Appendix 1 - Description of Vidyadharas and magical lores

Vidyadharas: To convince Vasudeva of the noble origin of Princess Nilajasa who had attracted the attention of Vasudeva in the guise of a matamga maiden Queen Hirannavati tells the story of the genesis of the Vidyadhara race of which Nami and Vinand were the founders¹. The story tells that Nami and Vinami who hailed from the family of Usabha were not present at the time when Usabha, before his renunciation, distributed his kingdom among his hundred sons. After coming to know of the distribution, both the princes attended Usabha while he was practicing penance, with deep devotion and a conviction that the lord would give them their share in some form, though it was pretty late. Dharana the lord of serpents, seeing the futility of their service but at the same time pleased with their gave devotion towards the lord, gives them the overlordship of the two rows of mt. Veyaddha. As it was not possible to ascend these on foot, he bestowed upon them loves which ↑ enabled them to fly in the air. He also advised them to bring with the help of loves, people from various r r countries, as their subjects. The various loves which were 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 163-64.

621 r wielded before them by the Gamdhavvas and Pannagas were forty eight thousand in number and included loves like Maharohini, Pannatti, Gori, Vijjumai and others. g After the investiture of loves, Nami and Vinami got constructed Rahaneuracakkavala and other forty nine cities on the southern slope, of Veyaddha and Gaganavallaha and fifty nine on the nothern slope, respectively. For these cities, citizens were brought from different countries (janavaya) after which the new countries on Veyaddha were named. The princes also divided their subjects according to the loves they wielded into different nikayas. Such sixteen nikayas named after the loves were: (i) Gorika, (ii) Manupuvvaga, (iii) Gamdhara, (iv) Manava, (v) r Kesigapuvvaga, (vi) Bhumitumdaga, (vii) Mulaviriya - (viii) Samkukka, (ix) Pamduga, (x) Kalageya, (xi) Mayamga (xii) Pavvaeya, (xiii) Vamisalaya, (xiv) Pamsumuliga, (xv) Rukkhamuyliya and (xvi) Kalakesa. These sixteen nikavas were divided into two groups of consisting of eight nikayas (vibhatta atthaatta ya nikaya). In every city of the Vidyadhara kingdom the image of lord Usabha along with that of the respective deity of the loves (vijjahivai) was consecrated in the general assembly hall (Sabha).

622 This, however, never meant that Vidyadharas had a sort of monopoly over the magical lores¹. These were within the reach of Jaina monks 2, and sometimes even of thieves³. The division of the Vidyadharas into various r nikayas according to the loves they mastered, has also been referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa In fact Dharmasena gani, the author of the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, refers to the passage of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa l which is called 'Pachamelbaga Kamda, He, however, misinterprets the passage. As seen earlier, the sixteen Vijjanikayas were divided into two groups, each one of which comprised eight nikayas. Dharmasena gani enumerates eight nikayas as Gorika, Gamdharika, Manaviyaka, Kesigapuvvaga Shumitumdaga, Mulaviriya and Samkuya the eighth one missing - and says that the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa gives a sub-division of each one of these eight nikayas into eight nikayas and thus 1. Any magical love,e.g. of controlling a serpent was called vijja; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,125. 2. Vasudevahindi(F), 128; Jambusani, even before becoming a monk, was r having some love. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa,7; a servant in the palace of king, Vairasena could fly in the air; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 173. 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I.126.

623 making the number of nikayas to sixty four-. The sixty four groups according the author of the Vasudevahindi(M)had different emblems and ways of practising ansterities for the acquirement of loves (vijjana puraccaranavihi) 2. Some of the glimpses of the life of Vidyadharas can be noted in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa and the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa As noted earlier the Vidhadharas formed themselves into various nikayas. These nikayas as can be seen from the story of Nilajasa played an important role in the kingdoms of the Vidyadharas. The elders in the nikayas (nikaya vuddha) in cases of disputes even royal families were referred to as judges. A dispute pertaining to matrimony was taken to the elders and their judgement on 3 the matter was taken to be final The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa also refers to the assembly where a Over Vidyadhara king presiding a Sabha of the Vidyadharas solved disputes brought before the Sabha. Such a sabha has been described in one place as painted in white and having inside it an image of the god Dharana. Any one who supposed himself to be wronged, beat a drum (dheri) placed in the hall with a stick (thuna) to call the members of the 1. Atthattha bheda evam causatthi bebheda padhamellage " Kamde ruvita; Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.126 2. Ibid. 3. Vasudevahindi(F), 180.181.

