7. Notes and References for chapter 2

References: 1. T.V. Sairam, Indian Temple Forms and Foundation, New Delhi, 1982, pp. 18-19. 2. "Hayasirsa Pancaratra", quoted in Haribhakta Vilasa; Agnipurana, Chapter-61, vs. 19-27. 3. Vidya Dehejia, Early Stone Temples of Orissa, New Delhi, 1979, p.20. 4. Isana Siva Gurudeva Paddhati and other Texts. 5. R.D. Banerjee, History of Orissa, Vol.II, Calcutta, 1931, p.335. See R.P.Das, "Terminology of Orissan Temple Architeture", in National Seminar, Lalitakala Academi; New Delhi, Dec; 1994 and and also see K.C. Panigrahi, Archaeological Remains at Bhubaneswar, Calcutta, 1961, p.52. 6. K.V.S. Rajan, Early Kalingan Art and Architecture, New Delhi, 1984, pp. VIII. 7. James Fergusson, History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, London, 1875, p.414. 8. "The Inscription of the Amrtesvara temple at Holala of Karnataka", in Madras Epigraphica Report, 1914-15, p.90. Also see Stella Kramisch, The Hindu Temples, Vol.-1, Calcutta, 1946, pp.286-295. 9. S.K. Sarasvati, "Temples of Orissa", in OHRJ, Vol-1; No.-4, Bhubaneswar, 1935, pp.233-235. Also see K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, pp.213- 218. 10. R.C. Majumdar, Ancient India, New Delhi, First (Edn.), 1952, p.436. 11. Alice Borner & Sadasiva Rathasarma (Annotated and Translated), Silpa Prakarsa of R.C. Kaulacara, Leiden, 1976, p.XXVI. 12. T.P. Bhattacharya, The Cannons of Indian Art (A Study on Vastuvidya), Calcutta, 1986, p.227. 13. N.K. Bose, Canons of Orissan Architecure, Calcutta, 1932, p.5. Also see Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, pp.189-199. 14. Vide Hatigumpha Inscription, Line-17. 15. D.C. Sircar and S.R. Sharma (Eds.), "Dasagoba Copper Plate of Rajaraj-III dated Saka 1120 i.e. corresponding to 1198 AD", in Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XXXI, 1956/57, pp.251-252. 16. N.K. Bose, Op-cit, p.78. 17. In Oriya language the temple is called deula. 18. N.K. Bose, Op-cit, p.78. 19. S.N. Rajguru, Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol.III; Part-II, Bhubaneswar, p.345. 20. Rarely the temple has a starshaped layout or a circular plan to suit the rituals (Causathi Yogini temples at Hirapur and RanipurJharial). 21. D.R. Das, Temples of Orissa, New Delhi, 1982, p.78. 22. Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, pp.20-21. 78

23. K.S. Behera, "Brahminical Temples of Orissa," in Orissa Review (Monument Special), Orissa Government Press,Cuttack, 1976, p.56. 24. N.K. Bose, Op-cit, p.79. 25. In the temple of Lord Jagannatha of Puri, the kanika paga of the gandi of vimana is divided into ten bhumis or storeys. 26. According to Donaldson the alignment of pagas of the gandi and the bada of the rekha deula is a central Indian feature introduced in Orissa by the Somovamsi ruler. Also see T.E. Donaldson, "Decorative Programme of Superstructure on the Orissan Rekha Deula", in M.N.Das (Ed), Side Lights on History and Culture of Orissa,Cuttack, 1977, pp.578-578. 27. T.E. Donaldson, Op-cit, 1977, p.584. 28. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, p.54 and 98. 29. Ibid, p.52. 30. "The Ananta Vasudev Temple Inscription", in OHRJ, Vol-1; No.4, p.284. It refers to the auspicious pitcher capital (mangala purna kumbha) of the temple. 31. In a few Siva temples the akasa linga takes the place of kalasa. 32. "The Catesvara Temple Inscription", in Epigraphica Indica, Vol.XXIX, PartV, p.128. It refers to the fluttering beauty of the banner of the temple. 33. The rekha deula also houses the Sakta deities. For example, the Bali-Hara candi temple on the sea shore near Brahmagiri area of Puri district houses a ten armed image of goddess Durga. 34. Devala Mitra, Bhubaneswar, New Delhi, 1961, pp.18-19. 35. R.C. Majumdar (Ed.), The History and Culture of Indian People, Vol-V (The Struggle for Empire), Bombay, 1957, pp.554-554. 36. Devala Mitra, Op-cit, p.48. 37. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit,1961,p.61 38. Krsna Deva, Temples of North India, New Delhi, 1969, Plate No.7. 39. K.S. Behera, Temples of Orissa, Orissa Sahitya Akademi; Bhubaneswar, 1993, pp.100-101. 40. Devala Mitra, "Four Little known Khakhara Temples of Orissa", in JASB, Vol.II; No.1, Calcutta, 1960, pp.1-23. 41. Stella Kramrisch, Hindu Temples, Vol-1, Calcutta, 1946, p.9. 42. Epigraphica Indica, Vol. XXXVI, pp.200-202 ff, "Sakalabhubane Nirmalya Sutradharsya" 43. G.S. Das, Exploration of the Prachi Valley, Utkala University; Bhubaneswar, 1958, pp.12-17. 44. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961p.66. 45. M.M. Ganguly, Orissa and Her Remains, (Ancient and Medieval), Calcutta, 1912, p.151. 79

