakeya was situated to the north of Savatthi, in the hosala janapada (ibid., 283). In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa the city is stated to have been glorified with the shrines or four Titthayaras: Usabha, Ajiya, Danamaiti and Anamta. Their birth and renunciation took place in this city [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.159a). Vasudeva married seventeen daughters of Amohasena of Saeda [Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.46b]. In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, the city has been described as one beautified on its outskirts with gardens

678 and forests%3B protected by lofty rampartss; improvised with defence equipment on the gopuras; and inhabited by generous traders, cheerful citizens and the learned (ibid., II.159a). In Samprati's times Seketa was the capital or (Motichandro, ofrthavila, p.76). Kossl country. According to Buddhist literature Saketa was six yojanas away from Sravasti (ibid., p. 18). The Avasyaka Niryukti (323, 382, quoted by Jain, op. cit., p. 267) gives Ayodhya as the birth-place of Ajita and Ananta, who as seen above, are said to have been born in Saketa. According to the Jain tradition, it is the same as Ayodhya 1. The information of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [p. 283] that Sakeya in Kosala janapada was to the north of Savatthi seems to be wrong.. See also Aujjha, Viniya, and Kosala janapada. Sevatthi: Capital of Kunala janapada (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.9a, 32a, 34b]. The city was beautified with pleasure-gardens; was very well-planned; and looked like a Vidyadhara city, or a creation of the lord of gods (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 265, 268]. The city was associated with the legend of prince Migaddhaya and had a temple dedicated to sage Migaddhaya (ioid., 268-279). In Savatthi, Vasudeva married Bamdhumati, 1. Mehta (op. cit., p. 433) does not take Saketa and Ayodhya to be identical.

679 daughter of Setthi Kamadeva and princess Piyamgusundari (ibid., 280, 308). The Kotthaga garden outside the city was frequented by the citizens of Savatthi to pay reverence to the ceiya situated in it (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.9a, 32a, 35a]. Savatthi was the capital of Kunala, one of the · Aryan countries at the time of king Samprati (Motichandra, Sarthavaha, pp. 75-76). The city was sacred to the Jainas because of its association with Sambhavanatha, the third Titthayara (Jain, op.cit., 332). It is the same as Sahet-Mahet in the Goda district of U.P. (Motichandra, Sarthavaha, p. 18). Sihapura : The kingdom of Sihapura was under the suzerainty of king Jarasandha of Mayagiha. King Siharaha of Sihapura tried to establish his independence. Jarasandha brought him under his control with the help of Vasudeva and Kamsa (Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 118). A certain Sarthavaha by name Shaddamitta visited bihapura before starting on a long voyage (ibid., 1531. In Jaina literature, Sihapura has been celebrated as the birth-place of the eleventh Titthayara. Jain (op.cit., p. 334) identifies it with Simhapuri, near Banaras. Kingdom of Simhapura situated somewhere in the

680 Punjab-Rajputana region, has been noted by Hieun Tsiang; another Simhapura is identified with binghapuram near Sirikakulam and in the 3rd - 4th Century A.D. yet another one was the capital of the Kalingadhipatis as noted by Sircar [op.cit., p. 103, 137-38.] It is difficult to say as to where exactly the sihapura of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa can be located. Sumsumarapura : In the Wh() version of the Nala-Damayanti story, Sumsumarapura has been given as the capital of king Kiduvanna [Vasudevahindi(m), II.67a). The distance between Sumsumarapura and Kumdinapura was hunared yojanas [ibia., II.69a]. The city was probably associated with the Sumsumaragiri of Bhargas referred to in the Mbh. [See Shafer, op.cit., F.141; see also Jain, op. cit., p. 339, fn. 803]. It is located near Chuner in the Mirzapur district of U.P. (Motichandra, Sarthavaha, P. 49). Suttimati : Capital of Cei-visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 189]. The celebrated king Vasu Uparicara, who was born in the line of Hari ruled here [ibid., 357]. In the Jaina version of the origin or Anariya Vedas it is stated that priest Samdilla became famous in the cedi-visaya as a pacifier of pestilence and was hence called by king bagara to perform sacrifices at Payaga and Patitthana [ibid., 191].

681 It can be located somewhere near Banda in Bundelkhand (See Cedi-visaya, and also Pargiter, MP., P. 359]. Sojjha : King Ayadhanu born in the line of Hari ruled here [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357]. Not identified. Sopparaya: Situated in the Komkana-visaya [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 284]. Sopporays was one of the sources of diamonds (Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 150a]. The same as modern Nalasopara near Bombay. Pargiter, MP, 358]. Sorivapura : The city was founded by king bori, grand-father of Vasudeva, Samuddavijaya and others. [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 111]. After Amdhagavanhi, Samuddavijaya na his nine brothers ruled here. libid., 283; also Uttaradhyana, Chap. 22.1]. The city of Soriyapura was situated on the bank of the Jamuna [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa 10-11, 368]. It seems that Kanha and Rama abandoned their ancestral city and established themselves at Dvaraka, [ibid., 78], probably through the fear of king Jarasandha. Motichandra identifies Soriyapura with boron in the ancient country of kanykubja parthavah, PP. 75-76], and places it, in his map, on the bank of the Ganga. This, however, is not acceptable in the light of the information

682 of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa Kirfel identifies it with Seripur [ as quoted by Shafer, op. cit., P. 127]. It is also identified with Surajpur, on the right bank of the Yamuna, situated in the Agra district [op.cit., th.337]. Dovira : The city was founded by king ira, brother of king Sori [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 357]. Though king Vira had founded a different city, it seems Sori and Vira were living together in Soriyapura ibid., 111]. Not identified. Hatthinaura: Capital of the Kuru country and situated on the bank of the Gamga [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 305]. Many personalities of Jaina mythology are associated with the city. These are sumti (ibid., 340], humchu [ibia., 344], Ara [ibid., 346], Sanamkumara ibid., 233], Subhoma libid., 235], Bahubali [ibid., 186-87] and Vinhukumara libid., 128-131]. It is identified with Hathna in the Meerut district of U.P. [ Motichandra, Sarthavaha, p.16] Hatthisisa : The treder Damadadatta from this city renounced the world at the feet of anamtajina [Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 295]. Mahavira visited this place while travelling to Tosali from Malaya [Jain, Op.cit., P.288). Not identifiea.