624 assembly (sabhasada) to listen to his case and give judgement 1. It has been noted elsewhere that the Vidyadharas were generally beautiful and Vasudeva was so much beautiful. la la that he was taken to be a Vidhadhara by strangers. Some information about the outward appearance of the Vidhadharas can be had from the Vasudevahindi A Vidyadhara dressed himself in such a fashion that he sometimes looked like a juggler (imdajaliya)². 3. Vidhadhara Amitagati has been described to wear a yellow garment (piyambara) and some ornaments³ 3B while Vidyadhayi Mehamala, like Amitagate, was wearing only one garment (ekkavasana) of red colour (rattamisuya) and had covered the rest of the body with sprouts of Asoka tree 4. The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa takes them virtually on par with gods. (Suralogasamanabhavo✈ Vijjaharajano) + the Vidyacharis have been described in one place to be so much beautiful as to create an illusion that they were nagakannas. The dress 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.29a. 3. Ibid.; 139. 5. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.3. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 195. 4. Ibid.; 73. 6. Ibid.%; II.232b.

625 of the Vidyadhara depended on the nikaya of which he became a member. Dresses of mayamgavijja¹ and Kesiyavijja² have been referred to. Vasudeva, as a Kesiya-Vijjahara, wore an earring in his left ear, a crest on his head, a garland, a blue garment, and a golden necklace. He had also besmeared his body with white paste (dhavalakadamgaraga)³. The ornaments of the Vidyadhara princesses were not different from those worn by the princesses from the royal families, A Vidyadhara princess has been described as wearing a sprout of Rattasoa on the ear as a Kannapura, fragrant flowers in her mass of hair, and a tilaka of gold on the forehead 4. One detail, very characteristic about the Vidyadharas and to be noted in the sculptures, is the way of their flying in the 'air. The Vidyadharis have been described as putting their hand round the neck of their beloveds (Kamthavalaggae) 5 6 as putting the hand on the shoulder of their partner after resting on the on his loins (Kakumdare). Vidyadhara-couples are depicted in a similar way in indian sculpture of contemporary period. 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.26a. 2. Ibid., II.110b. 3. Ibid. 5 4. Ibid., II 2b.3a. 5. Ibid., II.26b. 6. Ibid., 1.23a,

626 In the story of Nami and Vinami of the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa given above it has already been made clear that the Vidyadharas worshipped Usabha, and Dharana, the king of Nagas. In the same story it is related how after attaining conciousness, Amitagati bathes in a pond and pays salutations in the direction of worth%3B it is not made clear in the story I as to whom he adored by such an act. Reference is also made to a Vidyadhara couple which visited the mt. Sammeta to pay reverence to Jaina monks ². 2 The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa gives more details about the festivals celebrated by the Vidyadharas. Vidyadharas celebrated an atthahiya-mahima on the simanaga mountain in celebration of r investiture of the loves. The loves, according to the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, were first given on this mountain (vijja-padhamapayana-bhumi 3 The description of the celebration of this festival is similar to that of the mahakomudi celebration held in Savatthi. Another festival was that held in honour of Samjayamla the king of serpents (i.e. Dharana) the confluence of five 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 139; See also the story of Jayamta and Samjayamta; Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 251-253. 2. Ibid., 214-15. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I 26a; The Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [F.163-64] which describes the incident of the investiture does not refer to the place.