46. N.K.Bose, "A Temple Under Construction", in Journal of the Indian Society for Oriental Art, Vol. XII, 1945, pp.196-198, Also see K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1993, p.10-11. 47. K.C.Panigrahi, Op-cit, p.66. 48. Ibid, pp. 66-67. 49. Percy Brown, Indian Architecture, (Buddhist and Hindu Periods), Bombay, 1965, p.109. 50. Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, p.20 51. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, p. 22. 52. K.S. Behera, "Traditions in Sculpture", in Art Tradition of Orissa; Edited by Orissa Sahitya Academi; Bhubaneswar, 1982, p.33. 53. Stella Kramrisch, Op-cit, pp. 216-217. 54. Ibid, p.218. 55. Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, p. 31. 56. A.K. Coomarswami, "Four Days in Orissa", in Modern Review, April; 1911, 57. Ibid, p.350. p 346. 58. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p.36. 59. The Muktesvara temple in Bhubaneswar is the only temple after the Vaitala- Sisiresvara where such figures do not occur. 60. A.N. Parda, Early Temples of Orissa, New Delhi, 1999, p.58. 61. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, p. 20. 62. Ibid, p. 105. 63. Jitendra Nath Banerjee, "The Varahi Temple at Chaurasi", in Felicitation Volume presented to Mahamahoopadhyaya Dr. V.S.S Mirashi, Nagpur, 1965, pp.349-354. Also see Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, 1982, p. 20. 64. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p. 36. 65. T.P. Bhattacharya, Op-cit, p. 228. 66. A.L. Basam, The Wonder That was India, Third Edition; New York, 1968,, 67. Ibid. p.172. 68. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p. 37. 69. Chintamani Acharya, "A Short Account of Puri", in Orissa Review, (Monumental Special), Orissa Government Press, Cuttack, 1949, p.24 70. D. Desai, Erotic Sculptures of India; A Socio-Cultural Study, New Delhi, p.1975, p.203. 71. J.P. Singh Deo, "Erotic Art on Temple Architecture", in The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Vol.XXXII; Nos -1&2, Orissa Government Press, Cuttack, 1986, p.12. 72. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, p.130ff. 80

73. Ibid, p.118. 74. M.M. Ganguly, Op-cit, 1982, p. 305. 75. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, p. 120. 76. E.B. Havell, Indian Sculputre and Painting, London, 1928, p.146. 77. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p. 38. 78. M.M. Ganguly, Op-cit, pp. 203-204. 79. V.S. Agrawala, "Forword" in M.A. Dhaky, The Vyala Figures on the Medieval Temples of India, Varanasi, 1965, p.5 80. M.A. Dhakey, Op-cit, p. 19. 81. E.B. Havell, Op-cit, p. 147. 82. M.M. Ganguly, Op-cit, pp. 206-207. 83. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p. 40. 84. T.E. Donaldson, Hindu Temple Art of Orissa, Vol.III, Leiden, 1985/86, P.1188. 85. V.Ramasubhramanian, "Ganapati Vinayak Gajanana worship-Analysis of an Integrated Cult", in Bulletin of the Institute of Traditional cultures, Madras,January-June; 1971, Madras, pp.122-23. 86. Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India, Vol.-XLIV, P.II, Plate-III, 3. 87. C.L. Fabri, History of the Art of Orissa, New Delhi, 1974, p.39. 88. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, pp. 41-42. 89. Ibid, p.42. 90. Vidya Dehejia, Op-cit, 1979, p. 103. 91. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p. 43. 92. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, p. 93. 93. Ibid, pp.38-39, plates-19, 21. 94. Jitendra Nath Banerjee, The Development of Hindu Iconography, New Delhi, 1974, p.416. 95. R.D. Banerjee, "Antiquities of Bauda State", in JBOHRS, Vol.XV, 1929, PP.64-86. 96. K.S. Behera, Op-cit; 1982,p.45 97. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, pp. 164-165 98. J.K. Sahu, "Saivism in Orissa", in M.N.Das (Ed), Sidelights on History and Culture of Orissa, Cuttack, 1977, p.329. 99. Jitendra Nath Banerjee, "Lakulisa, the founder or Systematiser of the Pasupata system", in Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Jaipur Session, pp.32ff. 100. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961, pp.137-141. 101. A.N. Parida, Op-cit, p.54. 102. K.S. Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p.48. 81

103. Jitendra Nath Banerjee, Op-cit, 1974, p.507. 104. K.C. Panigrahi, Op-cit, 1961,p.40 105. Vidya Daheja, Op-cit, p.66 106. Annual Administration Report - Archaeological Survey of India, 1923-24 107. Journal of the Asitic Society of Bengal, Vol-XV, Calcutta, pp.109-118. 108. K.S.Behera, Op-cit, 1982, p.53. 109. P.Acharya, "Dikpalas and Their Saktis in Temples of Orissa", in OHRJ, Vol-II, Nos 3 and 4, State Musium; Bhubaneswar, 1952, p.51. 110. M.M.Ganguly, Op-cit, p.174 111. A.N.Parida, Op-cit, p.55 112. T.R.Gairola, "The Red Paint, Lime washes and plasters on Bhubaneswar and Konarka Temples", in Ancient India, Number-6, 1950, p.107. 113. Ibid, p.104. 114. B.Routray, "Traditions in Paintings", in Art Tradition of Orissa, Edited by Orissa Sahitya Akademi; Bhubaneswar, 1982, p.57. 115. Ibid. 82