627 rivers (pamcanadi-Samgama) 1. Still another was held on mt. Harikuda in honour of monk Hari, whose nisihiya was on this of mountain, and Jinamadana. The Vidyadharas are said to have in worshipped regularly a pool resided by a naga deity. The story behind this tradition was that in ancient times there was a king by name Sammadadeva. He, at the end of his career, deposited his magical sword and shield with the naga deity. He also asked the deity to give his weapons to the 'hero' (uttamapurisa) who worshipped the pool Vasudeva, in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, is described to have got them³. As is clear from the story of Gamdhavvadatta, the Vidyadharas were human beings (manussamitta) and still could have contact with gods and demi-gods, As the Vidyadharas joined the gods in their praise of Vinhukumara, Tumburu and Narada were very much pleased with them, as a result of which they were bestowed with proficiency in music (gamdhavva) 4. Sometimes, as is known from the story of cakkavatti Bharaha, certain Vidyadharas were helped by gods. 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II 167a; see also the story of Samjayamta and Jayamta in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa [p.251-53]. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II 118ab-119a. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 130. 3. Ibid., II.107a.

628 The Cilada Vidyadharas were helped by cloud-faced gods (mehamuha deva) who showered rains over the army of king Bharaha¹. The Vidyadharas equipped themselves with medicinal herbs of four types which very instantaneously cured the wounded warrior of his wounds 2. The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa refers to the incident of Bharaha's encounter with the Citatas helped by the mehamuha gods while describing a similar incident in the ease of Vasudeva. The version of the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa about the Bharaha-cilada battle, however, specifies that the shower sent by the cloud-faced-gods was of serpents. (sappavarisa) ³. In their fight with Vasudeva the kiratas have also been described as bearing different faces such as of elephant, tiger and bear 4. The Kiratas themselves have been described as mechas and helped by an army of kkhasa (-senna) 5. In still another description of a battle fought by Vasudeva with an adversary Vidyadhara king the latter is said to have been supported by Vedalas, Pisayas, Rakkhasas and warriors bearing faces of wild animals In the same battle a bhuta has been described as 6 1. Ibid., 186 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,II 143b. 5. Ibid. 5 2. Ibid., 138 4. Ibid., II.143b-144a. 6. Ibid, II.1.

629 multiplying itself in number after every blow of sword from Vasudeval. Because of their hold on various magical loves the Vidyadharas have been described to accomplish many feats which were difficult for a human being. The Vidyadharas 2 could fly in air and could carry another person who was unable to do so³. 3 They could not only change their form", but could clude a human being by showing a third person as bearing a different form 5. They could also take the form of animals 6. and sometimes create a new body through In spite of magic (mayamaya)7. their ability to change their forms, while spleeping the Vidyadharas had to bear their own form. Vasudeva was married by Vegavati after showing herself as Somasiri. But Vasudeva could notice her original form when 8 she was sleeping Because of such a superiority over • human beings many Vidyadharas took liberty with women from the human world. In the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa it has been described how Mehasena, a Vijjahara, had approached one the wiver of Dhammilla in the form of Dhammilla himself? The examples of 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.l. 3. Ibid., 71, 359. 5. Ibid., 175. 7. Ibid., 140 9. Ibid.; 73. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 71. 4. Ibid.; 352,359. 6. Ibid.; 355. 8. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 226.

630 Vidyadharas kidnapping maidens from the human world are numerous in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa 1. An example of a Vidyadhara couple acting as benefactors also should be noted. Agadadatta's wife who had died of serpent-bite was brought back to life by a Vidyadhara who was moved by the lamentations of Agadadatta². The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa informs that the Vidyadharas could fly as high up as the seventh aerial path (Sattama Vayupaha) 3. The === Vidyadharas could remain invisible or show themselves only to the persons of their liking 4 or could change their form 5. However, though they could deceive the eyes, they could not do so with touch. A Vidyadhari presented herself as Vasudeva to Gamdhavvadatta who embraced her to find that the 6 touch was not that of Vasudeva' Austerities to acquire lores To acquire the love the Vidyadhara had to pay a very high price. He had to undergo very severe austerities. When Vasudeva was initiated by a Vidyadhara for the acquisition of love enabling him to fly in the air (gaganagamana jogga vijja) 1. Ibid., 68, 227, 243. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.99a. 5. Ibid., I.66. 2. Ibid.; 47 4. Ibid.; I. 6a. 6. Ibid. 1.6a.

631 he was asked to repeat the sacred syllables for a day and a night. He was asked to observe reticence and not to be carried away by the amorous gestures of hindering spirits (viggha) which came in the form of beautiful women¹. In another instance wherein Vasudeva was initiated to get an aerial car, the preceptor asked him to go alone on the fourteenth night of the black fortnight (kalacauddasi) to a lonely place on a mountain. The preceptor performed the preliminary rites which included offering a bali to the gods. Then Vasudeva was asked to recite the sacred syllable (vijja) for one thousand and eight times 2 (atthasahassavattiya) ². Sometimes the aspirer had to accept the form of an ascetic (parivvayaga-vesadhari) and perform austerities in the river water ³, or swallow smoke of Kanaka tree or worship a dhumakunda 5. La To acquire Mahajavati vidya one had to worship the images of Jayamta (i.e. Dharana) observe and samjayamta with a sattaraimdiya padima and a fast for a period of one month (masiya bhatta)b. Some times they could Were to be had with a very easy procedure wherein they could be 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 239-30. 2. Ibid., 195. 3. Ibid., 229. 4. Vasudevahindi(p), 179. 5. Ibid.; 67 6. Ibid.; 324-25.

632 transferred from one friend to anotherl. Reference has already been made to the gods who hindered the acquirement of loves. Some of the Vidyadhara families were more unfortunate as in the case of the family of Princess Balacamda. She was entwined by nagas (naga-pusa-bamdha) during her austerities as a result of a curse by the god Dharana² Performance of austerities at an auspicious place like mt. Simanara (Simanaga) ³ or the sight of god or a Jaina monk (Sahu) or a hero (uttamapurisa) during the puraccarana was supposed to bring the attainment of the love with less effort 4. ✓ The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa offers a detailed information on this topic. The most simple way of acquiring loves was through marriage. Veruliyamala, one of the wives of Vasudeva, gave him Mahamanasi love when the marriage rites were being performed 5. Existence of cruel practises to attain Vijjas can be very well imagined from an incident from the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa To please the Samkuga vijja king Vayuradha was prepared to 1. Ibid.; 324-25. 3. Ibid.; 364. 5. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.29b. 2. Ibid., 251-53. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 179, 251, 364.

633 u kill Vasudeva as a victim². The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa also emmerates ren places and constellations auspicious for the fulfilment of loves. Places visited by saviours,liberated souls (siddha) and monks were fit for the performance austerities. Among these the best was the temple of Usabha in the Namdana forest. The auspicious constellations were Miyasira, Adda, three Puvvas, Mula, Assesa, Hattha, Citta and especially Pussa' 2 The nature of austerities performed differed from love to love. For Gori one had to perform reticence (mona) and behaviour like a log (katthamona) ; for Manu L , if was of a required to behave like, Farivvayaga; for Gamdhari, talayara (?); for, Vanavi (Ma-?) of a hero (uttamapayatiyamanasaruva); for Maharohini, one had to accept the guise of Kavatiya or Pasuvata, or perform austerities on burning fire (kattharasi-hutavaha) or jaliti(?), or galakuva (?) or cammacakamana(?). While accepting the dress of a Kavaliya or pasuvata, or while observing katthamona for the purpose of loves, a male performer had to accept the dress of a female,and vice-versa • The way of the performance of austerities has been described in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa in the case of some of the loves. 1. Ibid.; II. 27a. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa I. 12b. 2. Ibid., I. 39.

634 Those are Gori, Pannatti, Kesiya, and Manarohini. Vasudeva had performed austerities for the acquirement of this mahavijja. For fourteen days he was asked to recite the suered syllables and observe a complete fast (niraharo). During the above period he was expected to observe indifference towards friends and foes, heat and cold, and keep open his eyes both during the days and the nights. When Vasudeva was performing this penance, his beloved, knowing the convention, put on his body the dress of a young woman! Vasudeva was also initiated for the loves of Kesiyapuvva group. He bathed, wore a pair of pattasadayas, sat on a dabbhasana which was purified by hymns and flowers, and recited the vijja. The mantra which was recited was as follows : namo arahamtana, namo siddhana, namo bhagavato adikarassa Risabhassa mahasetussa setakutassa, namo bhagavato -2 Dharanassa nagara ino abhirakkhadu cchada • Vasudeva is also said to have performed austerities for kesiya vijja. The course of austerities consisted of three instalments, each of which had a duration of seven days. 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.124b. 2. Ibid.; II. 19a.

635 These three fasts, accompanied by the recitation of love, were to be observed in i) a deserted house (sunnaghara) full of darkness, ii) in chest-deep water and iii) in a padimal. To start with, Vasudeva performed the benedictory rites, i.e., the worship of the gods. After determining not to eat any food (kayabhattapariccau) he sat on a seat of darbha grass and started reciting the vijja n Vasudeva with a view to attain Pannatti had to remain in water for three days reciting the vijja. He had besmeared his shoulders and forehead with yellow orpiment, worn a ring (siddhatthacudiya) on his shoulders as an auspicious amulet and a white bracelet on the right hand³. Pabhavati, to regain her lost loves, when initiated for Pannatti observed austerities for seven days during which she remained in water. She first of all worshipped Dharana and then entered the water, where she stood with stretched hands (lambiya-bhuya-jyyala) reciting the pannatti love. On the next day she was intimidated by evil spirits like Dhaturakkha (sa?) and Pisayas. Vasudova, to facilitate 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 93b; on p. 945, however, the instalments are said to have been observed in a cemetery (masanasattaratta). 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II. 93b. 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I. 42b-43a. 3. Ibid.;198b.

636 her getting the love earlier, slept for one night with an image of Salabhamjika, as directed by his other wives 1. Decline (bhamsa) in the power of a love : A Vidyadhara had to abide by certain rules, failing which he had to suffer a decline and to return back to his original state of a human being. Dharana, the king of Nagas, had declared that if a Vidyadhara failed to pay respect to Jaina monks, and Jaina temples, or attacked a person when in the company of his wife or made advances to a maiden against her wish was to suffer the loss of loves ². The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa in addition to the above 3 states that failure in attending festivals in honour of sages samjayamta and Hari was an equally serious offence+. A person who adopted the form of the presiding deity of his love was sure to die 5. Following is the list of the various loves referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa and the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa • 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I.42b-43a. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.6ab; II.50a. 5. Ibid., I.33b; II.27. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 125, 227. 4. Ibid., 1.16a; II.119ab.

637 Abhogini - (Aho _..) : The love was helpful in tracing the whereabouts of a desired person who was at a distant place¹. In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, Pabhavati is said to have employed this love to know the whereabouts of Vasudeva who was captured by Manasavega². This love also helped one to know conversation done in the past by other persons 2a Osovani: Pabhava, a chief of thieves, had employed this love to make the persons in the house which he wanted to rob³, sleep. Use of this love by a female ascetic (parivva_iya) has been referred to in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa 4. One of the group of loves after which the Kalagi: named 5. Vidyadhara-nikayas were named Kaliya : The same as aboveb. Kesiga (-ya): One of the sixteen vidya-groups after which 7 the groups (nikaya) of Vidyadharas were formed 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I.19a. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I 19a; see also Jain, J.C., Life in Ancient India as depicted in the Jain canons, p.230 2a. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I.47b 3. Vasudevahindi(F), 8. 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.15a; see Jain, op. cit., p.232 5. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164. 7. Ibid.I 6. Ibid.;

638 The procedure of austerities to attain the Kesiya vijja has been given in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa1. Gamdhari : One of the sixteen vidya-groups after which groups (nikaya) were formed among the Vidyadharas². Gori : One of the sixteen groups of vidyas which were responsible for forming groups of the Vidyadharas³. In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, Vasudeva is described to have destroyed the cloud-faced (mehamuha) gods with the help of this love 4. The procedure to attain this love has also been given 5. See also Mahagori. Chayokkamini : The Vidyadhara king of the city of Ruppanabha jealous of Vasudeva, killed his friend king Amsumamta when the latter had been on a visit to the pleasure-garden outside 6 his city This love has also been referred to as Akaliyokkamini or Kayomini vijja?. Jalavanti According to the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, this love was superior to the rest of the loves (Savvavijjaccheyani). Ramana, seeing that he was sure to face a defeat, started austerities to 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.93b. 2. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164. 3. Ibid.; 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.143b. 5. Ibid.; II. 124a. 6. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.123a. 7. Ibid. I

639 attain this love ¹. Probably this was the same as Mahajalavati referred to elsewhere in the Vasudevahindi Talugghadani: Pabhava, a chief of thieves, opened the door 2 of Jambu's house with this love. ' In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa a female ascetic entered the palace of a king after opening the locks with this love³. Tirakkhamani : One of the several loves given to the Vidyadharas by Dharana". As the name suggests, a person could disappear with the help of this love. See also Tirakkharani. Tirakkharami : Vidyadhara queen Kanagamala declared that 5 she had concealed the foetus in the womb with this lore Reference to a Vidyadhara moving invisible in the palace of Dhammilla is also made in the Vasudevahindi(F)b. In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, a Vidyadhara princess is said to have been made capable to enter an image of Salabhamjika with the help of this love?. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 244. 2. Ibid., 7. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.15a. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164. 5. Ibid., 84. 7. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, I. 45a. 6. Ibid., 73.

640 Thambhini : This love enabled a person to stupefy any sees¹. person whom he sees Nagamuhi: Vasudeva employed this love to arrest the Vidyadhara king Mahasinara² Nisumbha : This was one of the two complimentary loves; ; the other being Sumbha. A person endowed with these two loves possessed an aerial car. When he wanted to 'take off' (uppayana) he employed the Sumbha love and at the time of descending (nippayana) he employed Nisumbha love. These loves are described as easy to attain (suhasahanao) ³. 3 Pamdugi : One of the sixteen important loves after which the Vidyadharas were divided into various groups 4. Famsumuliya: One of the important group of loves after which the sixteen nikayas of Vidyadharas were named 5. Pamnatti: It counted as one of the important loves which were given by Dharana to the Vidyadharas. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 7. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 195. 5. Ibid.: 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.104a. 4. Ibid.; 164. 6. ibid.

641 Narada remarks that because of Pajjunna's hold over Pannatti Pajjunna was able to fight all the kings of Bharahavarisa. The various exploits of Pajjunna and Samba show that Pannatti enabled a person to change his form create animals and insects, stupefy another person, destroy something and create it again and know about incidents happening at a distant place 1. The Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa gives the procedure in which Pabhavati could attain the Punnatti love 2 Pattalahu As the name suggests, the love made a person's body as light as a leaf. Vasudeva was taught this Vidya by Samali³ Pavvai : One of the sixteen of loves after which sixteen groups (nikaya) of Vidyadharas were formed + Paharanavarani : This love was attained by Sirivijaya after riciting the saered formula for seven nights 5. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 92, 94, 96, 98, 125, 240, 308, 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.42b-43a; see also II . 198b; see Jain op.cit., p.232. 3. Vasudevahindi(F), 125. 4. Ibid., 164. 5. Vasudevahindi(F), 318.

642 Bandhavimokkhani : This love was mastered by sirivijaya like the Paharanavarani in seven nights. This was given to Vasudeva by Princess Samali². Bahuruva : Given to the Vidyadharas by Dharana³. as the name whows, the love enabled a person to take to various forms. Bhamari : A love wielded by Vidyadhara asanivega ega +. Bhumitumdaga : A group of loves after which a nikaya of There were other fifteen nikayas Vidyadharas was named. named after lores? Manu: One of the sixteen groups of loves. The wielders of this type of Vidyas were called Manupuvvaga. -6 Madasamjivani : Vasudeva revived Amsumamla with this love?. Mahagori : This love made the wielder unconquerables. See Gori. Mahakali : A love wielded by princess Anilayasa, One of the Vidyadhara wives of Vasudeva 9. 1. Ibid. I 2. Ibid., 125. 3. Ibid., 164. 4. Ibid., 319. 5. Ibid.; 164. 6. Ibid.; 7. Vasudevahindi("), II.123a. 8. Ibid. II.155a; See also Vasudevahindi(), II.155b. 9.Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa,11.30a.

643 1 Mahajalavati : Also referred to as Mahajala or Jalini² This love has been described as superior to the rest of the love (savvavijjaceheyani) ³. In the same context the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa prescribes Sattaraimdiyapadima and masiyovavasa as the means to acquire this love. In the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa a Vidyadhara is described to spread a web with this love all over the city to catch vasudeva who was there. Vasudeva cut the inescapable web of their love with Vajjamuhi love+. Mahamanasi: One of the minor loves given to Vasudeva by his wife Verutiyamala, who was a Vidyadhara princess. Vasudeva became able to create things and fly in the air (viuvvinagasagamana) with the help of this love 5. Maharahini: One of the important loves given by Dharana to the Vidyadharas. The details of attaining this love have been given in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa7. See Supra. 1. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 318. 3. Ibid.. 5. Ibid., II. 29b. 2. Ibid., 4. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.104a. 6. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164; see also Jain, Op.cit., P. 232. 7. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.18b-19a.

644 Mahivajjamuhi : One could dig a tunnel in the earth with the power of this love. Manavapumdaga: Vasudeva's friends Namda and others were initiated in this love by queen Hirannavati and Sage Bharaddaya 2 ⋅ Manavi One of the sixteen important groups of loves. The weilders of this group of loves were called Manava Vidyadharas³. Mayamgi : One of the sixteen groups of loves. The wielders were called Mayamga Vidyadharas Mulaviriya : Wielders of this group of loves were called Mulaviriya Vidyadharas. Moyani : This love was complimentary to Thambhini love. Persons stupified with Thambini were brought to senses with this love 6. Rukkhamuliga : One of the sixteen important groups of loves after which the sixteen nikayas were formed? of Vidyadharas 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.21a. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164. 5. Ibid., 7. Ibid., 164. 2. Ibid., II.106b. 4. Ibid. 5.Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 7.

645 Vamsalaya : Similar to the above. Vajjamuhi: This love could cut the magical web of Mahajalavati². Vijjamuhi : When Asanighosa, an adversary Vidyadhara king fleeing of Amiyatea, started feeling from the battle field Amiyatea let loose this love on him. Asanighosa surrendered to Amiyatea As a result of this, 3 • Vijjumuhi: One of the important loves given by Dharana to the Vidyadharas". Vimohani Vasudeva, influenced by the powers of this loves, saw princess Lalitavega as a creeper 5. Veyala (-li): Influenced by this love, princess Suumaliya saw the dead body of her husband 6. King Sirivijaya was shown an antelope and the dead body of his wife by his foe who wielded this love 7. Reference to queen Hirannavati employing a Veyala to fetch Vasudeva from his palace has been made in the Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa 8. In the same context it is further 1. Ibid. 3. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 319. 2. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.104b. 4. Ibid., 164. 5. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.42b. 6. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 150. 7. Ibid., 317. 8. Ibid., 178-79.

646 explained that such Veyalas were known as 'cold' (siya) so called because of their touch. The others were called 'hot' (unha) and were utilised to kill an antagonist. In Pabhavati working under the influence of Veyali love was shown a false decapitated head of Vasudeva¹. the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, Vidyadhara Vecittagai is said to have created a heap of bones with this love². A Veyala employed to kill Vayuvega, a Vidyadhara king has been described, in the Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa as brandishing a sword in one of his hands and moving very fast in the air to his destination³. Samkuya: One of the sixteen groups of loves after which the nikayas of Vidyadharas were named' named '+. The deity presiding over this love has been described to be cruel and was to be pleased with a human victim 5. Sumbha: A love complimentary to Nisumbha love. A Vidyadhara could 'take off' (uppayana) his aerial car with the recitation of this love. See Nisumbha. 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, 1.36b. 2. Ibid., II.46a. 3. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.118a. 4. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 164. 5. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.27a. 5. Vasudevahindi by Sanghadasa, 195.

Sihamuhi : War-drums were charmed with this love, as a result of which the drums put forth a terrible sound which intimited the hearts of soldiers of the adversary. This ultimately ensured victory for the wielder of this love¹. love 1. Vasudeva utilised this love at the time of his war with king Mamdaradeva 2. The love was supposed to protect the periphery of the army ³. 3 Sutanucchayani: Princess Anilayasa covered the mouth of a tunnel, dug by her, with this love". 1. Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.145b. 2.Vasudevahindi by Dharmadasa, II.145b. 3. Ibid., II.143a. 4. Ibid., II.22b. 647